List of wars involving North Korea

Part of a series on the

History of Korea

Prehistoric period

|  Jeulmun|  8000 BC–1500 BC

|

Mumun|  1500 BC–300 BC
Liaoning bronze dagger culture|

Ancient period

|  Gojoseon|  2333 BC–108 BC

|

* Dangun|
* Gija|
* Wiman|
Jin|  4th–2nd century BC
Yemaek|

Proto–Three Kingdoms period

* Takri
* Dongye
* Buyeo
* Eastern
* Galsa
* Okjeo
* Samhan
* Ma
* Byeon
* Jin
* Goguryeo
* Tamna
* Nakrang

* Four Commanderies of Han

Three Kingdoms period

|  Goguryeo|  37 BC–668 AD

|

Baekje|  18 BC–660 AD
Silla|  57 BC–935 AD
Gaya confederacy|  42–562
Tamna (Tributary of Baekje)|  498–660
Usan|  512–930

Northern and Southern period

|  United Silla (Unified Silla)|  668–892

|

Balhae|  698–926
Little Goguryeo|  699–820
Tamna (Tributary of Silla)|  662–925

Later Three Kingdoms period

|  Later Baekje|  892–936

|

Taebong (Later Goguryeo)|  901–918
Unified Silla (Later Silla)|  892–935
Later Sabeol|  919–927
Dongdan Kingdom|  926–936
Later Balhae|  927–935
Jeongan|  938–986

Dynastic period

|  Goryeo|  918–1392

|

Tamna (Vassal of Goryeo)|  938–1105
Heungyo|  1029–1030
Joseon|  1392–1897
Korean Empire|  1897–1910

Colonial period

|  Japanese rule|  1910–1945

|

Provisional Government|  1919–1948

Modern period

|  Military governments|  1945–1948

|

North-South division|  1945–present
* North|  1948–present
* South|  1948–present

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Timeline
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* v
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This is a list of wars involving North Korea and its predecessor states.

## List

[edit]

### Joseon: 1392–1897

[edit]

Conflict  | Joseon dynasty and its allies  | Opponents  | Results  | Monarch of the Joseon Dynasty

|
|
|
|

Joseon dynasty
Second Tsushima Expedition
(1396)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Tsushima Province | Victory

* Resulted in yearly tributes by Tsushima.

| King Taejong
Third Tsushima Expedition
(1419)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Tsushima Province | Military defeat
Diplomatic victory[1][2]

* Korea gave up occupation of Tsushima.[3]
* Wokuo pirates cease their activities in Joseon [4]
* Tsushima would be granted trading privileges with Joseon, in exchange for maintaining control and order of pirate threats originating from the island.

| King Sejong the Great
Joseon Northern Expedition
(1443)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Jianzhou Jurchens | Victory

* Led to establishment of present-day northern borders.

| King Sejong the Great
Sampo Invasion
(1510)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Tsushima Province

* Japanese pirates

| Victory

* Joseon broke all diplomatic relations with Japan after the incident.

| King Jungjong
Imjin War
(1592–1598)  |  Joseon Dynasty

* Righteous Army

Ming dynasty

|  Azuchi-Momoyama Japan | Victory

* Joseon and Ming victory

| King Seonjo
Ming-Manchu War
(1618–1683)  |  Ming dynasty
Joseon Dynasty
Kumul Khanate
Turfan Khanate  |  Manchus | Defeat

* Joseon helped the Ming dynasty in the Battle of Sarhu.

| Gwanghaegun
First Manchu invasion of Korea
(1627)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Later Jin Dynasty | Defeat

* Was spurred by actions of Mao Wenlong, a Ming commander who operated off islands of Korea.

| King Injo
Second Manchu invasion of Korea
(1636–1637)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Qing Dynasty | Defeat

* Brought forth the idea of Punitive North Expedition in Joseon.

| King Injo
Sino-Russian border conflicts
(1652–1689)  |  China
Joseon Dynasty |  Russia
Cossacks | Victory

* Part of Russia's expansion into Siberia.

| King Hyojong
French campaign against Korea
(1866)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  France | French withdrawal

* Spurred by Joseon's execution of French Catholic priests on the same year.

| Heungseon Daewongun
United States expedition to Korea
(1871)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  United States | American withdrawal

* Spurred by Joseon's unknown treatment of the American merchant ship General Sherman.

| Heungseon Daewongun
Ganghwa Island incident
(1875)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Japan | Defeat

* Joseon was forced to sign Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876.

| King Gojong
Imo Incident
(1882)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Korean military dissidents, mostly from the Central Defense Command  | Victory

* Spurred by Central Defense Command receiving significantly worse treatment compared to the newly established "Byolkigun".

| King Gojong
Gapsin Coup
(1884)  |  Joseon Dynasty
Supported by
China |  Reformist Faction
Supported by
Japan | Gapsin Coup overthrown

* Resulted in Chinese dominance within Korean politics.

| King Gojong
Donghak Peasant Revolution
(1894–1895)  |  Joseon Dynasty |  Donghak Peasant's Army | Victory

* Resulted in First Sino-Japanese War.

| King Gojong

### Korean Empire: 1897–1910

[edit]

Conflict | Korean Empire and its allies | Opponents | Results | Emperor of Korean Empire

|
|
|
|

Korean Empire
|  |  |  |
Korean invasion of Manchuria
(1902)  |  Korea |  China | Victory

* Korean settlers and soldiers moved into Southern Manchuria as the Qing Dynasty weakened

| Emperor Gwangmu
Eulsa Righteous War
(1905)  |  Korea

* Righteous Army

|  Japan | Defeat

* Reaction to Eulsa Protective Treaty, which made the Korean Empire a Protectorate of Japan.

| Emperor Gwangmu
Jeungmi Righteous War
(1907)  |  Korea

* Righteous Army

|  Japan | Defeat

* Reaction to the forced dissolution of the Korean Imperial Army.

| Emperor Yunghui
Great Korean Militia Roundup Campaign
(1909)  |  Korea

* Righteous Army

|  Japan | Defeat

* Most battles were around the Southern Korea region of Jeolla.

| Emperor Yunghui

### North Korea: 1948–present

[edit]

Conflict | North Korea and its allies | Opponents | Results | North Korean
losses | Leader of North Korea

|
|
|
|
|

Military | Civilian
North Korea
Korean War
(1950–1953)  |  North Korea
China
Soviet Union |  South Korea
United Nations Command

* United States
* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Australia
* New Zealand
* Turkey
* Philippines
* Thailand
* Ethiopia
* Greece
* France
* Colombia
* Belgium
* South Africa
* Netherlands
* Luxembourg

| Stalemate

* North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled, UN invasion of North Korea repelled, Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled.
* Korean Armistice Agreement signed.
* Korean Demilitarized Zone established, little territorial change at the 38th parallel border.

215,000–
350,000

1,550,000

Kim Il Sung

Vlora Incident
(1961-1968)  |  Soviet Union
North Korea[5]
Warsaw Pact |  Albania | Defeat

* Withdrawal of soviet marines[6] and technicians
* Warsaw Pact capture of Pasha Liman Base failed[7]
* In 1962, the Soviet Union began a plan to invade Albania[8]
* In 1970, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev tried to take the Mediterranean Sea but failed

Unknown

Unknown

Simba Rebellion
(1964)  |  Simba Rebels
Military advisors:
Cuba
Tanganyika
Soviet Union
China
North Korea |  Congo-Léopoldville
Combat support:
Belgium
United States | Defeat (limited involvement)

* Rebellion defeated.

Unknown

None

Communist insurgency in Thailand
(1965–1983)  |  Communist Party of Thailand
Pathet Lao[9][10]

Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[9][10]
Malayan Communist Party
Weapons and advisors
North Vietnam (until 1976)
Vietnam (from 1976)
China
Soviet Union
North Korea[9]

|  Thailand
Taiwan (until 1967)
United States[9]
Malaysia | Defeat (limited involvement)

* Defeat of communist insurgency.

Unknown

~120

Vietnam War
(1967–1969)[a] |  North Vietnam
Viet Cong
Pathet Lao
Khmer Rouge
China
Soviet Union
North Korea |  South Vietnam
United States
South Korea
Australia
New Zealand
Laos
Cambodia
Khmer Republic
Thailand | Victory (in 1975)

* Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina in 1973
* North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam in 1975
* Dissolution of the South Vietnamese state
* Communist regimes take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

14[11]

None

Korean DMZ Conflict
(1966–1969)  |  North Korea |  South Korea
United States | Defeat

* North Korean failure to instigate an armed insurgency in South Korea

2,871

Unknown

1971 JVP insurrection
(1971)  |  JVP
North Korea[12][13]
Supported by:
ASBPI[14][15]
CCP (Maoist) (alleged)[16] |  Ceylon | Defeat

* Rebel leaders captured and remaining members surrender.
* Ceylonese government reestablishes control over entire island.
* Expulsion of North Korean diplomats.

Unknown killed
Several arrested

Unknown

Yom Kippur War
(1973)  |  Egypt
Syria
Jordan
Iraq
Algeria
Morocco
Tunisia
Cuba
North Korea[17][18] |  Israel | Defeat[19]

* Syrian invasion of Israel repelled.
* Israel–Syria Disengagement Agreement
* Geneva Conference and the Sinai II Agreement
* Strategic political gains for Egypt and Israel

None[20][21][22]

None[20][21][22]

Ethiopian Civil War
(1974–1991)  |  Derg (1974–1987)
Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Cuba
North Korea |  EPRP
TPLF
MEISON (from 1977)
EPDM
EDU
EPLF | Defeat

* Fall of Communist government
* Independence of Eritrea
* Ethiopia becomes a landlocked country

Unknown

None

Angolan Civil War
(1975–2002)  |  MPLA
SWAPO

Cuba (1975–91)
East Germany (1975–89)
Soviet Union (1975–89)[23]
North Korea[24]
EO (1992–95) |  UNITA
FNLA
FLEC
South Africa (1975–89)
Zaire (1975)[25] | Victory (by 1992)

* Withdrawal of all foreign forces in 1989
* Transition towards a multiparty political system in 1991/92
* Dissolution of the armed forces of FNLA
* Participation of UNITA and FNLA, as political parties, in the new political system, from 1991/92 onwards, but civil war continues
* Jonas Savimbi killed in 2002
* Immediate peace agreement and dissolution of the armed forces of UNITA in 2002
* Resistance of FLEC continued beyond 2002

Unknown

Unknown

Ugandan Bush War
(1980–1986)  |  UNLA
Tanzania (until 1985)
North Korea |  NRA | Defeat

* Overthrow of Milton Obote

700

Unknown

1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
(1982)  |  Ethiopia
SSDF
Supported by:
Cuba[26]
South Yemen[26]
North Korea[26] |  Somalia
Supported by:
United States[26][27] | Defeat (limited involvement)  |

Unknown

Unknown

Sri Lankan Civil War
(1983–2009)  |  Tamil Tigers
Supported by:
North Korea (from 1997)[28][29]
Eritrea[30][31][32] |  Sri Lanka
India | Defeat (limited involvement)

* Rebel group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam militarily defeated.
* Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island.

Unknown

Unknown

1987–1989 JVP insurrection
(1987–1989)  |  JVP

* DJV

Support:
Soviet Union[33][b]
North Korea[34]
Cuba[35]
PLOTE (until 1988)[36][37]
Iraq[38]

|  Sri Lanka
India
Military support for Sri Lanka:
Israel[39]
Pakistan[39]
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States | Defeat (limited involvement)

* Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted.
* Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc.

Unknown

Unknown

United States invasion of Panama
(1989–1990)  |  Panama

* Panama Defense Force

Supported by:
Cuba[40]
Soviet Union[40]
Nicaragua[40]
Libya[40]
North Korea[40]

|  United States
Panamanian Opposition | Defeat (limited involvement)

* Military leader Manuel Noriega deposed

Unknown

Unknown

Yemeni Civil War
(1994)  |  South Yemen
Supported by:
Saudi Arabia[41]: 82
Iraq[41]: 82
Libya[41]: 82
North Korea[41]: 82 [42] |  North Yemen
Jihadists[43]
Supported by:
United States[44]
Egypt[42] | Defeat (limited involvement)

* Reunification under northern government
* Purge of Yemeni socialism and the left
* Further tension in Yemen eventually leads to Yemeni crisis

2 killed in action
4 captured and executed by Jihadist

Unknown

Kim Jong Il

Battle of Amami-Ōshima
(2001)  |  North Korea |  Japan | Defeat

* North Korean naval trawler sunk[45]

15[46]
1 naval trawler sunk[47]

None

2006 Lebanon War |  Hezbollah
Amal Movement
Lebanese Communist Party
PFLP-GC
Lebanon
Supported by:
North Korea
Iran
Syria |  Israel | Stalemate  (limited involvement)

* Ceasefire through UNSC Resolution 1701.
* Introduction of the Lebanese Army and the reinforcement of UNIFIL in South Lebanon.

Unknown

Unknown

First Libyan Civil War
(2011)  |  Libya
Belarus
Zimbabwe
Foreign mercenaries[48][49][50][51][52]
Minor border clashes:
Darfur rebels[53]

Weapons and advisors:
North Korea[54]
Algeria[55]
Cuba[56]
Venezuela[57]
China (until 12 September)[58][59]
Russia (until 1 September)[58]
Mozambique

|  Anti-Gaddafi forces
Qatar
Enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973:

NATO

* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Greece
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Romania
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Other countries:
Sweden
Jordan[60]
United Arab Emirates[61]
Lebanon
Saudi Arabia[62][63]
Minor border clashes:
Tunisia
Arms suppliers:
Egypt
Moldova[64]
Switzerland[65]
Morocco
Other support:
Botswana
Peru
Ethiopia

| Defeat (limited involvement)

* Overthrow and collapse of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
* Death of Muammar Gaddafi and end of his rule over Libya
* Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council; remains in power until August 8, 2012
* UN authorisation of NATO military intervention
* Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU
* Factional violence leading to another civil war in 2014[66]
* Rise and spread of Salafism in Libya[67]

Unknown

Unknown

Yemeni Civil War
(2015–present)  |  Supreme Political Council

* Houthis
* Pro-Saleh forces (until 2017)
* Some Popular Committees[68]
* Sana'a-GPC forces[69]

Alleged support:

* Iran[70]
* Hezbollah[71]
* North Korea[72]

|  Hadi government

* Pro-Hadi Security forces
* Yemen National Army (YNA)
* Al-Islah
* Popular Resistance Committees[73]
* Popular Committees
* Southern Movement[74][75]
* Strategic Reserve (pro-Hadi Saleh forces)[76][77][78][79][80]

Saudi-led coalition
Saudi Arabia[81]
United Arab Emirates[82]
Senegal[83]
Sudan[84][85]
Morocco[86]
Qatar[84] (2015–17)[87]
Academi security contractors[88][89][90][91]

Under 1,000 troops:

* Bahrain[84]
* Egypt[84]
* Kuwait[84]
* Jordan[84]

Green Berets[92][93]
French Army Special Forces Command[94][95][96]
Al-Qaeda[97][98][99]
Academi

Support:

* United Kingdom[100][101]
* France[101]
* United States[101][102][103]
* Spain
* NATO

* * *

Southern Transitional Council (from 2017)[104]
Tareq Saleh forces (from 2017)[105][106]

* National Resistance[77]
* Tihamah Resistance[77]

Support:

* United Arab Emirates[107][108][109]

* * *

Ansar al-Sharia

* AQAP[110]

* * *

ISIL-YP[111][112]

| Ongoing

* Houthis dissolve Yemeni government
* Houthis take control of northern Yemen
* Conflict in Najran, Jizan and Asir

Unknown

Unknown

Kim Jong Un

2023 Israel–Hamas war
(2023–present)

* 2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict

|  Hamas
Supported by:

* North Korea
* Iran
* Syria
* Hezbollah
* Houthi movement

|  Israel
Supported by:

* United States
* Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
* Free Syrian Army

| Ongoing

* North Korea sends weapons to Iranian proxy groups.

Unknown

Russo-Ukrainian War
(2014–present)

* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|  Russia

* Donetsk People's Republic
Luhansk People's Republic

Supported by:

* North Korea(since 2024)
* Belarus

|  Ukraine | Ongoing

* North Korea sends weapons and troops as of June 2024.[113]

Unknown

## See also

[edit]

* North Korea portal

* Korean People's Army
* List of wars involving Korea
* List of wars involving South Korea

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ More about North Korean involvement in the Vietnam War
2. ^ see the International Suppliers of Patriotic Peoples Front

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Veritable Records of King Sejong". Retrieved 20 January 2021. "左議政朴訔啓: "左軍節制使朴實 對馬島敗軍時所(護)〔獲〕 漢人 宋官童等十一名, 備知我師見敗之狀, 不可解送中國, 以見我國之弱。Left State Councilor Bak Eun advised, "Eleven Chinese people including Song Guantong, who were freed when Bak Sil, commander of the Left Army, was defeated in Tsushima Island, know much about the situation in which our troops were defeated. [They] should not be sent to China under escort, because that would reveal our country's weakness [to China].""
2. ^ "The Veritable Records of King Sejong". esillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 18 July 2021. "仇里安曰: "本島之屬於慶尙道, 己之所不知, 戒道豈能獨知乎? 必是妄言也。 … 對馬島, 日本邊境。攻對馬島, 是攻本國也 Kyūrian said, "I did not know about our island's subordination to Gyeongsang Province. How could [Shin] Kaidō alone have known? This surely was reckless talk. … Tsushima is on the Japanese frontier, thus an attack on Tsushima is an attack on Japan."
3. ^ "朝鮮世宗實錄4卷1年7月9日" Annals of King Sejong Vol.4 July 9 [1]
4. ^ Seoh, M.S. (1969). "A Brief Documentary Survey of Japanese Pirate Activities in Korea in the 13 th—15 th Centuries". Journal of Korean Studies (1969-1971). 1 (1): 23–39. ISSN 0022-2127. JSTOR 23849476.
5. ^ Hotham, Oliver (15 August 2019). "Comrades disunited: North Korea and the Soviet-Albanian split". NK News \- North Korea News. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
6. ^ Low, Alfred D. (1976). The Sino-Soviet dispute : an analysis of the polemics. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-1479-5. OCLC 2225938.
7. ^ says, yp Xhixh (14 February 2022). ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!" Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës". Gazeta Tema. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
8. ^ "Zbulohet plani i Rusisë për pushtimin e Shqipërisë" (in Albanian). Retrieved 8 February 2023.
9. ^ a b c d "Communist Insurgency In Thailand" (PDF). CIA Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
10. ^ a b "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
11. ^ "North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC News. 31 March 2000. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
12. ^ "The story of a North Korea-backed rebellion in Sri Lanka – NK News – North Korea News". 10 October 2017.
13. ^ "North Korea's role in Sri Lanka". 12 March 2014.
14. ^ History of the JVP (People's Liberation Front - Sri Lanka): 1965-1994 (First ed.). Battaramulla: Niyamuwa Publiacations. 2014. ISBN 978-955-8696-39-2.
15. ^ Sri Lanka the years of Terror. p. 59
16. ^ "Unknown". divaina.com.[permanent dead link]
17. ^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
18. ^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
19. ^ References:
* Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
* Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday (publisher), 1974, page 450
* Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
* Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
* 0-313-31302-4&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2
* Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
* Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society [permanent dead link] Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
20. ^ a b Nicolle, David & Cooper, Tom: Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 units in combat.
21. ^ a b Aloni, Shlomo: Arab–Israeli Air Wars, 1947–82.
22. ^ a b Shazly, Lieutenant General Saad el (2003). The Crossing of the Suez, Revised Edition (Revised ed.). American Mideast Research. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-9604562-2-8.
23. ^ "AfricanCrisis". AfricanCrisis. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
24. ^ Young, Benjamin R (16 December 2013). "North Korea: Opponents of Apartheid". NK News. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
25. ^ Perez de Cuellar C. Pilgrimage for Peace: A Secretary-General's Memoir pp. 325–326
26. ^ a b c d "The History Guy: Ethiopia-Somalia Wars and Conflicts".
27. ^ "Somalia SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980–90 – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". www.workmall.com.
28. ^ "Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne". Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
29. ^ "LTTE runs illegal operations overseas – Minister Gunawardena". priu.gov.lk. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
30. ^ "Sri Lanka finds LTTE fighter planes in Eritrea – Report". Jimma Times. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
31. ^ "Eritrea providing direct military assistance to LTTE – USSFRC". Ministry of Defense. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
32. ^ "Sri Lanka Goes After LTTE assets in Eritrea « The Eight Man Team". Lrrp.wordpress.com. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
33. ^ The History of the JVP 1965–1994. Niyamuva Publishers. 2009. ISBN 978-955-8696-39-2.
34. ^ "TheSundayNews: Protesters shot dead at Indo-Lanka opposition". Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
35. ^ Our times great Fidel, අපේ කාලයේ ආදර්ශය ෆිදෙල්. Niyamuva Publications. p. 1. ISBN 9789558696200
36. ^ Gunaratna, (1993) p. 133
37. ^ Sri Lanka: The Years Terror. p. 141.
38. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan (1990), p. 22
39. ^ a b Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka: Role of Indian Agencies. p. 23.
40. ^ a b c d e Cole, Ronald H. (1995). Operation Just Cause: The Planning and Execution of Joint Operations in Panama, February 1988 – January 1990. Joint History Office, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. p. 6.[full citation needed]
41. ^ a b c d Jamal S. al-Suwaidi, ed. (1995). The Yemeni War of 1994: Causes and Consequences. Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. ISBN 0-86356-300-7.
42. ^ a b "Backgrounder: Yemen's Civil War, the Houthis, and the Saudi Intervention - Council on Foreign Relations". Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
43. ^ Said, Behnam T. (2018). Geschichte al-Qaidas. Bin Laden, der 11. September und die tausend Fronten des Terrors heute [History of al-Qaeda. Bin Laden, 11 September, and the thousand fronts of terror today] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 106\. ISBN 978-3-406-72585-2.
44. ^ Embassy of Yemen – Yemeni-American relations Archived 2015-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, "[In mid-nineties...] Washington demonstrated favorable intentions concerning Yemen. That became evident when the U.S. fully supported the Yemeni unity against the failed Separatist attempt in the summer of 1994."
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