List of wars involving Peru

Wars involving Peru

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Cleanup entries not meeting article criteria, "List of wars involving Peru". Please help improve this article if you can. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "List of wars involving Peru" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Peru (and its predecessor states), or in his territory, to the present.

## Pre-Inca (-1438)[edit]

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Results

|
|
|

Wari Empire expansion campaigns[1][2][3]

(VII-X Century)

| Wari Empire

* Huarpas

| Caxamarca culture

Lambayeque culture Lima culture Moche culture Nazca culture Recuay culture

| Wari victory

* The Wari culture is consolidated as the 1st pan-andean empire, controlling Ancient Peru from modern Lambayeque to Moquegua.
* Andean civilizations enters to the Middle Horizon in the Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru.

Wari invasion of Moquegua[4]

(X/XI Century)

| Wari Empire | Tiwanaku Empire | Wari victory

* Moquegua is destroyed.
* Decline of both empires.

Wari internal conflicts[5]

(XII Century)

| Wari Empire | Rebel forces

* * *

Foreign Invaders  |

* The empire is fragmented into Sican Kingdom, Chimu Kingdom, Chancay culture, Tallán lordship, Chincha culture, Chachapoya culture, Huaylas Lordship, Cajamarca Kingdom, Huanca kingdom, Collique lordship.

Aymara invasions to Tiawanaku[6]

(XII Century)

| Tiwanaku Empire | Aymaras | Aymara victory

* The Aymaras managed to gain the entire Andean plateau (modern Bolivia) for themselves, meanwhile the Tiahuanacos were forced to emigrate to the north (modern Southern Peru).
* Some Tiawanaku royal Ayllus stablish on Cuzco and found the Inca lordship .

Tiawanku civil war[7][8]

(XII Century)

| Tiwanaku Empire | Rebel forces  |

* The empire is fragmented into Aymara regional states, among which the Colla kingdom, the Lupaca kingdom and the Pacajes kingdom stand out.
* Andean civilizations enters to the Late Intermediate in the Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru.

Chimu conquest of Sican

(1375)

| Chimu Empire | Sican Kingdom | Sican is turned into a province of the Chimu kingdom.

## Incan Empire (1438-1535)[edit]

Conflict  | Allies  | War against  | Results  | Head of State

|
|
|
|

Conquest of the Ayaviri

(XIII century)

| Kingdom of Cusco | Ayaviris | Inca Victory  | Lloque Yupanqui
Battle of Huaychu

(XIII century)

| Kingdom of Cusco | Colla Kingdom | Inca Victory  | Mayta Cápac
Rebellion of the Mascas[9]

(XIV century)

| Kingdom of Cusco | Mascas | Inca Victory

* The leader of the Masca people, Guasi Guaca, is taken prisoner.

| Inca Roca
Rebellion of the Muyna and the Pinahua[10]

(XIV century)

| Kingdom of Cusco | Muyna

Pinahua

| Inca Victory

* Death of Muyna Pongo, Muyna leader. Flight of Guaman Tupa, Pinahua leader.

| Inca Roca
Chanca-Inca War

(1438-1440)

|  Inca Empire | Chanka Kingdom | Inca Victory

* Beginning of the Third Inca Expansion.

| Viracocha Inca

Pachacuti

Inca-Chincha war

(1440-1460)

|  Inca Empire | Chincha Lordship | Inca Victory  | Pachacuti
Conquest of the towns of Collao

(1445-1505)

|  Inca Empire | Collao towns

* Aymara kingdoms
* Diaguita
* Huarpes
* Omaguacas
* Atacamas
* Comechingones
* Guaycuru peoples
* Chichas

| Inca Victory

• Quechuanization of the Collao

| Pachacuti

Topa Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac

Huarco-Inca War[11]

(1450s)

|  Inca Empire | Huarco Confederation | Inca Victory

* After 5 years of war, the Huarco leaders are massively hanged in the Canchari Fortress. The Incas kills all the princes of Huarco.

| Pachacuti

Topa Inca Yupanqui

Rebellion of the Ayarmacas

(1460s)

|  Inca Empire | Ayarmacas | Inca Victory

* The Ayarmaca curaca is taken prisoner.

| Pachacuti

Topa Inca Yupanqui

Conquest of the Cajamarcas[11][12]

(1460s)

|  Inca Empire | Caxamarcas

Chimu Empire

| Inca Victory

* The Cajamarca leader Husmancu Cápac, with his Chimú Cápac ally, are taken as prisoners and died on Cuzco.
* Casus belli for the Chimor–Inca War.

| Pachacuti
Conquest of the Chimú Empire

(1470)

|  Inca Empire | Chimu Empire | Inca Victory

* Inca sack of Chan Chan. The treasures are used to decoy the Coricancha
* The Chimu leader Minchancaman is taken prisoner
* End of Chimu hegemony on North Peru. Consolidation of Inca hegemony on Ancient Peru.

| Pachacuti

Topa Inca Yupanqui

Guaraní invasions

(1470-1554)

|  Inca Empire (until 1533)

Neo-Inca State (since 1537)

| Tupi-Guaraní people

Supported by

Portuguese Empire (since 1522)

| Inca Pirric Victory

* Guarani sacks successfully the Inca domains, but are expelled.

| Pachacuti

Topa Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac

Mapuche-Inca War

(1471-1530)

|  Inca Empire |  Mapuches

* Picunche

| Inca Pirric Victory

* The Mapuches of the south of the Maule River maintain their independence.
* Border conflicts will continue on the Arauco War

| Topa Inca Yupanqui

Huayna Capac

Conquest of the Chachapoyas

(1472)

|  Inca Empire | Chachapoya culture | Inca Victory

* Incan attempts to make an Ethnocide to Chachapoyas by forcing them to be a Diaspora or being part of the Inca army.

| Topa Inca Yupanqui
Rebellion of the Chimú

(1475)[13]

|  Inca Empire | Chimor | Inca Victory

* Execution of the Chimú leader.

| Topa Inca Yupanqui
Conquest of the peoples of the northern Andes

(1490-1520)

|  Inca Empire | Northern Andes Peoples

* Chachapoyas
* Cañaris
* Quitus
* Cochasquí
* Cayambi
* Caranquis
* Peruchos
* Otavalos
* Puruhá
* Pastos

| Inca Victory

* The Incas beheaded the Caranquis, near the Yahuarcocha lagoon (blood lagoon), killing 2000-20000 people.

| Topa Inca Yupanqui

Huayna Capac

Inca civil war

(1529-1532)

|  Huascarist |  Atahualpist | Atahualpa Victory  | Huáscar
Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire

(1532-1572)

* Conquest of Bolivia
* Conquest of Chile
* Conquest of Ecuador
* 2nd Inca-Spanish War
* Manco Inca Rebellion
* Titu Cusi's Vilcabamba campaign
* Tupac Amaru I's Vilcabamba campaign

|  Inca Empire (until 1535)

Neo-Inca State (since 1537)

|  Spanish Empire

* New Castile
* New Toledo

Indian auxiliaries

* Huancas
* Chankas
* Cañaris
* Huaylas
* Chachapoyas
* Huascarist Incas
* Catholicized Inca nobility
* Neo-Inca State (1533-1536)
* Tlaxcaltecas[14]
* Nicaraguas[15]

| Spanish Victory

* Stablishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
* Spanish monarchs gets the right of succession of the Sapa Incas monarchy (Reynos del Perú) through Translatio imperii.

| Atahualpa

Incas of Vilcabamba

## Colonial Peru (1535-1821)[edit]

Conflict  | Allies  | War against  | Results  | Head of State

|
|
|
|

Spanish conquest of New Granada

(1502-1540)

* Expedition of Sebastián de Belalcázar
* Battle of Tocarema

|  Spanish Empire

* Province of Tierra Firme (since 1502)
* Klein-Venedig (since 1530)
* New Castile (since 1533)

Indian auxiliaries

* Southern Muisca Zipazgo

| Chibchan peoples

* Muisca Confederation
* Tairona

Non-Chibcha peoples

* Panche people
* Muzo people
* Kingdom of Quito

| Foundation of the New Kingdom of Granada after overwhelming the indigenous peoples of the territory.  | Charles I of Spain
Grijalva expedition to the South Pacific(1537-1542)  |  Spanish Empire

* New Spain
* New Castile (since 1539)

| Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia

* * *

mutinous Spaniards  | The ship is lost in New Guinea, where almost the entire crew died. The rest are rescued by the Portuguese from Ternate.  | Charles I of Spain
Civil Wars between conquerors of Peru

(1537-1554)

| Pizarristas

* New Castile

* * *

Vaca de Castro Royalists
* Spanish Empire
* Viceroyalty of Peru

* * *

Royalists

* Viceroyalty of Peru

* * *

Viceroyalty authorities
* Viceroyalty of Peru

| Almagristas

* New Toledo
* Neo-Inca State (until 1542)

* * *

Almagristas
* New Castile-New Toledo royal union

* * *

Gonzalistas
* Encomenderos

* * *

Francisco Hernandes Girón rebels
* Encomenderos

| 1° Pizarrist victory: New Castile stays with Cuzco. Deaths of: Diego de Almagro "el viejo" and Francisco Pizarro.

2° Crown of Castille victory: Abolition of the hereditary governorships of New Castile and New Toledo after the attempt of unification and independence of the Kingdom of Spain. Establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru to ensure compliance with the orders of the King of Spain [mostly Laws of Burgos]. Death of Diego Almagro "el mozo" and Cristóbal Vaca de Castro.

3° Stalemate: The encomiendas in Peru are gradually annulled through the New Laws and Laws of the Indies until the 18th century; death of Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Núñez Vela.

4° Viceroyalty of Peru victory: Death of Francisco Hernández Girón and end of the rebellions of the encomenderos. Consolidation of Indian Law to protect the natural rights of the indigenous person in Peru.

| Charles I of Spain
Orellana Expedition to Amazon river

(1541-1542)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Province of Quito

| Hostile Amazonian peoples | Stalemate

* Discovery of the Amazon River until the Atlantic Ocean, but Spaniards retreat due to diseases (dying Francisco de Orellana).
* Start of catholic missions on Maynas.

| Charles I of Spain
Spanish conquest and colonization of Argentina

(1543-1593)

* Expeditions in Tucumán
* Diego de Rojas entry to Tucumán
* Western colonizing current
* Northern colonizing current

(1543-1593)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Province of Charcas
* Governorate of Paraguay
* Captaincy General of Chile

Indian auxiliaries

| Indigenous peoples

* northern tehuelches
* Diaguitas
* Guarani

| Victory of the Spanish conquistadors.

* These territories weren't any unified entity and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru as the Governorate of the Río de la Plata.

| Charles I of Spain

Philip II of Spain

First Communero Rebellion

(1544)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Governorate of Paraguay

| Comuneros

* Encomendero

| Defeat of the royal authorities

* Establishment of Domingo Martínez de Irala as governor by popular election of the Encomenderos, according to The Royal Decree of September 12, 1537, which determined the charge of a governor in Paraguay would be elected by the vote of the inhabitants.

| Charles I of Spain
Arauco War

(1535/1546-1810)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Captaincy General of Chile
* Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Indian auxiliaries

* Yanakuna
* Indios reyunos
* Boroano people

|  Araucania and Patagonia Indigenous people

* Mapuches
* Huilliche
* Pehuenche
* Cunco

| Stalemate

* Initial failure of the Spanish conquest in the Mapuche territories south of the Biobío River.
* The Hispanic Monarchy recognizes the indigenous sovereignty of the Wallmapu, and in the Mapuche Parliaments they recognize being under the protection of the King of Spain.
* Alliances between Spaniards and mapuches are established that would be invoked so that the Mapuches are on the royalist side on the Spanish American wars of independence.
* Later Argentina and Chile would restart the conflict decades later (Conquest of the Desert and Pacification of Araucania).

| Charles I of Spain

Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain

Bandeirantes raids from Brazil

(1557-XVIII century)

* Expedition led by Antônio Raposo Tavares
* Expedition of Luís Pedroso de Barros

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Maynas Government
* Province of Charcas

Viceroyalty of New Granada (since 1717)

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (since 1777)

* Governorate of Paraguay

Jesuit missions

|  Colonial Brazil

* Colonia del Sacramento
* Bandeirantes

| Stalemate

* The Amazon forest is divided between Peru-Spain and Brazil-Portugal with the Treaty of Madrid (1750) and First Treaty of San Ildefonso.

| Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain

Calchaquí Wars (1560-1667)

* 2nd Calchaqui War

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Province of Charcas

|  Diaguita confederation | Victory of the Spanish Empire

* Spanish conquest of the Tucumán region
* Relocation of tens of thousands of people belonging to the Diaguita kingdoms in Pueblo de Indios.

| Philip II of Spain
Spanish-Chiriguano War

(1564-17th century)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Province of Charcas

| Ava Guaraní people | Victory

* Successful Spanish conquest of the Eastern Bolivian region.
* Establishment of Jesuit Missions of Moxos and Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos

| Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain

Bayano Wars

(1548-1582)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* New Kingdom of Granada

| Rebel Maroons slaves from Panama  | Victory

* Defeat of Bayano insurgents.

| Philip II of Spain
Spanish expeditions to Solomon and Vanuatu

(1567-1606)

* First Spanish expedition to Solomon

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Captaincy General of the Philippines

| Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia | Defeat

* Discovery of multiple islands between the Golfo de la Concepción and Golfo de la Candelaria (the sea between Peru and Tuvalu), such as the Solomon Islands archipelago and the Vanuatu archipelago.
* Possible Spanish discovery of Australia in their search of Terra Australis Ignota.
* Colonization attempts failed due to disease and bellicosity of the inhabitants, as well as war crimes by explorers

| Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain

Colonial front of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War

(1568-1648)

* Dutch piracy in Latin America
* Dutch expedition to Valdivia
* Battle of Carelmapu
* Castro combat

|  Spanish Empire

* Spanish Netherlands
* Crown of Castile
* New Spain
* Peru
* Crown of Portugal (1580–1640)
* State of Brazil
* Crown of Aragon
* Kingdom of Sicily
* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sardinia

Holy Roman Empire

* Archduchy of Austria
* Electorate of Bavaria
* Catholic League

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Croatia
Supported by:

* Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
* Papal States

|  United Provinces

* Dutch East Indies
* Dutch West Indies

England

France

Nassau
Bohemia

Electorate of the Palatinate
Transylvania

Denmark–Norway
Venice
Savoy

Duchy of Mantua

Duchy of Modena

Duchy of Parma
Sweden

Saxony
Brandenburg-Prussia

Kingdom of Portugal (1640–58)
Principality of Catalonia (from 1640)

Supported by:

* Tsardom of Russia
* Ottoman Empire

| Defeat

* Foundation of the Dutch colonial Empire after obtaining its independence from the Hispanic Monarchy.
* Expulsion of the Anglo, French, Dutch and Danish pirates from the American coasts, with repression of colonization attempts.
* Expulsion of the Dutch from Valdivia, San Juan de Puerto Rico and partially from Salvador de Bahía. Partial Spanish recovery of the Island of San Martín.
* Peace of Westphalia and Peace of Münster
* Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Dutch–Portuguese War (1601–1661) and Spanish–Portuguese War (1640–1668) continue, but without attacks to Peruvian territories.

| Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain

Castilian War (1578)

* Part of Ottoman-Habsburg Wars on Southeast Asia and Spanish-Moro Wars

|  Spanish Empire

* Spanish Philippines
* Indian auxiliaries from Mexico and Peru

Bruneians who defected to Spain

|  Bruneian Empire

Sultanate of Sulu

Maguindanao

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

* Turks, Egyptians, Swahilis, Somalis, Sindhis, Gujaratis, and Malabars forces

Sultanate of Aceh

| Status quo ante bellum

* Bruneian military victory to seize its independence from Spanish Empire. Becoming a city-state until today.
* Spanish tactical Victory in ending Bruneian empire at sea and its influence on Philippines

| Philip II of Spain
Expedition of Juan Jufré and Juan Fernández to Polynesia and New Zealand

(1575-1576)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Captaincy General of Chile

| Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia | Stalemate

* The expedition possibly reached New Zealand and Tahiti, but there wasn't any conquest.

| Philip II of Spain
Expeditions to Chile hostile to Spain

(1578-1741)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile

|  European Pirates

Supported by:
United Provinces
England

| Stalemate

* Mostly repressed

| Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain

Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)

* Drake and Hawking expeditions
* Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation

|  Spanish Empire

* Spanish Netherlands
* Crown of Castile
* New Spain
* Peru
* Crown of Portugal (1580–1640)
* State of Brazil
* Crown of Aragon
* Kingdom of Sicily
* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sardinia

Duchy of Parma

Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Duchy of Savoy

Duchy of Castro

Order of Saint John

co-belligerent

* French rebels
* Irish rebels

|  Kingdom of England

* Corsairs

Ireland

co-belligerent

* Portuguese rebels
* United Provinces
* France
* Huguenots

| Indecisive, Status quo ante bellum

* Near Lima, Drake captured a Spanish ship with 25,000 pesos of Peruvian gold.
* Expulsion of the English from Spanish America and end of English interruption to Spanish transatlantic transportation and colonial expansion.
* The English privateers now find their needs in the service of the Dutch.
* England obtains the Colony of Newfoundland and Bermuda, beginning the English colonial Empire.
* Treaty of London

| Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain

Antarctic Expedition of the Armada del Mar del Sur to the South Seas and Terra Australis

(1603)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile

|  Dutch corsair  | Inconclusive

* First western sightings of Antarctica
* Peruvian presence on Antarctica.

| Philip III of Spain
Battle of Mbororé

(1641)

* part of Portuguese Restoration War and Portuguese conquest of the Eastern Missions

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Governorate of Paraguay
* Governorate of Rio de la Plata
* Jesuit missions among the Guaraní
* Indian auxiliaries

|  Colonial Brazil

* Bandeirantes Paulistas
* Tupi people

| Victory

* Portuguese raids stop
* Guarani people are excluded from forced labour
* The jesuits gain more autonomy regarding the administration of their missions

| Philip IV of Spain
2nd Communero Rebellion of Paraguay

(1649-1650)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Sebastián de León y Zárate)
* Jesuit Province of Paraguay
* Indian auxiliaries (Guaraní)

|  Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Bernardino de Cárdenas)

* Cabildo of Asunción
* Mestizo and Criollos Encomenderos rebels (comuneros)

| Royalist victory

* An army of 700 Indian missionaries, led by León and Zárate, occupy Asunción and imprison Cárdenas. He is then exiled from Paraguay and sent to Charcas in Upper Peru for a Trial of residence for his actions without royal permission.
* The institutions and properties, illegitimately usurped from the Jesuits and indigenous people, are returned to them by order of the King's Representative.

| Philip IV of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1655

(1655)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile
* Indian auxiliaries

|  Mapuches

* Cuncos
* Pehuenches

| Defeat

* The lands between the Bío Bío and Maule rivers are economically devastated and the Spanish abandon Boroa.
* The looting raids, led by Mestizo Alejo and other indigenous leaders, continue.
* Large number of freed Mapuche slaves.
* The Governor of Chile, Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona, is deposed twice and there is the possibility of civil war.

| Philip IV of Spain
Chepo expedition

(1679)

|  New Spain

* Captaincy General of Guatemala

Viceroyalty of Peru

* New Kingdom of Granada
* Captaincy General of Chile

|  European Pirates (English and Spaniards renegades)  | Initial victory for the pirates

* They continue their actions on both coasts of Central America, while looting and then burning of the town of Chepo, Panama (part of Peru as Real Audiencia of Panama).

* * *

Peruvian royal victory in Battle of San Marcos de Arica

* Execution of the pirates, with the exception of Bartolomé Sharp, who manages to return to England and is acquitted.

| Charles II of Spain
Colonial front of Nine Years' War

(1688–97)

* Raid on Cartagena de Indias (1697)

| Grand Alliance:

* Dutch Republic
* England
* New England
* Holy Roman Empire
* Spain
* Spanish Netherlands
* Viceroyalty of Peru
* New Kingdom of Granada
* Piedmont-Savoy
* Sweden (until 1691)
* Scotland

|  France

* New France

Wabanaki Confederacy

Irish and Scottish Jacobites

| Indecisive

* French victory in his raid on South America.
* Treaty of Ryswick
* Spain officially ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France, stablishing the Saint-Domingue colony on modern Haiti.

| Charles II of Spain
West Indies and South American Front of the War of the Spanish Succession

(1701–14)

* Siege of Colonia del Sacramento
* Wager's Action
* Capture of the galleon San Joaquin

|  Kingdom of France

* New France
* French East India Company

Spain loyal to Philip

* Crown of Castile
* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sicily
* New Spain
* Peru (Provinces of the Peruvian coast)

Bavaria (until 1704)

Duchy of Mantua (until 1708)

Cologne (until 1702)

Liège (until 1702)

co-belligerent:

* Kuruc (Kingdom of Hungary)
* Principality of Transylvania

|  Holy Roman Empire:

* Austria
* Prussia (from 1702)
* Hanover

Great Britain (formed on 1707)[16]

* England (until 1707)
* Scotland (until 1707)
* British America
* British East India Company

Dutch Republic

Duchy of Savoy (after 1703)

Kingdom of Portugal (from 1703)

* State of Brazil

Spain loyal to Charles

* Crown of Aragon
* Spanish Netherlands
* Provinces of the Andean-Amazonian interior of Peru

Danish Auxiliary Corps

co-belligerent:

* Hungarian Royalists
* Kingdom of Croatia

| Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip

Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles

* Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
* Treaty of Rastatt (1714)
* Treaty of Baden (1714)
* Spain and Britain sign the Asiento
* Spain cedes the Colony of Sacramento to the Portuguese Empire

| Philip V of Spain
Protests and rebellions of the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru

(1700s)

| Viceroyalty of Peru | Rebellions of peruleros  | Pyric victory of the Viceroyalty authorities.

* Partial reforms are given to appease the rebels, as well as severe punishments for repeat offender leaders, to prevent future insurrections among the local population.
* Multiple social groups, dissatisfied with the Bourbon Reforms, would continue to rebel under the motto of "Long live the King, death to the bad government" for an improvement of the Spanish state in its compliance with the colonial pact between subject and monarch, longing for the previous "fueros" and local autonomies of the traditional Monarchy of the House of Austria against the thriving Bourbon Absolutism.
* First notions of anti-colonial political independence in the most radical groups, usually influenced by the Spanish-American Enlightenment.

| Philip V of Spain

Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain

Huilliche uprising of 1712

(1712)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile
* Governorate of Chiloé

| Huilliches of Chiloé | Royalist Victory

* Harsh reprisals by the Spanish military against the Huiliches until the intervention of the Jesuit mediation.
* The governor of Chile, Juan Andrés de Ustáriz, created a commission (led by Pedro de Molina) to find those responsible and punish corrupt officials who provoked the Huiliche rebellion. Marín de Velasco is found guilty and is prohibited from returning to Chiloé, Ustáriz is dismissed after the Trial of residence for complicity with Garzón's escape
* Reforms are being made so that living conditions in the encomienda improve for the Huilliches

| Philip V of Spain
Great Revolt of the Comuneros of Paraguay

(1721-1735)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Governorate of Paraguay
* Governorate of Rio de la Plata
* Jesuit missions among the Guaraní

| Comuneros

Encomenderos

| Royalist victory

* Execution of José de Antequera y Castro in the Ciudad de los Reyes (Lima).
* Bruno Mauricio de Zabala ordered extreme measures against the Paraguayan province.
* Anti-Peruvian resentments in Paraguay.

| Philip V of Spain

Louis I of Spain

Mapuche uprising of 1723

(1723)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile

|  Mapuches

* Lafquenches
* Cuncos

| Both sides claim victory

* A peace agreement was reached with the Parliament of Negrete, where they established a system of fairs where Mapuche-Spanish trade was regulated through 3-4 fairs per year, breaking the Spanish commercial monopoly in Araucanía.

| Philip V of Spain
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) |  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Governorate of Rio de la Plata

|  Portuguese Empire

* State of Brazil

| Defeat and Status quo ante bellum

* Miguel de Salcedo was disposed as governor of Buenos Aires
* Colonia del Sacramento under Portuguese sovereignty. Montevideo under Spanish sovereignty

| Philip V of Spain
Colonial front of the War of Austrian Succession (War of Jenkins' Ear)

(1739–48)

* George Anson's voyage around the world

|  Spanish Empire

* New Spain
* Cuba
* Florida
* New Granada
* Venezuela Province
* Peru

France

* New France

Wabanaki Confederacy

Prussia

Bavaria (1741–45)

Saxony (1741–42)

Sicily and Naples

Republic of Genoa (1745–48)

Sweden (1741–43)

Savoy-Sardinia (1741–42)

|  Great Britain

* British America

Iroquois Confederacy

Habsburg Monarchy

Hanover

Dutch Republic

Saxony (1743–45)

Savoy-Sardinia (1742–48)

Russia (1741–43, 1748)

| Status quo ante bellum

* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) leading to Treaty of Madrid (1750)
* Spain revalidated with Great Britain the right of Asiento de Negros and permission for this country to send one merchant ship a year to the Spanish colonies in America. Both points had been previously agreed on March 16, 1713, in the Treaty of Utrecht.
* George Anson's English troops razed the city and devastated Paita, burning it in 1742.

| Philip V of Spain

Ferdinand VI of Spain

Guaraní War

(1754–56)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Governorate of Paraguay

Portuguese Empire

* State of Brazil

|  Guaraní Tribes

Jesuits

* Jesuit missions among the Guaraní

| Victory

* Ratification of Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750).
* Treaty of El Pardo: Declaration of the border between Spain and Portugal in South America
* Total abandonment of the Misiones Orientales by the Guaraní, being ceded to Portuguese Brazil.
* Subsequent Expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal in 1759 an then of the Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish Empire of 1767.

| Ferdinand VI of Spain
Colonial front of the Seven Years' War

* South American Front of Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)
* Mojeña War
* Fantastic War
* First expedition of Cevallos to Río Grande
* Anglo-Portuguese invasion of the Río de la Plata (1763)

|  Spain (since 1762)

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* New Granada
* New Spain

France

* New France
* Wabanaki Confederacy

Austria

Saxony
Hesse-Darmstadt

Sweden
Russia (until 1762)

Kalmykia
Mughal Empire (since 1757)

|  Portuguese Empire (since 1762)

* State of Brazil

Great Britain

* British America
* Iroquois Confederacy

Hanover

Prussia
Hesse-Kassel

Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Schaumburg-Lippe

| Stalemate

* Transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, and Spain after Treaty of Paris (1763).
* Spanish victory on River Plate. In present-day Uruguay, Spanish captured Colónia do Sacramento and advanced into Rio Grande do Sul.
* The thesis of the Portuguese Empire prevailed that the Guaporé river should serve as a border between the two Empires in the Amazon Jungle on present-day Bolivia.
* The Portuguese conquered most of the valley of Rio Negro, expelling the Spaniards from São Gabriel [pt] and São José de Maribatanas [pt].

| Charles III of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1766

(1766)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile

Pehuenche

|  Mapuches | Stagnation due to inter-ethnic indigenous conflict

* Spanish penetration in Araucanía is reversed.

| Charles III of Spain
Spanish expeditions to Tahití

(1772-1775)

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru

Christianized Tahitians

| Hostile Pagan Tahitians

* * *

Spanish and Peruvian mutineers  | Victory

* Withdrawn due to anticlerical policies of Charles III and economic problems in Peru to support the stability of the Catholic missions

| Charles III of Spain
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II

(1780-1783)

* Includes Oruro Rebellion

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Council of 24 Incan Noble electors]]

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

* Real Audiencia of Charcas

|  Túpac Amaru II criollo, mestizo, indigenous and black rebel forces

Túpac Katari indigenous rebel forces

| Royalist victory

* Rebellion repressed.
* Death of Túpac Amaru II and his family.
* Attempt to ban Inca Culture and Quechua.
* Reforms in the viceroyalty (abolition of the Corregimientos and installation of the Intendencies)

| Charles III of Spain
Huilliche uprising of 1792

(1792)

|  Viceroyalty of Peru

* Captaincy General of Chile
* Governorate of Valdivia
* Governorate of Chiloé

| Huilliches of Futahuillimapu | Royalist victory

* After the misunderstandings were resolved, the Parliament of Las Canoas was signed by Governor Ambrosio O'Higgins, by which the Huiliches were fully incorporated into the sovereignty of the Spanish Crown, while maintaining their traditional institutions (such as the cacicato). Therefore, the territorial strip between the Rahue and Damas rivers is open to Spanish colonization, allowing the refoundation of Osorno. The indigenous signatories recognized the king of Spain as their sovereign and signed an alliance agreement, but maintained considerable autonomy in the lands that they had not ceded to the Kingdom of Chile.

| Charles IV of Spain
Campaigns of Peruvian Royal Army during Spanish American wars of independence

(1808–1833)

* Bolivian War of Independence
* Goyeneche campaign in Upper Peru (1809)
* Ecuadorian War of Independence
* Quito revolutionary process (1809-1812)
* Guayaquil War of Independence
* Argentine War of Independence
* Córdoba Counterrevolution
* Auxiliary Expeditions to Upper Peru
* Gaucho war
* De la Serna's invasion of Jujuy and Salta
* Corsairs in Argentine Independence
* Brown's corsair expedition to the Pacific
* Hippolytus Bouchard Expedition
* Chilean War of Independence
* Patria Vieja Campaign
* Reconquest of Chile
* Campaign of the Chilean corsairs
* Colombian War of Independence
* Nariño campaign in the south
* Southern Campaigns
* Pasto Campaign
* Sucre Campaign in Upper Peru
* Peruvian War of Independence
* Tacna Insurrection (1811)
* Tacna Rebellion of 1813
* Cusco Rebellion of 1814
* Maynas War of Independence

|  Spanish Empire

* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Viceroyalty of New Granada (until 1822)
* Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (until 1814)

Unoficcially supported by:

Kingdom of Brazil

| 1st phase

Junta of Quito
Bolivian Republiquetas

Junta of Chile
Junta of Bogota
Junta of Buenos Aires

* Junta of Cusco
* Junta of Tacna

Junta of Guayaquil

2nd phase
Río de la Plata
Chile
Gran Colombia
Peru

Supported by:
Britain
Haiti

| 1st phase: Initial Royalist victory during the administration of the viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa

* Liberal Revolutions repressed effectively in Peru, being the only territory without developing a Junta during Peninsular War.
* Viceroyalty of Peru reconquers for the Spanish Supreme Central Junta, and annex to Lima authorities, the territories Upper Peru and Real Audiencia of Quito in 1810, after helping counter-revolutionary forces against the considered illegal Juntas of Spanish American.
* Peruvian royalists in land reconquers totality of Chile after Battle of Rancagua. Also making incursions into Argentine Northwest and Southern Colombia. Even reaching some help of luso-Brazilian royalists caudillos from the Captaincy of Grão Pará and Captaincy of Matto Grosso.
* Peruvian royalists in sea maintain the balance of powers in favor of Lima and Spain against Valparaiso and the secessionists throughout the Pacific Ocean, protecting royalists navigation routes with Central America and Mexico (giving some aid to royalists from there against Argentine and Chilean corsairs).
* Militar victory against Don Jose de San Martin intervention during Battle of Moquegua.

* * *

2nd phase: Reverse during Joaquín de la Pezuela administration and final defeat during Jose de la Serna government.

* Dissolution of the Peruvian Royal Army after Olañeta Rebellion civil war between liberal and absolutist royalists. Then defeated by Gran Colombia forces.
* Royalist guerrillas remnants in Peru by the Republic of Iquicha until 1836. Also by other remnants of the royal Peruvian army, such as the Pincheira Brothers in southern Chile until 1834, and by the Fernando VII Regiment in Vallegrande (Bolivia) until 1828.

| Ferdinand VII of Spain

## Republic of Peru (1821-present)[edit]

Conflict | Peru and Peruvian Allies | War against | Results | Head of State
of Peru

|
|
|
|

Peruvian War of Independence
(1811–1826)  |  Peru
Río de la Plata
Gran Colombia
Chile |  Spain | Peruvian victory

* Peru becomes an independent country

José de San Martín

Ecuadorian War of Independence
(1820–1822)

* Santa Cruz auxiliar expedition to Quito

|  Guayaquil
Gran Colombia
Chile
Peru
Río de la Plata |  Spain | Victory

* Incorporation of the Real Audiencia of Quito into Gran Colombia

José de San Martín

Iquicha War
(1825–1828)  |  Peru |  Iquicha | Government victory |

Simón Bolívar
Andrés de Santa Cruz
Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
José de la Mar

Peruvian intervention in Bolivia of 1828
(1828)  |  Peru

* Republic of Upper Peru

|  Gran Colombia

* Republic of Bolívar

| Peruvian victory

* Treaty of Piquiza[17]
* Withdrawal of Gran Colombian troops from Bolivia.[18] Term of Bolivarian influence in Bolivia.

José de la Mar
Agustín Gamarra

Gran Colombia–Peru War
(1828–1829)  |  Peru |  Gran Colombia | Stalemate

* Signing of the Larrea-Gual Treaty[19]
* Peru recognized the Gran Colombian annexation of Guayaquil and Gran Colombia recognized Peruvian sovereignty of Tumbes, Jaen and Maynas

José de la Mar
Agustín Gamarra

Peruvian Civil War of 1834
(1834)  |  Luis José de Orbegoso's Government  |  Pedro Bermudez's Rebels  | Government victory |

Luis José de Orbegoso

Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
(1835–1836)  |  Felipe Santiago Salaverry's Government

* * *

Agustín Gamarra's Rebels  |  Luis José de Orbegoso's Opposition
Andrés de Santa Cruz's Bolivian Army  | Defeat

* Foundation of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation

Felipe Santiago Salaverry

War of the Confederation
(1836–1839)  |  Peru-Bolivian Confederation |  Chile
Peruvian Dissidents  | Restoration victory

* Dissolution of the Confederation
* Exile of Santa Cruz

Various

War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation
(1837–1839)  |  Peru-Bolivian Confederation |  Argentina | Defeat

* Dissolution of the Confederation

Various

Iquicha War
(1839)  |  Peru
Chile |  Iquicha | Peruvian-Chilean victory

* Signature of the Treaty of Yanallay in which the Iquichans submit to the Republic of Peru
* Isolation of the caudillo Antonio Huachaca

Agustín Gamarra

Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842
(1841–1842)  |  Peru |  Bolivia | Ceasefire

* Treaty of Puno[20]
* Bolivian expulsion from southern Peru
* Peruvian Army expelled from Bolivia
* Bolivian Army expelled from Peru

Agustín Gamarra

Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
(1843–1844)  |  Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Government  |  Ramón Castilla's Rebels  | Defeat |

Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco

Liberal Revolution of 1854
(1854)  |  Constitutional Army |  Liberal Army | Constitutional Army defeat |

José Rufino Echenique

Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858
(1856–1858)  |  Ramón Castilla's Government  |  Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Rebels  | Government victory |

Ramón Castilla

Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1857–1860
(1857–1860)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Peruvian victory

* Subscription of the Treaty of Mapasingue [es] Diplomatic impasse arising from Ecuador's decision to grant its English creditors the vast Amazonian territories disputed with Peru. Ecuadorian failure.

Ramon Castilla

Peruvian Civil War of 1865
(1865)  |  Juan Antonio Pezet's Government  |  Mariano Ignacio Prado's Rebels  | Defeat |

Juan Antonio Pezet

Chincha Islands War
(1865–1866)  |  Chile
Peru
Ecuador
Bolivia |  Spain | Indecisive, both sides claimed victory

* The state of war is maintained between the belligerent parties until the signing of an indefinite armistice in 1871.
* Subsequently, Spain and the South American allies signed peace treaties separately: Peru (1879), Bolivia (1879), Chile (1883) and Ecuador (1885).

Mariano Ignacio Prado

Peruvian Civil War of 1867
(1867)  |  Mariano Ignacio Prado's Government  |  Pedro Diez Canseco and José Balta's Rebels  | Defeat |

Mariano Ignacio Prado

Puno Rebellion

(1868-1869)

|  Peru |  Tupac Amaru III indigenous rebel forces  | Government victory |

José Balta

Huáscar Uprising of 1877
(1877)  |  Peru |  Huáscar Rebels | Government victory |

Mariano Ignacio Prado

Battle of Pacocha

(1877)

|  Peru |  Britain | Peruvian victory |

Mariano Ignacio Prado

War of the Pacific
(1879–1883)  |  Bolivia
Peru |  Chile | Peruvian defeat

* Chilean forces capture Lima
* Chilean forces occupy Tacna, Arica and Tarapaca
* Tacna reincorporated to Peru in 1929
* Bolivia loses its access to the sea

| Mariano Ignacio Prado
Luis La Puerta de Mendoza
Nicolás de Piérola
Francisco García Calderón
Lizardo Montero Flores
Miguel Iglesias
Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885
(1884–1885)  |  Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government  |  Miguel Iglesias's Rebels  | Cacerista victory |

Andrés Avelino Cáceres

Huaraz Rebellion
(1885–1887)  |  Peru |  Quechua Rebels  | Government victory |

Miguel Iglesias
Andrés Avelino Cáceres

Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895
(1894–1895)  |  Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government  |  Nicolás de Piérola's Rebels  | Defeat |

Andrés Avelino Cáceres

Loretan Insurrection of 1896
(1896)  |  Peru |  Federal State of Loreto | Government victory |

Nicolás de Piérola

Salt Revolt
(1896–1897)  |  Peru |  Quechua Rebels  | Government victory |

Nicolás de Piérola

Border skirmishes between Peru and Brazil[21]

(1902–1909)

|  Peru

* * *

co-belligerant

Bolivia (until 1903)[22]

|  Brazil | Stalemate

* Initial Peruvian victories on their military incursions on Alto Yurúa and Alto Purús region until the intervention of Jose Ferreira forces on 1904.
* Brazil sough an anti-Peruvian alliance with Ecuador (Tobar-Rio Branco treaty) and Chile.
* After Brazilian intimidations to Peruvian authorities of a total war with all of its neighbours, it's firmed the Velarde-Rio Branco Treaty, favorable to Brazil.
* Peruvian withdrawal of their Acre pretensions, but ending Brazilian expansionism into Madre de Dios and Ucayali.

| Eduardo López de Romaña

José Pardo y Barreda Augusto B. Leguía

Angoteros Incident (1903)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Peruvian victory[23]

* Advance of an Ecuadorian detachment in Peruvian territory that was repelled on the banks of the Napo River

| Eduardo López de Romaña
Torres Causana Incident (1904)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Peruvian victory[24]

* Advance of Ecuadorian troops in Peruvian territory in the area of the Aguarico river and Napo river until their subsequent expulsion, taking of prisoners and captured war material.

| Serapio Calderón
Peruvian-Ecuadorian tension of 1910

(1910)

|  Peru |  Ecuador | Stalemate

* ABC countries and United States intervenes to garantice the peace after menace of continental war.
* For the first time in world history, the provisions of the 1907 Hague Convention, regarding the peaceful settlement of conflicts, were fulfilled.
* Peruvian position is favoured

Augusto B. Leguía

Campaign of the Manuripi Region
(1910)  |  Peru |  Bolivia | Peruvian victory[25][26]

* Recognition of most of the disputed territory as belonging to Peru (250 000 km2 of Peru).[27] Delivery of the territory of Purus to Peruvian territory.[28] Death of the Bolivian captain Lino Echevarria.

Augusto B. Leguía

Conflict of La Pedrera
(1911)  |  Peru |  Colombia | Peruvian victory[29]

* Colombian troops were evicted from the Pedrera

Augusto B. Leguía

Trujillan Revolution

(1932)

|  Peru |  APRA | Government victory

* Massacres, bombing of Trujillo and failure of the revolution

| Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
Colombia–Peru War
(1932–1933)  |  Peru |  Colombia | Ceasefire

* Status quo ante bellum
* Ratification of the Solomon-Lozano Treaty

Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
Óscar R. Benavides

Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941
(1941)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Peruvian victory

* Signing of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol

Manuel Prado Ugarteche

World War II
(1945)  |  United States
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
China
France
Poland
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Uruguay
Argentina |  Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Slovakia
Finland
Thailand
Manchukuo
Mengjiang | Victory

* Collapse of the German Reich
* Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
* Creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
* Beginning of the Cold War

Manuel Prado Ugarteche

Leftists Guerrilla Insurgencies

(1962-1965)

|  Peru |  MIR

ELN

Cuba

| Government victory

* Luis de la Puente Uceda is captured and die.
* End of Cuban intervention on Andean countries after the paralleling Che Guevara's failure in Bolivia.

| Manuel Prado Ugarteche

Fernando Belaúnde

Limazo

(1975)

|  Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru |  Peruvian police rebels

Civilians (right-wing and radical left-wing)

| Government Victory | Juan Velasco Alvarado
Border incident of Cenepa (1978)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Victory[30]

* The base and the camp set up by the Ecuadorian troops are now controlled by the Peruvian Army

| Francisco Morales Bermúdez
Internal Conflict in Peru [Main Phase]
(1980–2000)  |  Peru |  Shining Path

* * *

MRTA (1982–1997)

| Government victory

* Strong weakening of the Shining Path
* Shining Path last groups still active on high jungle
* Total defeat of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)

| Fernando Belaúnde Terry
Alan García
Alberto Fujimori
Valentín Paniagua
Alejandro Toledo
Ollanta Humala
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Paquisha War
(1981)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Peruvian victory

* The posts installed by Ecuadorian troops came to be controlled by the Peruvian Army
* Status quo ante bellum of 1942

Fernando Belaúnde Terry

Cenepa War
(1995)  |  Peru |  Ecuador | Ceasefire

* Status quo ante bellum
* Acta of Brasilia
* The border was closed, as indicated in the Rio de Janeiro Protocol of 1942, and the end of all differences between the two nations was declared

Alberto Fujimori

Narcoterrorist insurgency (2000–present)

* Peru in Colombia Internal Conflict

|  Peru

Colombia

|  Shining Path

* Movimiento por la Amnistía y Derechos Fundamentales (MOVADEF)
* FUDEPP
* Comité Base Mantaro Rojo

Militarized Communist Party of Peru

Ethnocacerists

Peruvian narcotraficants

Colombian narcotraficants

FARC

| Ongoing  | Valentín Paniagua
Alejandro Toledo
Ollanta Humala
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski

Martín Vizcarra Manuel Merino Francisco Sagasti Pedro Castillo Dina Boluarte

## References[edit]

1. ^ Tung, Tiffiny (2007). "Trauma and Violence in the Wari Empire of the Peruvian Andes: Warfare, Raids, and Ritual Fights". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 133 (3): 941–956. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20565. PMID 17506491.
2. ^ Schreiber, Katharina J. (April 1987). "Conquest and Consolidation: A Comparison of the Wari and Inka Occupations of a Highland Peruvian Valley". American Antiquity. 52 (2): 266–284. doi:10.2307/281780. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 281780. S2CID 155131409.
3. ^ Julián Santillana (2000). «Los estados panandinos: Wari y Tiwanaku». En Teodoro Hampe Martínez, ed. Historia del Perú. Culturas prehispánicas. Barcelona: Lexus. ISBN 9972-625-35-4
4. ^ Martti Pärssinen (2003). «Copacabana: ¿El nuevo Tiwanaku? Hacia una comprensión multidisciplinaria sobre las secuencias culturales postiwanacotas de Pacasa (Bolivia).». En Ana María Lorandi, Carmen Salazar-Soler, Nathan Wachtel, ed. Los Andes: 50 años después (1953-2003) - Homenaje a John Murra (1 edición). Perú: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. pp. 229-280. ISBN 9972-42-592-4
5. ^ Tung, TA (2008). «Violence after Imperial Collapse: A Study of Cranial Trauma among Late Intermediate Period Burials from the Former Huari Capital, Ayacucho, Peru.». Ñawpa Pacha 29: 101-117. S2CID 129334201. doi:10.1179/naw.2008.29.1.003.
6. ^ Waldemar Espinoza Soriano. Los Incas. Economía Sociedad y Estado en la Era del Tahuantinsuyo. Lima: Amaru, 1987
7. ^ "Tiahuanaco, el imperio andino aún ignorado que legó su cultura a los Incas". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
8. ^ Criales, Juan Villanueva (2017). "Lo boliviano y lo indígena en la construcción arqueológica del post-Tiwanaku altiplánico. Narrativas no inocentes y alternativas futuras". Surandino Monográfico (in Spanish) (2): 1–20. ISSN 2545-8256.
9. ^ Rostworowski Tovar, María (Octubre del 2010). «3. Las etnias cusqueñas y los primeros incas». Incas. Biblioteca Imprescindibles Peruanos. Perú: Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. - Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 36-47. ISBN 978-612-4069-47-5
10. ^ Rostworowski Tovar, María (Octubre del 2010). «3. Las etnias cusqueñas y los primeros incas». Incas. Biblioteca Imprescindibles Peruanos. Perú: Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. - Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 36-47. ISBN 978-612-4069-47-5
11. ^ a b "Historia de los Incas - Historia". 2011-09-16. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
12. ^ Rostworowski de Díez Canseco, María (2001). Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, pp. 166. ISBN 978-9972-51-060-1
13. ^ https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chimu/chimu-articulo.pdf
14. ^ "Tlaxcaltecas/Mexicanos en el Perú del siglo XVI | Siempre!" (in Mexican Spanish). 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
15. ^ https://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nuevoamanecer/350309-nicaraguas-conquista-peru/
16. ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
17. ^ "Peru invades Bolivian territory to expel Bolivarian troops". History Channel. May 1828.
18. ^ "Perú invade territorio boliviano para expulsar a las tropas bolivarianas". latam.historyplay.tv (in Spanish). May 1828. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
19. ^ "Guerra grancolombo-peruana (1828-1829), Guerras del Perú". Portal iPerú (in Spanish). 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
20. ^ Porras Barrenechea, Raúl (1930). History of the Limits of Peru. Fundación M. J. Bustamante de la Fuente. ISBN 9786124587238.
21. ^ https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/5233/6/07-TR-Villafañe-s.pdf
22. ^ Acre War (1899-1903)
23. ^ "Centro de Estudios Histórico Militares del Perú". 26 June 2021.
24. ^ "Historia de la república del Perú [1822-1933]". Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. 2005. p. Tomo 12, Pág. 191.
25. ^ "192 years of Bolivian independence: territorial losses". Red Uno. August 4, 2017.
26. ^ "Bolivia has lost more than 1 million km2". Infogate. 13 December 2023.
27. ^ "Bolivia lost more than half of its territory". Newspaper the Homeland.
28. ^ "The territory of the Bolivian coast". Chilean Navy Magazine.
29. ^ Fernando Santos / Federica Barclay (2002). The domesticated frontier. PUCP. p. 194.
30. ^ Gutarra Maraví, Eleazar (1984). La Cordillera del Cóndor – Un desafío Geopolítico (in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos de la IMG.

* v
* t
* e

Lists of wars involving South American countries

Sovereign states|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies and
other territories

* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

* v
* t
* e

Years in Peru (1821–present)

19th century|

* 1821
*   * 1848
*   * 1890
*   * 1900

20th century|

* 1910
*   * 1920
*   * 1930
*   * 1940
* 1941
*   * 1950
* 1951
* 1952
* 1953
* 1954
* 1955
* 1956
* 1957
* 1958
* 1959
* 1960
* 1961
* 1962
* 1963
* 1964
* 1965
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968
* 1969
* 1970
* 1971
* 1972
* 1973
* 1974
* 1975
* 1976
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* 1981
* 1982
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000

21st century|

* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template