List of wars involving Russia

For notable battles, see List of battles involving the Russian Federation. For the Soviet Union, of which Russia was part, see List of wars involving the Soviet Union.

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Part of a series on the

History of Russia

Periods

Prehistory  • Antiquity  • Early Slavs |  Rus' people|  pre-9th century

|

Rus' Khaganate|
Arthania|
Garðaríki|

* * *

879–1240: Ancient Rus'

* Rurik • Baptism of Rus' • Russkaya Pravda

Novgorod Land|  882–1136

|

Principality of Polotsk|  987–1397
Principality of Chernigov|  988–1402
Rostov-Suzdal|  1093–1157
full list...|

* * *

1240–1480: Feudal Rus'

* Council of Liubech • Council of Uvetichi • Mongol conquest • Battle of Kulikovo

Novgorod Republic|  1136–1478

|

Vladimir-Suzdal|  1157–1331
Principality of Moscow|  1263–1547
full list...|

* * *

1480–1917: Tsarist Russia

* Great Stand on the Ugra River • Time of
Troubles • Zemsky Sobor • Treaty of Nystad • Petrovian reforms • 1812 Patriotic War • Decembrist Revolt • Emancipation reform • Russo-Japanese War • 1905 Revolution • October Manifesto • Second Patriotic War

Tsardom of Russia|  1547–1721

|

Russian Empire|  1721–1917
Russian America|  1799–1867
Grand Duchy of Finland|  1809–1917
Congress Poland|  1867–1915
Russian Manchuria|  1900–1905
Uryankhay Krai|  1914–1921

* * *

1917–1923: Russian Revolution

* February Revolution • Provisional Government • Dvoyevlastiye • July Days • Kornilov affair • Directorate • Constituent Assembly (election) • Bolshevik Coup • Civil War • White Guard • Red Army • Soviet-Polish War • Priamurye
Govt. • War Communism • USSR • Emigrants

Russian Republic|  1917–1918

|

General Secretariat of Ukraine|  1917–1918
Russian SFSR|  1917–1922
Ukrainian SSR|  1919–1922
Byelorussian SSR|  1920–1922
Transcaucasian SFSR|  1922–1922
Russian State|  1918–1920
Provisional Priamurye Govt.|  1921–1923
full list...|

* * *

1923–1991: Soviet Era

* NEP • Cultural revolution • Korenization • Stalinism • Collectivization • Industrialization • GULAG • Great Purge • Great Patriotic War • Cold War • Warsaw Pact • Comecon • Crimea
transfer • Era of Stagnation • Afghan War • Perestroika • Chernobyl disaster • Karabakh
War • Parade of sovereignties (War of Laws)

Soviet Union|  1922–1991

|

Russian SFSR|  1922–1991
Karelo-Finnish SSR| 1940–1956
full list...|
Tannu Tuva| 1921–1944

* * *

since 1991: Modern Russia

* August Coup • Belavezha Accords • Alma-Ata
Protocol • USSR dissolution • CIS • "Near
abroad" • Constitutional crisis • Privatization • CSTO • Chechen wars (1st • 2nd) • Oligarchy • Putinism • Five-Days War • Presidential terms
amendments • Eurasian Economic Union • Annexation of Crimea • War in Donbas • 2020 amendments • Invasion of Ukraine (Prelude • Mass emigration • Debt default • Sanctions • Mobilization • 2022 annexation)

Russian Federation|  1991–present

|

Republic of Tatarstan|  1994–present
Chechen Republic|  2000–present
Republic of CrimeaA|  2014–present
Donetsk People's RepublicAB|  2022–present
Luhansk People's RepublicAB|  2022–present
Kherson OblastAB|  2022–present
Zaporizhzhia OblastAB|  2022–present
full list...

^A Not internationally recognized.
^B Not fully controlled. |

Timeline

860–1721 • 1721–1796 • 1796–1855
1855–1894 • 1894–1917 • 1917–1927
1927–1953 • 1953–1964 • 1964–1982
1982–1991 • 1991–present

Russia portal

* v
* t
* e

This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.

The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.

The list includes:

* external wars
* foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
* anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
* princely feuds
* peasant uprisings
* revolutions

Legend of results:

Victory

Defeat

Another result; for example, a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, indecisive, civil or internal conflict, or result unknown

Ongoing conflict

## Kievan Rus'

[edit]

Main article: List of wars involving Kievan Rus'

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Rus and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

830s | Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ |  | Rus' Khaganate |  Byzantine Empire | Victory[a]
860 | Siege of Constantinople (860) |  | Rus' Khaganate |  Byzantine Empire | Victory[a]
907  | Rus'–Byzantine War (907) |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Victory[1]
920–1036  | Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns  |  | Kievan Rus' | Pechenegs | Various results; eventually victory
941  | Rus'–Byzantine War (941) |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Defeat
944/945  | Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Victory[2]
964–965  | Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars |  | Kievan Rus' | Khazar Khaganate | Victory

* Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate

967/968–971  | Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Defeat
981  | Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities |  | Kievan Rus' |  Duchy of Poland | Victory
985  | Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria |  | Kievan Rus' | Volga Bulgaria | Military victory, then agreement
987  | Rus'–Byzantine War (987) |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Military victory and agreement

* Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus'

1022  | Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest |  | Kievan Rus' |  Duchy of Poland | Defeat
1024  | Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Defeat
1030  | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud |  | Kievan Rus' | Chud | Victory

* Estonian tribes start to pay tribute to Rus'

1030–1031  | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities |  | Kievan Rus' |  Duchy of Poland | Victory
1042–1228  | Finnish–Novgorodian wars |  | Kievan Rus' (until 1136)

* Novgorod Republic

| Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people)  | Various results, mostly victories

* The wars' effect on the Finns' society contributed to the eventual Swedish conquest of western Finland circa 1249

1043  | Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) |  | Kievan Rus' |  Byzantine Empire | Defeat
1055–1223  | Rus'–Cuman campaigns  |  | Kievan Rus' | Cumans | Various results, mostly victories
1061  | Sosols raid against Pskov  |  | Kievan Rus' | Sosols | Defeat

* Yaroslav the Wise's conquests in Estonia are lost

1132–1445  | Swedish–Novgorodian Wars |  | Kievan Rus' (until 1136)

* Novgorod Republic

|  Kingdom of Sweden

Kingdom of Norway (from 1319)

| Stalemate after the Black Death
1147  | Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians  |  |  Bolesław IV the Curly

Kievan Rus' | Old Prussians | Victory
1203–1234  | Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade) |  |

* Kievan Rus'
* Vladimir-Suzdal
* Principality of Polotsk
* Principality of Smolensk
* Novgorod Republic
* Grand Duchy of Lithuania
* Baltic peoples
* Baltic Finnic peoples

|  Livonian Brothers of the Sword

* Baltic Germans

| Defeat

* The crusaders capture Baltic lands up to the borders of Kievan Rus' and Lithuania

1223–1240  | Mongol invasion of Rus'(see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus') |  |

* Vladimir-Suzdal
* Kiev
* Galicia-Volhynia
* Novgorod Republic
* Smolensk
* Turov and Pinsk
* Rostov
* Chernigov
* Ryazan
* Pereyaslavl

| Mongol Empire | Decisive defeat

* The principalities of the Kievan Rus' became vassals of the Mongol Empire

1240–1242  | Livonian campaign against Rus' (see also Northern Crusades) |  | Kievan Rus'

* Vladimir-Suzdal
* Pskov Republic

Novgorod Republic

* Teutonic Order
* Livonian Order

Kingdom of Sweden

* Kingdom of Denmark
* Duchy of Estonia

| Victory

* Defeat of the Germans
* Peace with Prince Alexander Nevsky
* The waiving of claims on northern Rus'

1245  | Alexandr Nevsky Lithuanian campaign |  | Kievan Rus'

* Vladimir-Suzdal
* Pskov Republic

Novgorod Republic

| Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Victory
1268  | Battle of Wesenberg |  |

* Novgorod Republic
* Vladimir-Suzdal Pskov Republic

|  Denmark

* Duchy of Estonia

Teutonic Order

* Livonian Order

| Both sides claim victory

## Principality of Moscow (1263–1547)

[edit]

This table is an excerpt from List of wars involving the Principality of Moscow.[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|
|

1281–1293/4[3] | Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1281–1293) [ru]

* Casus belli: death of Alexander Nevsky (1263).[4]
* Duden's campaign [ru] (summer–autumn 1293)
(part of the Tokhta–Nogai war)

|  Nogai forces[5]
Dmitry of Pereslavl[5]
Mikhail of Tver[5]
Daniel of Moscow[5] |  Tode Mongke (1281–1287)[6]
Tokhta forces[5]
Andrey of Gorodets[5]
Theodore the Black[5]
Rostov princes[5] | Tokhta victory[5]

* Vladimir, Moscow and Tver sacked, countryside devastated[5][7]
* Dmitry of Pereslavl fled, died in 1294[5]
* Andrey of Gorodets became indisputed Grand Prince of Vladimir[5]

1296/8–1302[3] | Struggle for Pereslavl-Zalessky[3] | Daniel of Moscow[3]
Mikhail of Tver[3]

* * *

Tokhta[3]

|  Andrey of Gorodets[3]
Theodore the Black[3]
Konstantin of Ryazan[3] | Muscovite–Tverian victory[3]

* Moscow sacked (1298)[7]
* Moscow temporarily acquired Pereslavl-Zalessky (lost in 1340/1)[3]

1305–1485  | Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru]
(series of short wars, mixed with other conflicts) | Principality of Moscow |  Principality of Tver | Victory

* Tver annexed by Moscow (1485)

1327  | Tver Uprising of 1327
(part of the Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru]) |  Golden Horde
Ivan I Kalita of Moscow
Alexander of Suzdal [uk; ru] |  Principality of Tver
Grand Principality of Vladimir[b] | Golden Horde victory

* Aleksandr of Tver stripped of land holdings and later executed

1368–1372  | Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72)
(part of the Great Troubles and the Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru]) |  Principality of Moscow |  Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Principality of Tver

| Inconclusive

* Treaty of Lyubutsk

1376  | Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war
(part of the Great Troubles) |  Principality of Moscow | Volga Bulgaria | Victory
1377  | Battle on Pyana River
(part of the Great Troubles) |  Principality of Moscow |  Golden Horde | Defeat
1378  | Battle of the Vozha River
(part of the Great Troubles) |  Principality of Moscow |  Golden Horde | Victory
1380  | Battle of Kulikovo
(part of the Great Troubles[8]) |  Rus' principalities:[9]

* Principality of Moscow (Dmitri Donskoy)
* Principality of Beloozero
* Principality of Yaroslavl
* Principality of Rostov
* Principality of Starodub
* Principality of Mologa
* Principality of Kashin
* Princes from Vyazma and Dorogobuzh
* Part of Upper Oka Principalities
* Lithuanian princes of Polotsk and Bryansk in exile

|  Western part of the Golden Horde

* European mercenaries

| Victory for the Rus' principalities coalition[10]

* Moscow replaced Tver as the most prominent of the northeastern Rus' principalities[10]

1382  | Siege of Moscow
(part of the aftermath of the Great Troubles) |  Principality of Moscow |  Golden Horde | Defeat[11]

* Dmitri Donskoy forced to reaffirm allegiance to the Golden Horde, and resumed paying the tribute[12]

1406–1408  | Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1406–1408) [uk]
(part of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars) |  Principality of Moscow |  Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Hungarian Treaty [uk] (1 September 1408)

* Lithuania receives Principality of Smolensk and Upper Oka Principalities
* Muscovy receives the cities of Kozelsk, Lyubutsk and Peremyshl

1425–1453[13] | Muscovite War of Succession[14] | Younger Donskoy line
Vasily II Vasilyevich
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1434–9)
Boris of Tver (c. 1438)
Mäxmüd of Kazan (1445–8)
Qasim Khan (1452–3) | Older Donskoy line
Yury Dmitrievich (1425–34)
Vasily Kosoy (1434–6)
Ulugh of Kazan (1437–45)
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439; 1445–53)
Ivan of Mozhaysk [ru; uk] (1447–53) | Vasily II victory[13]

* Younger lineage of Dmitry Donskoy gained the Muscovite throne[13][15]

1437–1445  | Ulugh Muhammad's campaign (first Russo-Kazan war)
(from Battle of Belyov to Battle of Suzdal)
(connected with the Muscovite War of Succession) | Younger Donskoy line
Vasily II Vasilyevich
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1437–9) | Older Donskoy line
Ulugh of Kazan
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439) | Ulugh victory

* Ulugh captured Vasily II Vasilyevich (1445)
* Ulugh's successor Mäxmüd made Vasily II his vassal
* Dmitry Shemyaka seized Moscow in Vasily II's absence

1467–1469  | Qasim War |  Grand Principality of Moscow

* Qasim Khanate

|  Khanate of Kazan | Victory

* Kazan released all ethnic Christian Russians enslaved in the preceding four decades[16]

1471  | Battle of Shelon |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Novgorod Republic | Victory

* Novgorod Republic annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478

1478  | Siege of Kazan |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Khanate of Kazan | Victory

* The Kazan Khan imprisoned and replaced by his half-brother

1480  | Great Stand on the Ugra River |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Golden Horde | Debated[17][18]

* Traditional Russian historiography: Muscovite victory, and the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia[17][18]
* Modern Western scholarly historiography: Insignificant non-battle, embellished in later accounts; Moscow retained formal relations with Tatar khanates and continued paying tribute to the Crimean Khanate for decades[17][18]

1480–1481  | Russian-Livonian War (1480-1481) |  Russia |  Livonian Confederation | Victory
1485  | Capture of Tver (1485) [ru]
(part of the Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru]) |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Principality of Tver | Victory

* Principality of Tver annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow

1487–1494  | First Muscovite-Lithuanian War |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Victory
1495–1497  | Russo-Swedish War |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Sweden | Inconclusive
1500–1503  | Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Livonian Order

| Victory
1505–1507  | Russo-Kazan War |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Khanate of Kazan | Inconclusive
1507–1508  | Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Crimean Khanate

| Inconclusive
1512–1522  | Fourth Muscovite–Lithuanian War |  Grand Principality of Moscow

Livonian Order

|  Grand Duchy of Lithuania

* Kingdom of Poland

Crimean Khanate

| Victory
1534–1537  | Fifth Muscovite–Lithuanian War |  Grand Principality of Moscow |  Grand Duchy of Lithuania

* Kingdom of Poland

Crimean Khanate

| Inconclusive

## Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)

[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Russia and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1552  | Siege of Kazan | Tatarstan |  Russia |  Khanate of Kazan | Victory

* The annexation of Kazan into Russia

1552–1556  | Tatar Rebellion | Tatarstan |  Russia | Tatar rebels  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1554–1557  | Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War | Karelia |  Russia |  Sweden | Inconclusive

* Treaty of Novgorod

1556  | Russian conquest of Astrakhan | Astrakhan |  Russia | Astrakhan Khanate | Victory

* The annexation of Astrakhan into Russia

1558–1562  | Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign | Livonia  |  Russia |  Livonian Confederation | Victory

* Destruction of the Livonian state
* Truce with Poland and Lithuania[19]

1562–1570  | Russo-Lithuanian War | Northern Europe  |  Russia | Polish–Lithuanian union | Victory
1558–1583  | Livonian War | Northern Europe  |

* Russia
* Livonia

* Livonian Confederation
* Denmark–Norway
* Sweden
*   * Polish–Lithuanian union
(after 1569, Poland-Lithuania

| Defeat

* Truce of Jam Zapolski
* Treaty of Plussa

1568–1570  | Astrakhan Expedition | Astrakhan and Azov |  Russia |

* Ottoman Empire
* Crimean Khanate

| Victory

* Treaty of Constantinople (1570)

1570–1572  | Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War | European Russia |  Russia |  Crimean Khanate | Victory

* The Crimean Tatars burn Moscow in 1571
* The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572
* The independence of Russia and its conquests in the Volga region preserved

1580–1762  | Russian conquest of Siberia | Siberia |  Russia

* Cossacks
* Pro-Russian native Siberians

| Khanate of Sibir (until 1598)

Native Siberians

| Victory

* The start of Russian annexation of Siberia

1590–1595  | Boris Godunov's Swedish War | Northern Europe  |  Russia |  Sweden | Inconclusive

* Treaty of Teusina
* Мutual territorial concessions

1605–1618  | Polish invasions of Russia | Russia  |

* Russia
* Sweden (1609–1610)

|  Poland–Lithuania | Defeat
1606–1607  | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Russia  |  Russia | Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1610–1617  | Ingrian War | Russia  |  Russia |  Sweden | Defeat

* Treaty of Stolbovo

1632–1634  | Smolensk War | Smolensk |  Russia |  Poland–Lithuania | Defeat

* Treaty of Polyanovka

1651–1653  | Alexis I's Persian War | North Caucasus |  Russia |  Persia | Defeat
1652–1689  | Sino–Russian border conflicts | Heilongjiang and Amur |

* Russia
* Cossacks

* China
* Korea

| Defeat

* Treaty of Nerchinsk

1654–1667  | First Northern War | Eastern Europe  |  Russia

* Cossack Hetmanate

* Poland-Lithuania
* Crimean Khanate

| Victory

* Truce of Andrusovo

1656–1658  | Second Northern War | Northern Europe  |  Russia |  Sweden | Inconclusive

* Treaty of Valiesar
* Treaty of Cardis

1662–1664  | First Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan |  Russia | Bashkir rebels  | Inconclusive; political defeat

* The Russian government was forced to accept Bashkir demands

1670–1671  | Razin's Rebellion | Russia  |  Russia | Cossacks under Stepan Razin | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1676–1681  | Feodor III's Turkish War | Ukraine |  Russia |

* Ottoman Empire
* Crimean Khanate

| Indecisive[20]

* Treaty of Bakhchisarai

1683–1700  | Great Turkish War | Eastern Europe  |

* Russia (from 1686)
* Austria
* Poland–Lithuania
* Cossack Hetmanate

* Ottoman Empire
* Crimean Khanate

| Victory

* Treaty of Constantinople
* Russia stops paying regular tribute to Crimea

1700–1721  | Great Northern War | Europe  |

* Russia
* Denmark–Norway (except 1700–1709)
* Saxony (except 1706–1709)
* Poland–Lithuania (except 1704–1709)
* Cossack Hetmanate (until 1708)
* Prussia (from 1715)
* Hanover (from 1715)
*  Great Britain (1717–1719)

* Sweden
* Holstein-Gottorp
* Poland-Lithuania (1704–1709)
* Ottoman Empire (1710–1714)
* Cossack Hetmanate (1708–09)
*  Great Britain (1700, 1719–1921)

| Victory against Sweden

* Treaty of Nystad

Defeat by Ottoman Empire

* Treaty of the Pruth

1704–1711  | Third Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan and Tatarstan |  Russia | Bashkir rebels  | Military victory, political defeat

* Russian government forced to accept some Bashkir demands

1707–1708  | Bulavin Rebellion | Southern Russia  |  Russia |  Don Cossack rebels  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1717  | Peter the Great's Khivan War | Khanate of Khiva |  Russia |  Khanate of Khiva | Defeat

* Russian invasion repelled

1717–1731  | War with Abulhair  | Kazakhstan and Siberia |  Russia | Kazakh Khanate | Victory[21]

* Minor Jüz becomes a Russian vassal

## Russian Empire (1721–1917)

[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Russia and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1722–1723  | Persian Expedition of Peter the Great | Caucasus and northern Iran |

* Russia
* Cossack Hetmanate
* Armenia
* Georgia

|  Persia | Victory

* Treaty of Saint Petersburg

1725–1778  | Russian conquest of Chukotka | Chukotka |

* Russia
* Chuvans
* Koryaks
* Yukagirs

| Chukchi people | Inconclusive

* Attempts to impose a tribute failed in the long run.
* The Chukchi accepted the agreement on submission, while maintaining a high degree of autonomy.

1733–1738  | War of the Polish Succession Rhineland | Poland  |

* Poland under  Augustus III
* Russia
* Austria
*  Saxony
*  Prussia

* Poland–Lithuania under  Stanisław Leszczyński
*  France
* Spain
* Sardinia

| Indecisive

* Treaty of Vienna

1735–1739  | Russo-Austro-Turkish War | Eastern Europe  |  Russia

* Cossack Hetmanate

Austria

|  Ottoman Empire

* Crimea

| Victory

* Russian victory
* Austrian defeat
* Treaty of Niš

1735–1740  | Fourth Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan |  Russia

* pro-Russian Bashkirs

| Bashkir rebels  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed
* Establishment of Orenburg

1740–1748  | War of the Austrian Succession | Europe  |

* Austria
*  Great Britain
* Hanover
* Russia (1741–1743, 1748)
* Dutch Republic
*  Saxony (1743–1745)
* Sardinia

* Prussia (1740–1742, 1744–45)
* Spain (1740–1746)
* France
* Bavaria (1741–1745)
*  Saxony (1741–42)
* Naples
* Genoa
* Sweden (1741–1743)

| Inconclusive

* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Victory against Sweden

* Treaty of Åbo

1756–1763  | Seven Years' War | Europe and North America  |

*  France
* Austria
* Spain
* Sweden
* Russia (1756–1762)
*  Saxony

* Prussia
*  Britain
* Hanover
* Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Portugal
* Hesse-Kassel
* Schaumburg-Lippe
* Iroquois Confederacy

| White peace

* Treaty of Saint Petersburg
* Defeat of Russia's former allies

1768–1769  | Koliivshchyna Rebellion | Ukraine |  Russia

Poland-Lithuania

| Haidamaky | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1768–1772  | War of the Bar Confederation | Poland  |  Russia |

* France
* Bar Confederation

| Victory

* Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji
* First Partition of Poland

1768–1774  | Catherine the Great's First Turkish War | Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean  |  Russia |  Ottoman Empire

* Crimea

| Victory

* Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

1773–1775  | Pugachev's Rebellion | Russia  |  Russia |

* Rebels under Yemelyan Pugachev
* Ottoman Empire

| Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1787–1792  | Catherine the Great's Second Turkish War | Eastern Europe  |  Russia |  Ottoman Empire | Victory

* Treaty of Jassy

1783–1797  | Syrym Datuly's rebellion | Kazakhstan |  Russia | Kazakhs | Victory
1788–1790  | Catherine the Great's Swedish War | Finland, western Sweden, and the Baltic Sea |  Russia |  Sweden | Inconclusive
1792  | Catherine the Great's Polish War | Poland  |  Russia

Targowica Confederation

|  Poland–Lithuania | Victory

* Second Partition of Poland

1794  | Kościuszko Uprising | Poland  |

* Russia
* Prussia

|  Poland–Lithuania | Victory

* The uprising is crushed
* Third Partition of Poland; Poland ceases to exist as an independent country

1796  | Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great | North Caucasus and South Caucasus |  Russia |  Persia | Victory
1799–1802  | War of the Second Coalition | Europe  |

* Austria
* Holy Roman Empire
*  Great Britain (United Kingdom from 1801)
* Russia (until 1799)
* French Royalists
* Portugal
* Two Sicilies
* Ottoman Empire

* French First Republic
* Spain
* Denmark–Norway
* Polish Legions
* French client states

| Withdrawal in 1799

* French victory in 1802

1803–1806  | War of the Third Coalition | Europe  |

* Austria
* Russia
*  United Kingdom
* Sicily
* Naples
* Portugal
* Sweden

* France
* French client states

| Defeat

* Peace of Pressburg

1804–1813  | Alexander I's Persian War | North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran |  Russia |  Persia | Victory

* Treaty of Gulistan

1806–1807  | War of the Fourth Coalition | Eastern and Central Europe  |

* Prussia
*  United Kingdom
*  Saxony
* Sweden
* Russia
* Naples

* France
* French client states
* Spain
* Confederation of the Rhine
*  Bavaria
* Württemberg
* Italy
* Naples
* Polish Legions

| Defeat

* Treaties of Tilsit

1806–1812  | Alexander I's Turkish War | Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea |  Russia |  Ottoman Empire | Victory

* Treaty of Bucharest

1807–1812  | Anglo-Russian War | Baltic Sea and Barents Sea |  Russia |  United Kingdom | Inconclusive

* Treaty of Orebro

1808–1809  | Finnish War | Finland and Sweden  |  Russia |  Sweden | Victory

* Treaty of Fredrikshamn

1809  | War of the Fifth Coalition | Central Europe  |

* France
* Confederation of the Rhine
* Italy
* Spain
* Duchy of Warsaw
* Russia

*  Austria
*  United Kingdom
* Naples
*  Sardinia

| Victory (limited involvement)

* Treaty of Schönbrunn

1812  | French invasion of Russia | Russia |  Russia |

* France
* French client states

| Victory

* The French invasion is repelled
* Napoleon's Grand Army is destroyed and forced to retreat

1813–1814  | War of the Sixth Coalition | Europe  |

* Austria
* Prussia
*  United Kingdom
* Sweden
* Russia
* Spain
* Portugal
* Naples
*  Sardinia

* France
* French client states

| Victory

* Treaty of Fontainebleau
* Treaty of Paris

1815  | War of the Seventh Coalition | Europe  |

* Austria
* Prussia
*  United Kingdom
* Russia
* Hanover
* Nassau
* Brunswick
* Sweden
* United Netherlands
* Spain
* Portugal
*  Sardinia
* Two Sicilies
* Tuscany
*  Switzerland
* French Royalists

* First French Empire
* Naples

| Victory

* Treaty of Paris

1817–1864  | Caucasian War | Caucasus |

* Russia
* Mingrelia
* Guria

* Caucasian Imamate
* Circassia
* Big Kabarda (until 1825)
* Abkhazian insurgents
* Kazi-Kumukh
* Dagestan free people
* Avaria (1829–1859)
* Svaneti

| Victory

* Annexation of North Caucasus into Russia
* Surrender of Imam Shamil

1825  | Decembrist revolt | Saint Petersburg |  Russia | Decembrist rebels  | Victory

* The revolt is crushed

1826–1836  | Uprising of Sarzhan Kasimov [ru] | Kazakhstan |  Russia | Kazakhs | Victory
1826–1828  | Nicholas I's Persian War | South Caucasus and northern Iran |  Russia |  Persia | Victory

* Treaty of Turkmenchay

1827  | Greek War of Independence | Greece  |  United Kingdom
France
Russia |  Ottoman Empire | Victory
1828–1829  | Nicholas I's Turkish War | Balkans and Caucasus |  Russia |  Ottoman Empire | Victory

* Treaty of Adrianople

1830–1831  | November uprising | Poland  |  Russia |  Poland | Victory

* The uprising is crushed

1836–1838  | Bukey Horde uprising | Kazakhstan |  Russia | Kazakhs | Victory
1837–1847  | Kenesary's Rebellion | Kazakhstan |  Russia | Kazakhs | Victory

* Fall of Kazakh Khanate

1839–1841  | Second Turko-Egyptian War | Syria and Lebanon |

* United Kingdom
* Austria
* Russia
* Ottoman Empire

* Egypt
* France
* Spain

| Victory

* Egypt renounces its claim to Syria

1839–1840  | Khivan campaign of 1839 | Central Asia  |  Russia | Khanate of Khiva | Defeat
1841  | Gurian rebellion | Georgia |  Russia | Gurian rebels  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1842  | Shoorcha rebellion | Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk |  Russia | Tatar, Mari and Chuvash peasants  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1842–1868  | Russian conquest of Bukhara | Central Asia  |  Russia | Emirate of Bukhara | Victory
1848–1849  | Hungarian Revolution of 1848 | Hungary  |  Austria

* Croatia
* Serbian Vojvodina
* Serbian volunteers
* Pro-Habsburg Hungarians
* Slovak National Council
* Transylvanian Romanians
* Chief Rus' Council [uk]
* Czech volunteers
* Bohemian and Moravian volunteers
* Transylvanian Saxons

Russia

* Hungary
* Hungarian Slovenes
* Pro-Hungarian Slovaks
* Rusyns
* Zipser Germans
* Hungarian Germans
* Croats from Western Hungary and Međimurje
* Šokac and Bunjevac people
* Banat Bulgarians
* Polish legions
* German legion
* Viennese legion
* Italian legion

| Victory

* The revolution is crushed

1850–1868  | Russian conquest of Kokand Khanate | Central Asia  |  Russia | Khanate of Kokand | Victory
1853–1856  | Crimean War | Crimea, Balkans, Caucasus, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Far East  |  Russia |

* France
* Ottoman Empire
* United Kingdom
* Sardinia

| Defeat

* Treaty of Paris

1858  | Mahtra Rebellion | Estonia |  Russia | Estonian peasants  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1861  | Bezdna Revolt | Tatarstan |  Russia | Peasants  | Victory

* The revolt is crushed

1863–1864  | January Uprising | Poland  |  Russia |  Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian insurgents  | Victory

* The uprising is crushed

1866  | Polish rebellion in Siberia | Siberia |  Russia | Polish political exiles  | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1868–1869  | Uprising in the Ural and Turgai Oblasts | Kazakhstan |  Russia | Kazakhs | Victory
1870  | Adai Rebellion | Kazakhstan |  Russia | Kazakhs | Victory
1873  | Khivan campaign of 1873 | Central Asia  |  Russia | Khanate of Khiva | Victory
1877–1878  | Russo-Turkish War | Balkans and Caucasus |

* Russia
* Romania
* Bulgarian volunteers
* Serbia
*  Montenegro

|  Ottoman Empire | Victory

* Treaty of San Stefano
* Treaty of Berlin
* Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state
* De jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire
* The annexation of Kars and Batum into Russia

1897–1898  | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | Crete  |

* Cretan revolutionaries
* Greece
* United Kingdom
*  France
* Italy
* Russia
* Austria–Hungary (until April 12, 1898)
* German Empire (until March 16, 1898)

|  Ottoman Empire | Victory

* Establishment of the Cretan State
* Withdrawal of Ottoman forces from Crete

1899–1901  | Boxer Rebellion | China  |

Eight-Nation Alliance
British Empire
Russia
Japan
France
Germany
United States
Italy
Austria-Hungary

* * *

*  Netherlands
*  Spain
*  Belgium

* * *

Mutual Defence Pact of Southeast China (after 1900)

* Boxer movement
* Qing dynasty (after 1900)

| Eight-Nation Alliance victory
1902–1906  | Rebellion in Guria | Georgia |  Russia | Gurian Republic | Victory

* The rebellion is crushed

1904–1905  | Russo-Japanese War | Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and Yellow Sea |  Russia |  Japan | Defeat

* Treaty of Portsmouth

1905–1907  | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Russia |  Russia |  Revolutionaries

Supported by:

* Saint Petersburg Soviet
* Moscow City Duma
* Chita Republic
* Party of Socialist Revolutionaries
* Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
* Kagal

| Victory

* Revolutionaries defeated
* Nicholas II retains the throne
* October Manifesto
* Constitution enacted
* Establishment of the State Duma

1905–1911  | Persian Constitutional Revolution | Iran |

* Persia
* Russia (from 1906)

| Iranian constitutionalists  | Victory

* Russian occupation of Northern Iran until 1917

1911  | Mongolian Revolution of 1911 | Mongol heartland |  Mongolian nationalists

Supported by: Russia

|  China | Victory

* Establishment of Bogd Khanate of Mongolia as independent of China.
* Tuva becomes a Russian protectorated called Uryankhay Krai

1914–1917  | World War I | Europe and Asia  | Allied Powers (see list)  | Central Powers:

* Germany
*  Austria-Hungary
* Ottoman Empire
* Bulgaria

| Defeat, later allied victory[22][23]

* Separate peace at Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
* Russian Civil War
* Paris Peace Conference

1917  | February Revolution | Petrograd, Russian Empire |

Government:

* Petrograd Police
* Gendarmes
* Ministry of Internal Affairs
* Petrograd Garrison

* * *

Monarchists:

* Russian Assembly
* Monarchist Union
* Union of the Russian Nation

Socialists:

* Socialist Revolutionary Party
* Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
* Bolsheviks
* Mensheviks
* Dashnaks

* * *

Liberals:

* Kadets
* Octobrists
* Progressive Party

| Revolutionary victory:

* End of the monarchy
* Period of dual power between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet
* Proclamation of the Republic
* October Revolution and start of the Russian Civil War

## Russian Republic (1917)

[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Russia and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1917  | October Revolution | Russia |  Russia |

* Bolsheviks
* Petrograd Soviet
* Left SRs
* Red Guards

| Revolution succeeds

* Dissolution of the Russian Provisional Government
* The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets proclaims itself the supreme governing body in the country
* Constituent Assembly election held under heavy Bolshevik pressure
* Beginning of the Russian Civil War

## Russian SFSR (1917–1922)

[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Russia and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1917–1922  | Russian Civil War | Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Far East |

* Russian SFSR
* Far Eastern Republic
* Mongolian Communists
* Makhnovshchina
* Left SR
* Green armies

* White Movement
* Mountain Republic
* Makhnovshchina
* Left SR
* Green armies
*  Britain
*  Japan
* Czechoslovakia
*  Greece
* United States
* France
*  Serbia
*  Romania
*  Italy
*  China
* Mongolia

* Victory of Bolshevik forces in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia; incorporation of those territories into the Soviet Union
* Victory for independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces from those territories
* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War withdraw from 1920 to 1925.

1917–1921  | Ukrainian-Soviet War (Ukrainian War of Independence)  | Ukraine and Eastern Poland |

* Russian SFSR
* Ukrainian SSR
* Makhnovshchina

* Ukrainian People's Republic
* West Ukrainian People's Republic
* German Empire (1918)
* Poland (1920–1921)
* Hetmanate of Ukraine
* White Movement
* German Empire (1917–1918)
* Romania (1918)
* Poland (1918–1919)
* France (1919)
* Greece (1919)

| Victory

* Formation of the Ukrainian SSR and its incorporation into the Soviet Union
* Destruction of the Ukrainian People's Republic

1917–1920  | Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War

* Operation Faustschlag
* Crimea Operation (1918)
* German Caucasus expedition
* Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)

| Eastern Europe and Caucasus | Bolsheviks:

* Russian SFSR
* Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
* Commune of Estonia
* Lithuanian SSR
* Latvia

* Iskolat[c]
* Latvian SSR[d]

Ukrainian Soviet Republics

* *  Taurida SSR[e]
* Crimean SSR[f]
* Odessa SR[g]
* DK SR[h]
* Ukrainian SR[i]

* Rumcherod[j]
* Baku Commune[k]

* * *

Makhnovshchina | Central Powers:

* In support of:
White movement
Don Republic[24]
Belarus

* * *

German Empire[l]

*     * Finland
* Georgia
* Crimea

* Austria-Hungary[m]
* Ottoman Empire[n]

*     * Azerbaijan

* Ukrainian State
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

* * *

Landeswehr[o]
Freikorps[p]
Bermontians[q]

* * *

Non-aligned Separatists:

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Directorate of Ukraine[r]

Czechoslovak Legion

Transcaucasian Republic

Supported by:

Allied Powers:

* United Kingdom
* France and others

| Pirric Victory

* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is annulled, putting an end to German Mitteleuropa and Lebensraum, and Ottoman Pan-Turkist aspirations, against Russian economic independence.
* Planned German client states, such as United Baltic Duchy, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, Kingdom of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, still fights for their independence and joins the Allies.
* Start of Finnish Civil War and Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

1917–1920  | Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

* North Russia intervention
* British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)
* Southern Russia intervention
* Siberian intervention
* Chinese occupation of Mongolia
* North Persia Force campaign
* Malleson mission

| Northwest Russia, Southern Russia, Russian Central Asia and Siberia | Bolsheviks:

* Soviet Russia
* Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
* Latvian SSR (1918–1920)
* Ukrainian SSR (1922–1925)
* Mongolian People's Party
* Persian Socialist Soviet Republic

* * *

Central Powers (until 1918):

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

| Allied Powers:

* White movement
* Czechoslovak Legion (1918–1919)
* Belgium (1918–1919)
*  United Kingdom (1918–1920)

* Canada (1918–1919)
* Australia (1918–1919)
* India
*  South Africa[25]

*  United States (1918–1920)
*  France (1918–1920)
*  Japan (1918–1922)
*  China (1919–1921)
*  Poland[26]
*  Greece
* Estonia
* Latvia
*  Serbia
*  Italy
*  Romania
* Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1921)
* Mongolia
* Qajar Persia (1918–1920)

| Stalemate

* Allied victory against Central Powers, taking advantage of former German and Ottoman Puppet states.
* Bolshevik pirric victory against Allied Powers incursions to support the White movement and some separatists movements, although loosing territories of former Russian Empire.
* Japanese war in Siberia continues alone until 1922.

1917–1918  | Belarusian-Soviet conflict | Belarus |

* Russian SFSR
* Belarusian communists

* Belarus
* German Empire
* Poland

| Temporary defeat

* After German retreat, Soviet reconquest of Belarus and Polish–Soviet War.

1917–1920  | Kazakhstan Campaign | Kazakhstan |  Russian SFSR |  Alash Autonomy

White Movement

| Victory

* Overthrow of the Alash Autonomy; incorporation of Kazakhstan into the Soviet Union

1918  | Romanian intervention in Bessarabia | Moldavia and Bessarabia |  Rumcherod

(19–30 January)

Odessa SR

(30 January–8 March)

Romanian Revolutionary Military Committee

(Feb.)

Moldavian Democratic Republic (pro-Bolshevik factions)

Supported by:

Soviet Russia

Soviet Ukraine

* * *

Odessa Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia [ro] |  Kingdom of Romania

* Transylvanians-Bukovinians

Moldavian Democratic Republic (anti-Bolshevik factions)

Russian Republic

Ukrainian People's Republic

* * *

German Empire

Austria-Hungary

| Defeat

* Start of Bessarabian question after Union of Bessarabia with Romania.

1918  | Finnish Civil War | Finland |

* Russian SSR
* Red Guard

* White Guard
* Germany

| Defeat

* Victory of the White Guard in Finland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces and Finnish independence

1918–1929  | Heimosodat | Finland, Karelia, Estonia and Northern Russia |

* Russian SFSR
* Finnish Red Guards
* Commune of Estonia
* United Kingdom

(Viena expedition and Petsamo expeditions)

* Finnish White Guard
* Estonia
* Uhtua
* Forest Guerrillas
* North Ingria

United Kingdom (Estonian War of Independence)  | Stalemate

* Finnish victory in Estonia and Petsamo Province
* Soviet victory in East Karelia and Northern Russia.

1918–1920  | Armenian–Azerbaijani war | Caucasus |  Russian SFSR

* Azerbaijani communists
* Armenian communists

* * *

Turkish revolutionaries |  Armenia

* * *

* Azerbaijan
* Ottoman Empire

* Republic of Aras (1918–1919)

| Stalemate

* Start of Soviet invasion of Armenia and of Azerbaijan, along Turkish–Armenian War.
* End of Russo-Turkish wars in Caucassus.

1918  | German Caucasus expedition | Caucasus |  Russian SFSRBaku Commune

* * *

Centrocaspian Dictatorship

* Armenian Revolutionary Federation

United Kingdom

|  German Empire

* Georgia

* * *

Ottoman Empire

* Azerbaijan

| Inconclussive due to end of Caucasus campaign.
1918–1919  | Sochi conflict | Georgia–Russia border |

* Russian SFSR
* Armed Forces of South Russia
* Ottoman Empire

|  Georgia | Indecisive

* Sochi and Tuapse transferred to the Russian SFSR
* Gagra transferred to Georgia

1918–1919  | German revolution of 1918–1919 | Germany and Eastern Europe | Soviet Republics [Communists]:

* People's State of Bavaria
* Bavarian Soviet Republic
* Bremen Soviet Republic
* Würzburg Soviet Republic
* Alsace–Lorraine Soviet Republic

Supported by:

* Russian SFSR

* * *

Revolutionaries [Socialdemocrats]:

* SPD (until 9 Nov. 1918)
* USPD (from 9 Nov. 1918)
* Spartacus League
* KPD (from 30 Dec. 1918)
* IKD
* Revolutionary Stewards
* FVdG

| 1918:

German Empire

* Imperial Army

1918–1919:

Weimar Republic

* Freikorps
* Reichswehr
* Der Stahlhelm
* SPD

| Defeat

* Russian Bolsheviks didn't reach Germany after the Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the intervention on Hungarian Revolution of 1919.
* Victory of non-communists in Germany.

1918–1919  | Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 | Baltic region, East Slavic states, Southeast Europe and Central Europe |  Russian SFSR

Soviet Estonia

Soviet Latvia

Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR

Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee

Ukrainian SSR

Finnish Red Guards[27]

|  White Movement

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Belarus

Ukraine

Poland

Romania

France

United Kingdom

Ober Ost

Finnish, Danish, and Swedish volunteers[28]

| Stalemate

* Soviet victory on Belarus and occupation of Baltic states (start of Wars of Independence in Baltic States).
* Soviet defeat on Romania and Finland.
* Soviet inconclusive tie on Poland and Ukraine (start of Polish–Soviet War and 2nd phase of Ukrainian–Soviet War)

1918–1920  | Latvian War of Independence | Latvia |

* Russian SFSR
* Latvian SSR

* Latvian Army
* Estonia
* Lieven
* Poland
* Lithuania

Supported by the Allied Powers VI Reserve Corps:

* Baltische Landeswehr
* Freikorps

merged into the  West Russian Volunteer Army in September 1919

| Defeat

* Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Latvia; Latvian independence

1918–1920  | Estonian War of Independence | Estonia |

* Russian SFSR
* Commune of Estonia

* Estonia
* Latvia
*  United Kingdom
* White Movement Finnish, Danish, and Swedish volunteers
* Baltische Landeswehr

| Defeat

* Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Estonia; Estonian independence
* Treaty of Tartu

1918–1919  | Lithuanian–Soviet War | Lithuania |

* Russian SFSR
* Lithuanian–Belorussian SSR

* Republic of Lithuania
* Saxon volunteers

| Defeat

* Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Lithuania; Lithuanian independence

1918–1920  | Georgian-Ossetian Conflict | Georgia |

* Russian SFSR
* Ossetian rebels

* Transcaucasian Federation
* Georgia

| Defeat

* The Ossetian rebellion is crushed

1918–1922  | Siberian intervention | Siberia, Sakhalin and Northern China |  Russian SFSR

* Far Eastern Republic

Mongolian Communists

Supported by: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

* Russian State
* Zelenyi Klyn

Allied Powers:
Japan
Czechoslovakia
Poland
United States
Italy
United Kingdom

*     * Canada

China
France
Mongolia

| Victory

* Bolshevik forces consolidates control over Russian Far East.
* Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention

1918–20  | Revolutions and interventions in Hungary | Hungary, Slovakia, Romania and Croatia |  Hungarian Republic

* * *

Hungarian SR
Slovak SR

Supported by:

Soviet Russia

|  Kingdom of Hungary

* * *

Czechoslovakia
Romania
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Republic of Prekmurje
Hutsul Republic

Supported by: France

| Defeat

* Victory of Counter-Revolutionaries in Hungary. Fall of Hungarian Soviet Republic
* Victory of Anti-Hungarian separatists. Cordon sanitaire backed by France is stablished against Bolshevik Russia and Weimar Germany.

1918–19  | Hungarian–Romanian War | Transylvania and Bessarabia |

* Kingdom of Hungary (13 November 1918 – 16 November 1918)
*  Hungarian Republic (16 November 1918 – 21 March 1919)
* Soviet Hungary (from 21 March 1919)

Supported by:

*  Soviet Russia

*  Romania

Supported by:

*  France

| Defeat

* Union of Bessarabia with Romania is consolidated
* Union of Transylvania with Romania is consolidated.

1918–19  | Hungarian–Czechoslovak War | Hungary–Slovakia border |

*  Hungarian Republic (until 21 March 1919)
* Soviet Hungary (from 21 March 1919)
* Slovak SR

Supported by:

*  Soviet Russia
* Bessarabian SSR

|  Czechoslovakia

Hungarian anti-communists

Supported by:

France

Romania

| Defeat

* Dissolution of the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic

1919  | Khotyn Uprising | Bessarabia |  Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia

* Ukrainian and Moldovan insurgents

* * *

Ukrainian SSR

Red Guard

|  Romania

* * *

Ukraine | Defeat
1919  | Bender Uprising | Bessarabia |

* Ukrainian SSR
* Red Guard

|  Romania France | Defeat
1919–1921  | Polish–Soviet War | Poland, Vilnius,Western Belorussia and Ukraine |

* Russian SFSR
* Ukrainian SSR
* Byelorussian SSR
* Polrewkom

* Poland
* Ukrainian nationalists
* Belarusian nationalists
* Latvia

| Defeat

* Bolshevik forces expelled from Poland
* Peace of Riga
* Destruction of the Ukrainian People's Republic

1919–1923  | Turkish War of Independence | Turkey and Caucasus |

* Turkey
* Russian SFSR[29]

*  Greece
*  United Kingdom
*  Armenia

| Victory

* Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate
* Establishment of the Republic of Turkey

1920  | Invasion of Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan |

* Russian SFSR
* Azerbaijan SSR

|  Azerbaijan | Victory

* Overthrow of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic government; incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Soviet Union

1920  | Invasion of Armenia | Armenia |  Russian SFSR |  Armenia | Victory

* Overthrow of the First Republic of Armenia; incorporation of Armenia into the Soviet Union

1915–1921  | Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan

* Anzali Operation

| Iran |  Persian SSR

* Jungle revolutionaries

Supported by:

Soviet Russia (since 1920)

|  Qajar Iran

* Persian Cossack Brigade

* * *

Russian Empire (1915–1917)

* White movement (since 1920)

British Empire

| Defeat

* Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement forces the retreat of Bolsheviks and Soviet Caspian Flotilla from northern Iran.

1921  | Invasion of Georgia | Georgia |

* Russian SFSR
* Azerbaijan SSR
* Turkey

|  Georgia | Victory

* Overthrow of the Democratic Republic of Georgia; incorporation of Georgia into the Soviet Union

1921  | Red army incursion on Altay | Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan)  |

* Russian SFSR
* Mongolian People's Party

* * *

China |  White Movement

* Orenburg Cossacks

| Victory

* Andrei Bakich anti-bolshevik resistance fled to Mongolia, starting Soviet intervention in Mongolia.

1921  | Soviet intervention in Mongolia | Mongolia, Tuva and Northern China |

* Russian SFSR
* Mongolian People's Party

|  Mongolia

Supported by: White Movement

* Asiatic Cavalry Division

* * *

China

* Anhui clique

Supported by:

Japan[30][31]

| Victory

* Mongolian Revolution of 1921 success in overthrown the Bogd Khan.
* Provisional People's Republic of Mongolia established as a protectorate. End of Chinese occupation of Mongolia.

1921  | Free City Incident | Russian Far East |  Russian SFSR

* Far Eastern Republic

Korean Revolutionary Military Government Council

* Irkutsk Faction (Korean Communist Party)

|  Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

* Shanghai Faction (Korean Communist Party)

| Victory

* Korean Independence Army is dismantled due to Japanese pression

1921  | 1921 Persian coup d'état | Iran |  Jangalis

Simko Kurdish rebels  Colonel Pesian's forces

Supported by:

Russian SFSR

|  Qajar Iran

* * *

Persian Cossack Brigade

Supported by:

United Kingdom

| Defeat

* Suppression of Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan
* Dissolution of the Republic of Gilan after Mirza Kuchik Khan lost support from Vladimir Lenin.
* Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921)
* White Russian counter-revolutionary forces who fled to Iran, along Communist Party of Persia, are repressed by Persian Monarchy

1921–1922  | East Karelian Uprising | East Karelia |  Russian SFSR |

* Forest Guerrillas
* Finnish volunteers

| Victory

* The uprising is crushed

## Russia and the Soviet Union (1916–1934)

[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Russia and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1916–1934  | Central Asian Revolt | Central Asia  |

* Russian Empire (until 1917)
* Russian SFSR
* Turkestan ASSR
* Kirghiz ASSR
* Soviet Union (from 1922)

* Basmachi
* Khiva
* Bukhara
* Afghanistan

| Victory

* The revolt is crushed

## Soviet Union (1922–1991)

[edit]

Main article: List of wars involving the Soviet Union

This section is an excerpt from List of wars involving the Soviet Union § List.[edit]

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1916–1934  | Central Asian Revolt | Central Asia  |  Russian Empire (until 1917)

Russian SFSR

* Turkestan ASSR
* Kirghiz ASSR

Soviet Union (from 1922)

|  Basmachi

Khiva
Bukhara
Afghanistan

| Victory

* The revolt is suppressed

1924  | August Uprising[citation needed] |  |  Soviet Union |  Damkom | Victory

* The uprising is suppressed
* Consolidation of Soviet rule in the Georgian SSR

1925–1926  | Urtatagai conflict |  |  Soviet Union |  Emirate of Afghanistan | Defeat

* Peace Treaty
* Urtatagui is seized back to Afghanistan
* Afghanistan agreement to restrain Basmachi border raids

1929  | Sino-Soviet conflict |  |  Soviet Union |  China | Victory

* The provisions of the 1924 agreement are upheld

1929  | Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)

Part of the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

|  |  Soviet Union

Kingdom of Afghanistan

* Emirate of Afghanistan
* Saqqawists

Basmachi

| Defeat

* The Soviet Union failed to change the situation in the country
* Red Army withdrawal of Afghanistan back to the USSR
* Civil war continues Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

1930  | Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) |  |  Soviet Union |  Basmachi | Victory
1932  | Chechen uprising of 1932 [ru][citation needed] |  |  Soviet Union | Chechen rebels  | Victory

* The uprising is suppressed

1932–1941  | Soviet–Japanese border conflicts |  |  Soviet Union

Mongolia

|  Japan

Manchukuo

| Victory

* Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact

1934  | Soviet invasion of Xinjiang |  |  Soviet Union
Xinjiang clique
White Movement
Torgut Mongols  |  China | Stalemate

* Xinjiang divided in two

(1936–39)  | Spanish Civil War | Spain  |  Spain

* People's Army
* Popular Front
* UGT
* CNT-FAI
* Generalitat de Catalunya
* Euzko Gudarostea

Supported by:
Soviet Union
Mexico

* * *

Volunteers

International Brigades

|  Nationalist faction

*     * FET y de las JONS[s]
* FE de las JONS[t]
* Requetés/CT[t]
* CEDA[t]
* Renovación Española[t]
* Army of Africa

Supported by:
Italy
Germany
Portugal

| Defeat

* Nationalist faction victory
* Fall of the Second Spanish Republic
* Beginning of Franco's regime

1937  | Islamic Rebellion in Xinjiang[citation needed] |  |  Xinjiang

Soviet Union
White Movement

|  China | Victory

* Rebellion is suppressed
* Establishment of the rule of Sheng Shicai's Soviet puppet regime over the whole territory of Xinjiang province

1939  | Soviet invasion of Poland (Part of World War II)  |  |  Germany

Soviet Union
Slovakia

|  Poland | Victory

* Partition of Polish territory (Fourth Partition of Poland) between Nazi Germany, Soviet Union and Slovakia

1939–1940  | Winter War (Part of World War II)  |  |  Soviet Union |  Finland | Inconclusive

* Soviet invasion of Finland repelled and the planned conquest of Finland fails
* Moscow Peace Treaty
* Cession of the Gulf of Finland islands, Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia, Salla, and Rybachy Peninsula, and lease of Hanko to the Soviet Union
* Expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations

1940  | Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states (Part of World War II)  |  |  Soviet Union |  Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania | Victory

* Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union by the Red Army

1940  | Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (part of World War II)  |  |  Soviet Union |  Romania | Victory

* Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region annexed into the Soviet Union; formation of the Moldavian SSR

1941–1945  | World War II |  | Allied Powers:

Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
Poland
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Mexico

| Axis Powers:

Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Croatia
Thailand
Manchukuo
Mengjiang
Wang Jingwei regime

| Victory

* Debellation of the Third Reich
* Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
* Creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers
* Beginning of the Cold War

1944–1960s  | Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe[citation needed]

* Guerrilla war in Ukraine (Part of World War II from 1944 to 1945)
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)

|  |  Soviet Union
East Germany
Polish People's Republic
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Hungarian People's Republic
Socialist Republic of Romania
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |  Ukrainian Insurgents
Polish Insurgents
Estonian Insurgents
Latvian Insurgents
Lithuanian Insurgents
Bulgarian Insurgents
Serbian Insurgents
Croatian Insurgents
Romanian Insurgents
German Insurgents
Hungarian Insurgents | Victory

* The independence movements are suppressed
* Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe preserved

1945  | Soviet–Japanese War (Part of World War II)  |  |  Soviet Union

Mongolia

|  Japan

Manchukuo

| Victory

* Karafuto Prefecture annexed into the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian SFSR
* The Kuril Islands annexed into the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Russian SFSR
* The liberation of Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern Korea, and the collapse of the Japanese puppet states therein
* The partition of the Korean Peninsula; the Soviet Union occupies North Korea
* Manchuria and Inner Mongolia returned to China

1946–1954  | First Indochina War |  |  France

State of Vietnam

Kingdom of Laos

Cambodia

|  Viet Minh

Khmer Issarak

Pathet Lao

Japan Japanese holdout Supported by:
Soviet Union
China

| Victory

* Withdrawal of French forces from Indochina
* Democratic Republic of Vietnam independence recognized
* State of Vietnam, Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia achieve independence
* Vietnam was partitioned between North (controlled by the Việt Minh) and South (controlled by the State of Vietnam)

1950–1953  | Korean War |  |  North Korea

China
Soviet Union

|  United Nations

South Korea
United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Belgium
Canada
France
Philippines
Colombia
Ethiopia
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey

| Ceasefire

* Establishment of the Korean DMZ
* Minor territorial changes

1955–1975  | Vietnam War |  |  North Vietnam

Viet Cong and PRG
Pathet Lao
GRUNK (1970–1975)
Khmer Rouge
China
Soviet Union
North Korea

|  South Vietnam

United States
South Korea
Australia
New Zealand
Laos
Cambodia (1967–1970)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
Thailand
Philippines

| Victory

* Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina
* North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam
* Dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam
* South Vietnam annexed by North Vietnam
* Soviet-aligned communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

1953  | East German Uprising[citation needed] |  |  Soviet Union

East Germany |  East German demonstrators  | Victory

* The uprising is suppressed

1956  | Hungarian Revolution[citation needed] |  |  Soviet Union

ÁVH

|  Revolutionaries | Victory

* The revolution is suppressed

1961  | Vlora Incident[citation needed] |  |  Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact:[32][33]
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland |  Albania | Soviet-Warsaw Pact defeat

* Withdrawal of soviet marines[34] and technicians
* Warsaw Pact capture of Pasha Liman Base failed[35]

1968  | Invasion of Czechoslovakia[citation needed] |  |  Soviet Union

Bulgaria
East Germany
Hungary
Poland

|  Czechoslovakia | Victory

* The Prague Spring is suppressed
* Moscow Protocol
* Soviet military presence in Czechoslovakia until 1991

1969  | Sino-Soviet border conflict |  |  Soviet Union |  China | Victory (status quo ante bellum)[36]

* Tactical Soviet victory[37]
* Strategic Soviet victory: ceasefire agreement signed[36]
* 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement[36]

1967–1970  | War of Attrition |  |

*  Egypt
*  Soviet Union
* Kuwait[38]

* * *

* PLO
*  Jordan

* * *

*  Syria[39]
*  Cuba

|  Israel | Inconclusive
1975–1991  | Angolan Civil War |  |  MPLA

Cuba
Brazil
Soviet Union
SWAPO

|  South Africa

UNITA
FNLA
FLEC

| Victory

* Three Powers Accord
* Withdrawal of all foreign forces from Angola
* Independence of Namibia

1977–1978  | Ethio-Somali War |  |  Ethiopia

Cuba
South Yemen
Soviet Union

|  Somalia

WSLF

| Victory

* Somalia breaks all ties with the Soviet Bloc

1979–1989  | Soviet–Afghan War |  |  Soviet Union

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

|  Afghan Mujahideen
| Defeat

* Failure to suppress the Afghan mujahideen insurgency
* Geneva Accords of 1988
* Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
* Beginning of the Afghan Civil War[40]

## Russian Federation (1991–present)

[edit]

Main article: List of battles involving Russia

Date  | Conflict  | Location  | Russia and its allies  | Opponent(s)  | Result for Russia

|
|
|
|
|

1991–1993  | Georgian Civil War | Georgia |  Government of Georgia

Supported by
Russia

|  Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government in exile

Zviadists

| Victory

* Zviadist revolt crushed

1991–1992  | South Ossetian War | South Ossetia |

* South Ossetia
* Russia

|  Georgia | Victory

* South Ossetia gains de facto independence

1992–1993  | War in Abkhazia | Abkhazia |

* Abkhazia
* Russia[u]
* Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus

* Georgia
* UNA-UNSO

| Victory

* Abkhazia gained de facto independence

1992  | Transnistria War | Transnistria |  Transnistria

Russia

* 14th Guards Army (elements)[41][42][43][44]
* Don Cossacks[45]
* Kuban Cossacks

Ukrainian volunteers

* UNA-UNSO.[46][47]

* Moldova
* Romanian volunteers and military advisers[41][48][49]

| Victory

* Transnistria gains de facto independence

1992–1997  | Tajikistani Civil War | Tajikistan |

* / Tajikistan
* / Russia
* Uzbekistan
* / Kazakhstan
* / Kyrgyzstan
* / Turkmenistan

Supported by

* / Belarus[50] (weapons supplies)

* United Tajik Opposition
* Afghanistan (until 1996)
* Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until 1996)
* Taliban factions[v]

Supported by

* al-Qaeda[52]
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

| Victory

* United Nations-sponsored armistice

1994–1996  | First Chechen War | Chechnya |  Russia

* Loyalist opposition

|  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

* * *

Foreign volunteers:

* Foreign Mujahideen[53][54][55][56]
* UNA-UNSO[57]
* Grey Wolves[58][59][60][61]

| Defeat[62]

* Withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya
* Khasav-Yurt Accord
* De facto independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, but de jure it remains a part of the Russian Federation

1999  | War of Dagestan | Dagestan |  Russia |  IIPB | Victory

* Start of the Second Chechen War

1999–2009  | Second Chechen War | Chechnya |  Russia

* Provisional Council (until 2000)
* Chechen Republic (from 2000)

|  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1999–2007)

* Caucasian Front (2005–2007)

Caucasus Emirate (2007–2009)

* North Caucasian volunteers

Mujahideen[63][64][65][66] Grey Wolves[58][59][60]

| Victory

* Fall and exile of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
* Establishment of the Chechen Republic
* Beginning of the insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Chechnya reincorporated back into Russia

2008  | Russo-Georgian War | Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia |

* Russia
* South Ossetia
* Abkhazia

|  Georgia | Victory

* Occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

2014–present  | Russo-Ukrainian War | Ukraine |  Russia

* Donetsk People's Republic
* Luhansk People's Republic

Supported by

* Belarus (since 2022)[w]
* North Korea (since 2024)[67][68][69]

|  Ukraine

Supported by: see List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War

| Ongoing

* 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea
* War in Donbas
* Minsk Protocol, an un-implemented ceasefire agreement
* 2021–22 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine

2015–2024  | Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War | Syria |  Russia
Iran
Syrian Arab Republic

Humanitarian support:

* Armenia[70][71]

In support of:

* Syrian Democratic Forces (2016[72][73][74]–2017[75][76])

* * *

Russia
In support of:

* Turkey[77] (2017, against ISIL during Operation Euphrates Shield)

|  Al-Qaeda

* Al-Nusra Front (2013–2016)
* Jabhat Fath al-Sham (2016–2017)
* Jund al-Aqsa (2017–2018)
* Guardians of Religion (2018–2025)

* * *

Islamic State

* * *

Army of Conquest (2015–2017)[78]
Supported by:

* Turkey[79][80]
* Saudi Arabia (2015–2017)[81][82]
* Qatar[82]

* * *

Syrian Salvation Government

* Tahrir al-Sham (2017–2025)

Supported by:

* Qatar
* Turkey (2017–present)

* * *

Syrian opposition

* Free Syrian Army[83]
* Syrian Turkmen Brigades[84][85]
* Jaysh al-Islam[86]

Supported by:

* Turkey[87]
* Saudi Arabia (2015–2017)[81][88]
* United States (2015–2017)[89][90][91][92][a]

* * *

Syrian Democratic Forces (2017–present)[93]

| Syrian opposition victory

* Russian forces fail to prevent the fall of the Assad regime
* Russian forces begin withdrawal after the 2024 opposition offensives
* Continued Russian presence at the Tartus naval base and Khmeimim Air Base
* Islamic State loses all territory in Syria

2018–present  | Central African Republic Civil War | Central African Republic |

* Russia
* Central African Republic
* Rwanda

|  Coalition of Patriots for Change | Ongoing
2021–present[94] | Mali War | Mali |

* Russia
* Mali

* Al-Qaeda
* Islamic State

| Ongoing
2024–present[95] | Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso | Burkina Faso |

* Russia
* Burkina Faso

* Al-Qaeda
* Islamic State

| Ongoing

## See also

[edit]

* Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Military forces of the Russian FederationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* History of Russia
* Military history of Russia
* List of wars – Overview of and topical guide to warPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets (Category:Lists of wars)
* List of wars between Russia and Sweden
* List of wars involving Armenia
* List of wars involving Azerbaijan
* List of wars involving Belarus
* List of wars involving Estonia
* List of wars involving Finland
* List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia
* List of wars involving Georgia (country)
* List of wars involving Kazakhstan
* List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
* List of wars involving Latvia
* List of wars involving Lithuania
* List of wars involving Moldova
* List of wars involving the Novgorod Republic
* List of wars involving Poland
* List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia
* List of wars involving Tajikistan
* List of wars involving Turkey
* List of wars involving Ukraine
* List of wars involving Uzbekistan

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b The veracity of this conflict is in doubt.
2. ^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.
3. ^ 1917–1918
4. ^ 1918–20
5. ^ 1918
6. ^ 1919
7. ^ 1918
8. ^ 1918
9. ^ 1918
10. ^ 1918
11. ^ 1918
12. ^ 1917–1918
13. ^ 1917–1918
14. ^ 1917–1918
15. ^ 1918–20
16. ^ 1918–19
17. ^ 1918–20
18. ^ 1919
19. ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
20. ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
21. ^ Disputed: see Russia's role in the War in Abkhazia
22. ^ The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which was headed by the Taliban and governed 90% of Afghanistan, officially declared their neutrality in the conflict, though several Taliban factions went on to fight on the side of the opposition nonetheless.[51]
23. ^ For further details, see Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

## References

[edit]

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3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.
4. ^ Martin 2007, p. 192.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin 2007, p. 191.
6. ^ Martin 2007, p. 190.
7. ^ a b Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
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14. ^ Alef 1983, p. 11.
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37. ^ Kuisong p.29
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## Sources

[edit]

* Terentyev, M. (2022). История завоевания Средней Азии [The history of the conquest of Central Asia] (in Russian). Volume 1. ISBN 978-5-4481-1327-7.
* Виталий, Пенской (2020). Ливонская война: Забытые победы Ивана Грозного 1558-1561 гг. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-00155-260-4.
* Гумилев, Лев (2023). От Руси к России. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-17-153845-3.
* Alef, Gustave (1983). "The Battle of Suzdal' in 1445. An Episode in the Muscovite War of Succession (1978)". Rulers and nobles in fifteenth century Muscovy. Part II. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 11–20\. ISBN 9780860781202. (first published in Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 25 (1978) Berlin.)
* Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University. p. 222\. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
* Katchanovski, Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nesebio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 992\. ISBN 9780810878471. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
* Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135954949.
* Logan, F. Donald (2005). The Vikings in History. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). p. 205\. ISBN 9780415327565. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023. (third edition)
* Martin, Janet (1995). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521362768.
* Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584 (E-book) (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
* Martin, Janet (2009b). "From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450". In Freeze, Gregory (ed.). Russia: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30\. ISBN 978-0-19-150121-0. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. (third edition)
* Ostrowski, Donald (1993). "Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century". Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 83–101\. ISBN 9780520360198. Retrieved 16 May 2023. doi:10.1525/9780520313606-009
* Shaikhutdinov, Marat (23 November 2021). "3.4 Invasion of Tokhtamysh". Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State. Academic Studies Press. pp. 104–107\. ISBN 9781644697153.

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