List of wars involving Serbia

The following is a list of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages as well as late modern period and contemporary history.

The list gives the name, the date, combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

Serbian victory
Serbian defeat
Result of civil or internal conflict
Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
Ongoing conflict

## Middle Ages

[edit]

Main article: List of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Results

|
|
|

Avar-Serbian War (629–632) | Serb settlers
|  Avar Khaganate | Victory

* The Serbs move through the Avar Khaganate and settle the Balkan Subcontinent
* Creation of Principality of Serbia

Roman-Frankish War (802–812)  |  Byzantine Empire
Principality of Serbia |  Carolingian Empire | Victory

* Pax Nicephori
* Most of the Adriatic provinces along with Istra are returned to Byzantine rule
* Serbia expands its borders to Dinara and Una

Bulgarian-Serbian War (839–42) |  Principality of Serbia
|  Bulgarian Empire | Victory

* Failure of Khan Presian I to take over Serbia

Bulgarian-Serbian War (853) |  Principality of Serbia |  Bulgarian Empire | Victory

* Failure of the Bulgarians to replace the Byzantine overlordship on the Serbs
* Vladimir-Rasate and 12 Boyars taken prisoner

Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Part of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 |  Principality of Serbia
|  Bulgarian Empire | Defeat

* Serbia is annexed into Bulgaria

Conquest of Bari |  Byzantine Empire
Carolingian Empire
Republic of Ragusa

* Principality of Serbia
* Duchy of Croatia
* Lombard principalities of the Campania

|  Emirate of Bari
Emirate of Taranto
Aghlabid dynasty | Victory

* Frankish-Byzantine Siege is successful and any further invasions of Adriatic cities are prevented

Serb Uprising (927)[1][2][3][4] |  Principality of Serbia
Supported by:

Byzantine Empire

|  Bulgarian Empire | Victory

Časlav takes possession of the country after the uprising and submits suzereinity to the Byzantines

War of unification[1][2] |  Principality of Serbia | Serb tribes in:

Ras
Bosnia
Zachlumia
Pagania
Zeta
Travunia
Konavle

| Principality Victory

* Unification of all the tribes under Časlav as their collective leader

Magyar-Serb conflict (c. 960)
Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe |  Principality of Serbia |  Magyar tribes | Inconclusive

* Victory at Drina, Hungarian leader Kisa is defeated by the Serbs
* Defeat at Syrmia, Časlav is killed and thrown into a river

Bulgarian-Serbian War (998) |  Duklja |  Bulgarian Empire | Defeat

* King Samuil successfully besieges Ulcinj
* Duklja surrenders after Jovan Vladimir concedes

Serb Uprising (1034–1042) |  Duklja |  Byzantine Empire | Victory

* Decisive Doclean Serb victory
* Stefan Vojislav asserts his state's independence from Byzantium
* Byzantium halts any further advance towards Duklja after the Battle of Klobuk [sr]

Byzantine-Norman wars (1040–1189)  |  Normans

* * *

Duklja
Principality of Serbia
Antioch
Croatia
Lombard duchies
Supported by:
Papal States

|  Byzantine Empire
Venice | Indecisive

* Norman conquest of Apulia, Calabria and the Ionian Islands.
* Norman invasion of the Balkans

Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095)

Battle of Zvečan

|  Principality of Serbia |  Byzantine Empire | Victory

Serbian military victory

* Consecutive attacks and plunder of the Byzantine territory and defeats of their armies [5]

Peace treaty

* Several Serbian nobles taken hostage [6]
* Cessation of hostilities between Serbia and Byzantium until 1106, when Vukan defeated the army of John Komnenos and reached a truce again with Alexios I Komnenos[7]

Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–29) |  Kingdom of Hungary

* Principality of Serbia

|  Byzantine Empire | Inconclusive

* First phase: Victory of Byzantium
* Serbia forced to recognize Byzantine suzerainty again
* Second phase: Victory of Hungarians
* Restoration of peace

Byzantine-Venetian War (1171-1172)  |  Venice

* * *

Principality of Serbia
Diplomatic support:
Kingdom of Hungary
Holy Roman Empire |  Byzantine Empire

* Duklja (as Byzantine vassal) (1171)

Western Knights (under  Henry the Lion)

| Byzantine Victory

* Stefan Nemanja begins the fight against Byzantines by annexing their vassal in Zeta[8]
* Soon after, Venice joins and after early successes suffers a tremendous blow by an epidemic during their stay at Chios in the winter
* The Serbs soon surrendered to Emperor Manuel

Byzantine campaign in the Middle East (1176)[9]
Part of the Byzantine-Seljuq Wars |  Byzantine Empire

* Grand Principality of Serbia[10][11]
* Kingdom of Hungary

Principality of Antioch

|  Sultanate of Rum | Defeat

* Catastrophic loss for Byzantium, Emperor Manuel compares the defeat to the Battle of Manzikert
* 1/4th of the army is wiped out[12]
* Kilij Arslan II sues for peace immidietly after the battle has concluded, military balance in the region is maintained

Emeric's Balkan campaign (1200–1203)
Part of the Fourth Crusade |  Grand Principality of Serbia

* * *

Bulgarian Empire (1203)

|  Kingdom of Hungary
Valkan's Clique (as Hungarian vassal)
Papal States[13] | Emeric's Victories

* Emeric gains suzereinity over Serbia and occupies a couple of Bulgarian cities which he in turn gives to his vassal Valkan
* Serbo-Hungarian armies are later pushed out of Niš by Bulgarian forces

Hungarian invasion of Serbia(1237) Part of the Crusade against Bogumils |  Grand Principality of Serbia

* * *

Banate of Bosnia Temporary support:
Republic of Ragusa

|  Kingdom of Hungary

* * *

Golden Horde
Chagatai Khanate

| Victory

* During Colomans failed campaign in Bosnia, he penetrated Toljen II [sr]'s land in Serbia, he was kicked out after a brief consultation
* This event lead to an alliance between Serbia and Split under Domald

Mongol invasion of the Balkans
(1241–1242)

* Invasion of Hungary
* Invasion of Serbia
* Invasion of Bulgaria

|  Kingdom of Serbia

* * *

Bulgarian Empire
Kingdom of Hungary
Teutonic Order
Templars
Holy Roman Empire

* Duchy of Austria

|  Golden Horde (Mongols)  | Defeat of the military alliance led by the Kingdom of Hungary

* Bulgaria enters into vassal relations with the Mongols
* Mongols pass through Serbia burning and looting

Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde |  Kingdom of Serbia |  Nogai Horde

* * *

Bulgarian Empire
Supported by:
Golden Horde

| Victory

* Nogai Horde defeated at Drim river
* Shishman's invasion of Serbia repulsed
* Shishman forced to flee after the decisive battle at Ždrelo

Epirote–Nicaean conflict
(1258–1261)  |  Despotate of Epirus
Principality of Achaea
Kingdom of Sicily
Allies:
Kingdom of Serbia

* * *

Latin Empire

|  Empire of Nicaea
Supported by:
Republic of Genoa | Inconclusive

* Victory of Michael II and Stefan Uroš I in Albania and Macedonia
* Eventual Nicaean victory
* Subsequent restoration of the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine-Catalan Wars (1305-1311)[14] |  Byzantine Empire

* * *

Kingdom of Serbia (1305)

| Catalan Company
Allies:
Anatolian Turkish Beyliks
Sultanate of Rum | Victory

* Siege of Hilandar successfully repelled
* Hilandar defended by Danilo II[15]

Serbian-Crusader Conflict |  Serbian cavalry
Allies:
Genoese fleet  | Turcopoles | Victory

* Byzantine and Serbian forces defeat the Turks in a camp at Gallipoli peninsula
* Turcopoles surrender to the Genoese, some fall into the hands of the Byzantines. Halil Pasha and his men are then slaughtered

Serbian-Anjou War (1318-1320)[16][17] |  Kingdom of Serbia |  Kingdom of Hungary

* Mladen II Šubić

Lordship of Durazzo

* * *

Muzaka Family (1318)
Supported by
Pope John XXII

| Partial Victory

* Stefan Milutin crushes the Albanian Revolt without much difficulty[18][19]
* Charles I's troops capture Belgrade and Mačva region
* Further incursion into central Serbia prevented
* John XXII calls (due to the mass-presecution against the Catholic Church in Serbia) for a full-fledged crusade against Serbia which never came[20]
* Stefan Milutin is named the Rascian heretic by the Pope[21]

War of Hum (1326-1329)  |  Kingdom of Serbia |  Banate of Bosnia
Republic of Ragusa | Defeat

* Bosnia captures Hum
* Petar Toljenović raised a rebellion in Zachlumia, he lost a battle and was imprisoned and thrown with his horse off a cliff

Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)
Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 |  Kingdom of Serbia
Supported by:
Andronikos II Palaiologos[22] |  Bulgarian Empire
Supported by:
Wallachia
Moldavia
Andronikos III Palaiologos | Victory[23]

* Balance of power in the Balkans reshaped
* Peace concluded near Izvor

Serbian Invasion of Macedonia (1342-1343)
Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 |  Kingdom of Serbia
Supported by:
John VI Kantakouzenos |  John V Palaiologos
Beylik of Aydin
Zealots of Thessalonica | Victory

* Stefan Dušan and Ivan Alexander choose opposite sides in the conflict, but maintain positive relations and exploit the Byzantine downfall
* Serbia plunders and occupies Macedonia besides Thessalonica, which was held by the Zealots and Serres which stayed loyal to the Empire
* Rest of Macedonia falls after Umur Bey was forced to return to Anatolia due to the Smyrniote crusades
* Serbia is momentarily halted after the Battle of Stephaniana by the Turks

Serbian Invasion of Albania (1342-1345)[24][25]
Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 |  Kingdom of Serbia
Bulgarian Empire
Principality of Karvuna
Supported by:
John V Palaiologos |  John VI Kantakouzenos

* Topia family
* Muzaka family

Beylik of Aydin
Ottoman Beylik

* * *

Zealots of Thessalonica

| Victory

* All of Albania, with the exception of Anjou-controlled Dyrrachium, falls to Serbia whose patriarchal throne is solidified in 1346 in the Peć Monastery
* The Serbian Orthodox Church becomes independent from Constantinople
* Thessaly and Epirus are later occupied by Serbia
* The Serbian Empire is established and Stefan Dušan is crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks
* Beginning of the Albanian Resistance against Serbia

Serbian-Ottoman War (1352)
Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 |  Serbian Empire
Bulgarian Empire
Supported by:
John V Palaiologos |  Ottoman Beylik
Supported by:
John VI Kantakouzenos | Defeat

* Serbia loses the first major battle of the Ottomans which were increasingly becoming a threat to Europe
* The Ottomans plunder Bulgarian territory and commit a campaign of mass arrests of Christians in Adrianople[26]

Serbian Civil War (1356–1359) Part of the Fall of the Serbian Empire |  Serbian Empire[27] |  Empire of Thessaly (until 1359)
Losha Clan
Shpata Family

* * *

Despotate of Epir

* Turkish mercenaries

* * *

Byzantine Empire (until 1357)

| Loyalist Victory

* Simeon Uroš fails to become the new Tsar of Serbia
* Nikephoros II Orsini is beaten by Arbanas tribesmen

The Feudal Wars (1356–1373)  |  Serbian Empire
Moravian Serbia
District of Branković
Realm of Altomanović (until 1369)

* * *

Anti-Altomanović Coalition:
Moravian Serbia
Banate of Bosnia
Lordship of Zeta
Kingdom of Hungary

* Garai Family

Republic of Ragusa

|  Lordship of Prilep (1369)

* * *

Realm of Altomanović (after 1369)

* * *

Principality of Velbazhd

* * *

Battle of Maritsa:
Ottoman Empire

| Inconclusive

* The Serbian Army is fragmented at the Battle of Maritsa
* Further anarchy

Battle of Kosovo (1389)  |  Moravian Serbia
Supported by:
District of Branković[28]
Kingdom of Bosnia[29]
Principality of Muzaka
Jonima family
Knights of Rhodes[30] |  Ottoman Empire
Military support:
Isfendiyar Beylik | Inconclusive

* Both sides claim victory
* Both armies were destroyed in the battle. Both Lazar and Murad lost their lives, and the remnants of their armies retreated from the battlefield
* Kosovo Myth

Crusade of Nicopolis (1396)  |  Ottoman Empire

* Moravian Serbia[31]

| Crusade:
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of France[32]

* Duchy of Burgundy

Kingdom of Hungary[32]

* Voivodship of Transylvania
* Kingdom of Croatia[32]

Principality of Wallachia[33]
Knights Hospitaller[32] Republic of Venice[32]
Republic of Genoa
Bulgarian Empire[34]
Teutonic Knights
Byzantine Empire
County of Cilli
District of Branković[35][36]

| Victory

* Crusader attempt to capture Nicopolis fails
* Most of the Crusader army destroyed or captured[37]

Ottoman-Timurid War 1399–1402

* Sack of Sebaste
* Siege of Ankara
* Battle of Ankara

|  Ottoman Empire

* Anatolian beyliks

Black Tatars
Albanian principalities
Moravian Serbia
District of Branković
Wallachia
Co-belligerent:
Mamluks[38]
Kingdom of Georgia[39]
Knights Hospitaller[40]

|  Timurid Empire

* Anatolian beyliks

Aq Qoyunlu
Germiyanids

| Defeat

* Anatolian Beyliks got independence.
* Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman Empire without a sultan
* Ottoman Interregnum begins
* Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
* Timurid conquests and invasions ends.

Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413)  |  Mehmed Çelebi

Supported by:
Stefan Lazarević
Đurađ Branković (from 1412)

* * *

Süleyman Çelebi Supported by
Vuk Lazarević
Đurađ Branković (until 1412)
Siege of Constantinople (1411)
Byzantine Empire

|  Musa Çelebi
Wallachia

Supported by:
Kingdom of Hungary

* * *

İsa Çelebi
Beylik of Aydin

| Victory

* Mehmed Çelebi reunifies the Ottoman state with the assistance of Stefan Lazarević the Serbian Despot

Second Scutari War (1419–23)  |  Zeta
Serbian Despotate (after 1421)
Albanian nobility |  Republic of Venice | Inconclusive

* Venice captured Ulcinj, Grbalj, and territory of Paštrovići, with Kotor deciding to accept Venetian suzerainty
* Serbian Despotate captured Drivast and returned its suzerainty over Bar, Budva, and Luštica

Despotate-Ottoman Wars (1425-1459)[41] Part of the Ottoman Invasions of Serbia and Hungarian–Ottoman Wars

* War of the South Danube (1420–1432)
* Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442)
* Battle of Niš
* Battle of Leskovac
* Siege of Belgrade

|  Serbian Despotate
Kingdom of Hungary

* Kingdom of Poland
* Kingdom of Croatia

Taborite mercenaries
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Bosnia (after 1425)[42]
Wallachia (briefly)
Crusade of Varna:
Papal States
Bulgarian rebels
Teutonic Knights
Naval support:
Duchy of Burgundy
Republic of Ragusa
Republic of Venice (temporary)
Military support:
League of Lezhë (temporary)

* * *

Holy Roman Empire[43]

* Kingdom of Bohemia

|  Ottoman Empire

* Wallachia

Crimean Khanate
Supported by:
Republic of Venice
Principality of Moldavia

* * *

Principality of Kastrioti[44]
Hunyadi's Army[45]

| Eventual Defeat

* The Serbian Despotate officially falls in Smederevo and is later reinstated multiple times as a rump-state as a buffer against Ottoman advance
* About 200,000 immigrate to Hungarian Srem until its partition
* Beginning of Serbian guerilla warfare against the Ottoman Empire

## Partitioned Serbia

[edit]

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Results

|
|
|

Uprising of Jovan Nenad (1526–1527) Part of the Hungarian Civil War |  Empire of Jovan Nenad [sr]

* * *

Holy Roman Empire

* Kingdom of Hungary

|  Ottoman Empire

* Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
* Transylvanian Saxons
* Transylvanian Romanians
* Hungarian and Lipovian Serb nomads

| Defeat

* Tsar Jovan Nenad of Vojvodina is murdered on his retreat towards Senta
* The Serbian army disperses, some return to their duties in the Ottoman Empire and some turn to the Habsburgs

Uprising in Banat (1594)

Part of the Long Turkish War

|  Orthodox Serb rebels
Supported by:
Archduchy of Austria

* Principality of Upper Hungary

Principality of Transylvania

|  Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Temeşvar
* Elayet of Bosnia

Crimean Khanate

| Defeat

* Orthodox Christian mercenaries are defeated and are forced to flee to neighboring Upper Hungary
* Burning of St. Sava-s remains as daunting reprisal

Serb uprising in Herzegovina (1596–1597)

Part of the Long Turkish War

Hajduks

* Bjelopavlići
* Drobnjaci
* Nikšići
* Pivljani

|  Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Karadağ

| Defeat

* Exodus of Herzegovinians and migration to Bay of Kotor and Dalmatia

Bocskai's War of Independence (1604–1606) Part of the Long Turkish War and European wars of religion |  Loyalists

* Kingdom of Croatia

* * *

Holy Roman Empire

* Crown of Bohemia
* Archduchy of Austria

Spanish Empire
Zaporozhian Host

Serbian, Wallonian, Italian, German and Romanian mercenaries

|  Revolutionaries

* Principality of Transylvania

Moldavia

Hungarian, Slovak, Rusyn, Polish and Székely mercenaries

* * *

Ottoman Empire

* Crimean Khanate

| Peace treaty

* Treaty of Vienna (1606)

Cretan War
(1645–1669)  |  Republic of Venice[46]

* Hajduks[47]

Papal States
Kingdom of France
Naval Support:
Knights of Malta
Greek uprisings:
Greek Revolutionaries

* Maniots

|  Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Tripoli
* Eyalet of Tunis
* Eyalet of Algiers

| Defeat

* Ottomans conquer Crete
* Venetian gains in Dalmatia

Great Turkish War
(1683–1699)  |  Holy Roman Empire

* Serbian Militia
* Kingdom of Hungary

Republic of Venice
Montenegro

|  Ottoman Empire

* Crimean Khanate

Kuruc

| Victory

* Partial Liberation of Serbia
* Ottoman decline in Europe

Morean War
(1684–1699)
Part of the Great Turkish war and Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in the Great Turkish War |  Republic of Venice

* Hajduks and Morlachs

Papal States
Duchy of Savoy
Order of Saint Stephen
Naval Support:
Knights of Malta
Greek uprisings:
Greek Revolutionaries

* Maniots

Military support:
Holy Roman Empire

* Croatian Military Frontier
* Slavonian Military Frontier

Montenegro

|  Ottoman Empire

* Elayet of Bosnia
* Eyalet of Egypt
* Eyalet of Tripoli
* Eyalet of Tunis
* Eyalet of Algiers

Maniots

| Venetian and Holy League victory

* Liberation of Slavonia and Lika and part of the Pounje from the Ottomans
* Morea ceded to Venice; Venetian gains in inland Dalmatia
* Ottomans pushed out of Central Europe

Rákóczi's War of Independence |  Holy Roman Empire

* Austria
* Royalists
* Krajinars
* Danish Auxiliary Corps

|  Kuruc

Supported by:
Polish and Ruthenian mercenaries
Kingdom of France
Ottoman Empire

| Victory

* Treaty of Szatmár
* Serbs plunder and loot the Great Hungarian Plain

War of Sinj
(1714–1718)
Part of the Austro-Turkish War (1716-1718) and Ottoman-Portuguese confrontations | Holy League:

Republic of Venice

* Hajduks
* Himariotes

Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Portugal
Knights of Malta
Papal States

|  Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Tripoli

| Defeat

* Ottomans defeat Venice, but fail to stop Prince Eugene of Savoy in the battle of Petrovaradin
* Morea ceded back to the Ottomans
* Treaty of Passarowitz

Austro-Turkish War
(1716–1718)  |  Austria

* Serbian Militia[a]

Electorate of Bavaria

|  Ottoman Empire

* Crimean Khanate

| Victory

* Treaty of Passarowitz
* Most of Serbia liberated

Austro-Turkish War
(1737–1739)  |  Austria

* Kingdom of Serbia

|  Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive

* Austrian Military Victory
* Ottoman Political Victory
* Treaty of Belgrade

Austro-Turkish War
(1788–1791)  |  Habsburg monarchy

* Koča's frontier

Russian Empire

* Black Sea Cossacks

Montenegro

|  Ottoman Empire

* Danubian Sich
* Budjak Horde
* Nekrasov Cossacks

Sheikh Mansur Movement

| Austrian Victory

* Treaty of Sistova

## Modern period

[edit]

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Results

|
|
|

Uprising against the Dahije
(1804)  |  Serbia
|  Dahije | Victory

* Outbreak of First Serbian Uprising

First Serbian Uprising
(1804-1813)
Part of the Serbian Revolution |

Serbia

Supported by:
Russia (1807–12)

|  Dahijas (1804)

* * *

Ottoman Empire (from 1805)

* Bosnia Eyalet
* Pashalik of Scutari
* Pashalik of Yanina

Supported by:
France[48]

| Inconclusive

* Treaty of Bucharest[49]
* Abolishment of Serbian rebel government
* Cause of the Second Serbian uprising

Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
Part of the Serbian Revolution and Russo-Turkish Wars |  Russian Empire

Moldavia
Wallachia
Revolutionary Serbia
Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (1806–12)

Ottoman Empire

| Victory[49]

* Treaty of Bucharest

Hadži-Prodan's rebellion
(1814)  |  Serb rebels |  Ottoman Empire | Defeat

* The Ottomans increase their persecution of Serbs.
* The outbreak of the Second Serbian Uprising.

Second Serbian Uprising
(1815-1817)
Part of the Serbian Revolution |  Serbian rebels |  Ottoman Empire | Victory

* Establishment of the autonomous Principality of Serbia
* Ottoman Empire loses control over the Sanjak of Smederevo

Niš Rebellion
(1821)  |  Serb rebels |  Ottoman Empire | Defeat

* Rebellion suppressed by the Ottomans. Serbian civilians massacred.

Serbian Involvement in the Greek Revolution
Part of the Greek War of Independence |  Greek Revolutionaries

* Filiki Eteria[50][51]

Serbian Revolutionaries
Montenegrin Revolutionaries
After 1821:
First Hellenic Republic

* Serbian Philhellens[52]

Military Support:
Russian Empire
Kingdom of France[53][54]
United Kingdom

|  Ottoman Empire

* Eyalet of Egypt
* Eyalet of Tripoli
* Eyalet of Tunis
* Eyalet of Algiers
* Danubian Sich

| Greek Victory

* Greek Independence achieved
* Serbo-Montenegrin volunteers return home, some stay and are Hellenized

Serb uprising
(1848-1849)
Part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire |  Serbian Vojvodina

* Serb volunteers from Principality of Serbia

Supported by:
Austrian Empire

* Kingdom of Croatia

|  Kingdom of Hungary (until 14 April 1849)
Hungarian State (after 14 April 1849)

* Various revolutionary minorities

| Victory

* Establishment of the autonomous Serbian Voivodeship
* Most demands from the May Assembly met

Herzegovina uprising
(1875–1877)
Part of the Great Eastern Crisis | Serb rebels
Supported by:
Serbia
Montenegro |  Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive

* Great Eastern Crisis
* Serbian–Ottoman Wars
* Montenegrin–Ottoman War

First Serbian–Ottoman War
(1876–1877)
Part of the Great Eastern Crisis |

* Serbia
* Montenegro
* Russian Volunteers
* Bulgarian Volunteers

|  Ottoman Empire

* Egypt

| Victory

* Political Victory
* British public opinion turns against the Ottomans
* Russian-mediated truce

Second Serbian–Ottoman War
(1877-1878)
Part of the Great Eastern Crisis and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) |

* Serbia
* Russia

|  Ottoman Empire

Albanian volunteers

| Victory

* De jure independence of Serbia[55]
* Tens of thousands of Turkish, Jewish and Albanian civilians expelled
* Treaty of San Stefano
* Treaty of Berlin

Russo-Turkish War
(1877–1878)  |  Russian Empire

* Guard of Finland[56]

Principality of Romania
Principality of Serbia
Principality of Montenegro
Bulgarian Legion
Serbian rebels

|  Ottoman Empire

* Egypt

Polish volunteers
Albanian volunteers
Circassian volunteers[57]
Chechen rebels
Abkhazian rebels

| Coalition Victory

* Official recognition of de facto and de jure independence of the Balkan states.[58]
* Treaty of San Stefano
* Treaty of Berlin
* Treaty of Constantinople

Timok Rebellion
(1883)  |  Kingdom of Serbia

* Royal Serbian Army

| People's Radical Party | Victory

* Victory of King Milan.
* Rebellion Suppressed

Serbo-Bulgarian War
(1885)  |

Serbia

Supported by:
Austria-Hungary

|  Bulgaria | Defeat

* Recognition of Bulgarian unification

Macedonian struggle
(1901)  |  Serbian Chetniks
Supported by:
Serbia
|  VMRO
Ottoman Empire

* Albanian Kachaks

| Inconclusive

* Widespread ethnic violence
* Hostilities largely ceased after the Young Turk Revolution

First Balkan War
(1912-1913)
Part of the Balkan Wars | Balkan League:

* Bulgaria
* Greece
* Serbia
* Montenegro
* Italian Redshirts[59]

Supported by:

* Russia

Ottoman Empire
Circassian volunteers[60][61][62][63]
Albanian volunteers and irregulars[64][65][66]

| Victory[67]

* Treaty of London

Serbian invasion of Albania
(1912-1913)
Part of the Balkan Wars |  Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Montenegro |  Independent Albania

Ottoman Empire
Albanian guerrillas
Albanian Tribesmen

| Victory

* Serbia and Montenegro invade and defeat Ottoman forces and capture Kosovo, Macedonia, Northern Albania and Central Albania.
* The Serbian army commits massacres against Albanians living in the occupied territories.
* Serbia forms Drač County and other counties on Albanian-populated lands captured from the Ottomans.
* Essad Pasha hands Shkodër over to Montenegro in return for Montenegrin support for the foundation of the Republic of Central Albania.
* Treaty of London Serbia annexes large parts Kosovo and Macedonia and continues to occupy parts of northern Albania until 1920.
* Albania gains Independence but loses half of its claimed territories gained after the Albanian revolt of 1912.

Tikveš Uprising
(1913)  |  Serbia
Chetniks
|  IMRO
Supported by:
Bulgaria | Victory

* The uprising is brutally suppressed and the Bulgarian population is terrorized

Second Balkan War
(1913)
Part of the Balkan Wars |

Serbia

* Romania
* Greece
* Montenegro

* * *

Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

| Victory

* Bulgarian defeat
* Treaty of Bucharest
* Treaty of Constantinople

Ohrid-Debar Uprising
(1913)  |  Serbia
Chetniks
Greece |  IMRO
Kachaks | Victory

* The uprising is brutally suppressed
* Thousands of Bulgarians and Albanians are killed
* 30,000 Bulgarians expelled
* 25,000 Albanians expelled

Third Peasant Revolt in Albania
(September-October 1914)  |  Republic of Central Albania
Support:
Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Italy |  Principality of Albania | Serbo-Italian backed Republic of Central Albania Victory

* Toptani invades and captures Central Albania and Dibër with Italian and Serb support and reforms the Republic of Central Albania.
* Durrës is captured by Toptani unopposed.

Serbian campaign and Balkans theatre
(1914-1918)
Part of the European theatre of World War I | Allied Powers

* Serbia
* Montenegro
* Russia (until 1917)
* France (from 1915)
* United Kingdom (from 1915)
* Italy (from 1915)
* Greece (from 1917)

| Central Powers:

* Bulgaria (from 1915)
* Austria-Hungary
* Germany (from 1915)
* Ottoman Empire (1916–17)

| Victory

* Liberation of Serbia
* Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
* Creation of Yugoslavia
* Treaty of Versailles
* Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
* Treaty of Neuilly
* Treaty of Trianon
* Treaty of Sèvres

Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
(1918-1920)
Part of the aftermath of World War I and the Revolutions of 1917–23 |

* Czechoslovakia
* Romania
* Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
* Prekmurje

* * *

Kingdom of Hungary

* * *

France

* Hungarian Republic

* * *

Hungarian Soviet Republic

* Slovak Soviet Republic

| Victory

* Hungarian defeat
* Collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic

Impresa di Pola
(1918)
Part of the Adriatic Campaign in 1918 and the Adriatic question |

* Italy

* State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs

| Defeat

* Death of Janko Vuković

1918–1920 unrest in Split
(1918–1920)
Part of the Adriatic question |  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
United States
Italy |  Italian nationalists renegades

Italian Regency of Carnaro

| Inconclusive

* Italian irredentists detroy the Yugoslav Cultural Centre
* Italian nationalists occupy Split for a brief period
* Death of Tommaso Gulli and Aldo Rossi

Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
(1918-1919)
Part of the aftermath of World War I |  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |  German-Austria

* Carinthia

| Military victory

* Carinthian plebiscite

Christmas Uprising
(1919)
Part of the aftermath of World War I and the creation of Yugoslavia |

* Montenegrin Whites
* Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

* Montenegrin Greens
* Italy

| Montenegrin Whites Victory

* Uprising suppressed

Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings
(1919–1924)  |  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|  Kosovar Albanians
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
Diplomatic support:
Albania | Victory

* Death of Azem Galica
* Dissolution of the Kosovo Committee
* Thousands of Albanian civilians massacred or deported

Koplik War
(1920–1921)  |  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|  Principality of Albania | Inconclusive

* Yugoslav army invades Northern Albania
* Yugoslavs are eventually forced to withdraw due to international pressure
* United Kingdom insists on slight adaptations in the regions of Debar, Prizren and Kastrati in the interest of Yugoslavia.

Albanian-Yugoslav Border War
(1921)  |  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Greece
Republic of Mirdita
|  Principality of Albania | Inconclusive

* Yugoslav Recognition of Albanian sovereignty and Border
* Slight adjustments of the Albanian border in favor of Yugoslavia
* Mirdita rebels disbanded

Zogu Invasion of Albania
(1924)  |  Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

* Royal Yugoslav Army
* Russian White émigré

|  Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants)
Principality of Albania
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo | Zogu-Yugoslav Victory

* Fan Noli is ousted from power.
* Ahmet Zogu forms the Albanian Republic and is made dictator.
* Zogu's forces assassinate the leadership of the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo.

Invasion of Yugoslavia
(1941)
Part of the Balkans campaign and Mediterranean theatre of World War II |  Yugoslavia | Axis

* Germany
* Italy
* Hungary
* Bulgaria

| Defeat

* Axis occupation of Yugoslavia
* Axis occupation of Serbia
* Partition of Yugoslavia
* Creation of pro-Axis puppet regimes
* Continued anti-Axis resistance and beginning of Yugoslav civil war

World War II in Yugoslavia
(1941-1945)
Part of the European theatre of World War II | Allies

* Yugoslav Partisans
* Soviet Union (from 1944)

Aerial and logistics support:

* United Kingdom (1943–45)
* United States (limited)

Former Axis powers:

Bulgaria (1944–45)

Other factions:

* LANÇ (1944–45)

Supported by:

* Yugoslav government-in-exile (1944–45)

* * *

Chetniks

Supported by:

Yugoslav government-in-exile (1941–44)

Western Allies:

* United Kingdom (1941–43)
* United States (1941–43)

| Axis

* Germany
* Italy (1941–43)
* Hungary (1941–44)
* Bulgaria (1941–44)
* Croatia[b]

German puppet states and governments:

* Government of National Salvation (1941–44)
* German-occupied territory of Montenegro (1943–1944)
* Albania (1943–44)
* Government of National Unity (1944–45)

Italian protectorates and dependencies:

* Albania (1941–43)
* Governate of Montenegro (1941–43)

* * *

Chetniks (against Partisans)

| Yugoslav Partisan Victory

* Defeat of Nazi Germany and Axis in Yugoslavia
* Defeat and overthrow of the Independent State of Croatia, Government of National Salvation and other Axis collaborators
* Defeat of the Chetniks and their emigration
* Communist-led Partisans abolish the Yugoslav monarchy
* Establishment of Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the rule of Josip Broz Tito
* Postwar Titoist mass killings and repression
* Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45

Yugoslav Involment in the Years of Lead (1970s-1980s)  |  Red Brigades
Front Line
October 22 Group
PAC
Continuous Struggle
Workers' Power
Workers' Autonomy

Foreign supporters:
RAF[68]
Sigurimi (alleged)
PLO (alleged)
KGB (alleged)[69][page needed]
Stasi (alleged)
Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya (alleged)[70]
Yugoslavia (UDBA)

* New Order[N 1]
* National Vanguard[N 2]
* Black Order[71]
NAR[N 3]
* Third Position[N 4]

Supported by:
Propaganda Due[72][73]
SISMI (factions)[74]
Magliana Gang[75]
CIA
Cosa Nostra (alleged)

* * *

Italian Government

* Armed Forces
* Carabinieri
* State Police

Supported by:
Gladio
CIA

Defeat

* Most militant groups feel apart or were disarmed
* Establishment of strong ties between UDBA and the Red Brigades

## Contemporary period

[edit]

Conflict  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Results

|
|
|

Croatian War of Independence[c]
(1991-1995)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars |

* Serbian Krajina
* SFR Yugoslavia (1991–92)
* Republika Srpska (1992–95)

Supported by:

FR Yugoslavia

* Croatia
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (1994–95)

| Defeat

* Over 20,000 dead
* Decisive victory for the Croatian Armed Forces
* Retreat of Serbian Army of Krajina to Bosnia
* Exodus of most Serbs from Krajina.[76]
* End of siege of Bihać
* Erdut Agreement

War in Bosnia[d]
(1992-1995)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars |

* Republika Srpska
* Serbian Krajina
* Western Bosnia (1993–95)

Supported by:

FR Yugoslavia

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatian Herzeg-Bosnia
* Croatia

NATO (1995)

* Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

| Inconclusive

* Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords
* Over 101,000 dead
* Deployment of NATO-led forces to oversee the peace agreement

Kosovo War
(1998-1999)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars |  FR Yugoslavia |  UÇK
NATO (1999)

* Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Supported by:
Albania

| Military Stalemate[77]

* Kumanovo Treaty
* Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo
* FR Yugoslavia de facto loses control over Kosovo
* United Nations Resolution 1244 confirms Yugoslav sovereignty over Kosovo
* International peacekeeping force deployed in Kosovo
* Expulsion of over half of the Serb and other non-Albanian civilians
* UÇK disbanded
* UÇK veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency and 2001 insurgency in Macedonia
* Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in 2000

Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
(1999-2001)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars |  FR Yugoslavia |  UÇPMB | Victory[78][79]

* Končulj Agreement[80][81]
* Yugoslavia retakes the buffer zone[78]
* UÇPMB disbanded
* NLA founded
* Insurgency in Macedonia

## See also

[edit]

* List of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ As well as Serbian garrison troops during the Battle of Petrovaradin[citation needed]
2. ^ Acceded to the Tripartite Pact, generally considered Axis powers (see e.g., Facts About the American Wars, Bowman, p. 432, which includes them in a list of "Axis powers", or The Library of Congress World War II Companion, Wagner, Osborne, & Reyburn, p. 39, which lists them as "The Axis").
3. ^ Direct involvement until early 1992. After the proclamation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in April 1992, all units of former Yugoslav People's Army were withdrawn from territories of Croatia and Bosnia. Despite this, various paramilitary groups from FRY continued to fight in Croatia
4. ^ Officially Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (and Serbia as part of it) did not participate in Bosnian War. However, various Serbian paramilitaries were directly involved in conflicts.

1. ^ Banned, some joined Ordine Nero.
2. ^ Banned. Its members joined Ordine Nero.
3. ^ Dismantled.
4. ^ Dissolved by police. Used by NAR as a cover name later on.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Porphyrogenitus, Constantine VII (ed.). De Administrando Imperio.
2. ^ a b Станојевић, Станоје (ed.). "I Прве српске државе" Историја српскога народа. Београд.
3. ^ Веселиновић, Андрија; Љушић, Радош, eds. (2001). Српске династије. Нови Сад: Плантонеум. ISBN 86-83639-01-0.
4. ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
5. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497. p.225-228.
6. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497. p.226.
7. ^ Title: Srejović, Dragoslav. Mirković, Miroslava. et al.(1981). Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Page: 199
8. ^ Arnold of Lübeck left negative remarks on the Serbs in his chronicles after an attack on Western knights and Pilgrims, even going as far as naming the "Sons of Belial"
9. ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
10. ^ Serbia's role in the Byzantine campaigns against the Seljuqs was through Stefan Nemanja's role of being a vassal. Auxiliary troops were sent as a form of tribute towards the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos in order to aid him in battle.
11. ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
12. ^ Hendy, Michael, ed. (1985). Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128\. ISBN 0-521-24715-2.
13. ^ Curta, Florin, ed. (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. p. 389\. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
14. ^ Hilandar ...Following the end of the Latin Occupation of this part of Byzantium, a new wave of raids hit the monastic republic. In the early 14th century, pirate mercenaries of the Catalan Grand Company repeatedly raided the Holy Mountain, while looting and sacking numerous monasteries, stealing treasures and Christian relics, and terrorizing monks. Of the 300 monasteries and monastic communities on Athos, Hilandar was among only 35 that survived the violence of the first decade of the 14th century.
15. ^ Vásáry, István, ed. (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110\. ISBN 1139444085.109-110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft.isbn=1139444085&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
16. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 219–262\. ISBN 9781850439776.219-262&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor,+Michigan:+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781850439776&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
17. ^ Živković, Tibor; Kunčer, Dragana, eds. (2008). Roger - the forgotten Archbishop of Bar (PDF). Историјски часопис. 56. pp. 191–209.191-209&rft.pub=Историјски+часопис.+56&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IC56(2008)-T.ZivkovicD.Kuncer-Roger-TheForgotenArchbishopOfBar.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Станојевић, Станоје, ed. (1989). Историја српскога народа" (треће издање, репринт издања из 1926). Београд. ISBN 978-86-83639-01-4.
19. ^ Фајфрић, Жељко, ed. (1998). Света лоза Стефана Немање. Шид.
20. ^ Ћоровић, Владимир, ed. (1989). Историја српског народа (рукопис из 1941). Београд.
21. ^ Ћоровић, Владимир, ed. (1989). Историја српског народа (рукопис из 1941). Београд.
22. ^ Vásáry, István, ed. (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 112\. ISBN 1139444085.
23. ^ Vásáry, István, ed. (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 113\. ISBN 1139444085.
24. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 301\. ISBN 9781850439776.
25. ^ Soulis, George Christos, ed. (1984). The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successorst. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 19.
26. ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, ed. (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, C. 1295–1383. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521522014.
27. ^ The Serbian Empire of Stefan V fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities, some of which did not even nominally acknowledge his rule.
28. ^ Fine Jr., John V. A., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
29. ^ Lazar sought aid from his neighbors Tvtrko and Vuk Brankovic. Trtvko sent a large contingent under the command of Vlatko Vukovic. Vuk Brankovic came himself, leading his own men. Thus the Serbian army was composed of three contingents under these three leaders, none of whom was then a Turkish vassal.
30. ^ Budak, Neven, ed. (2001). "John of Palisna, the Hospitaller Prior of Varna". In Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, Jozsef (eds.). The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity. Central European University Press. ISBN 9639241423.
31. ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
32. ^ a b c d e Tuchman, Barbara W. (1978). A Distant Mirror: the Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 548\. ISBN 0-345-28394-5.
33. ^ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
34. ^ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
35. ^ (Djokić 2023, p. 128)

> Not all Serb magnates fought and died as Ottoman vassals. Vuk Branković, who survived the Kosovo battle, and who continued to rule over his realm that included Kosovo, joined a large Christian coalition led by Hungary, which now represented the 'bulwark of Christianity' and included Wallachian, Venetian, Bulgarian, Croatian, French and English troops. The Christian coalition was defeated by Ottomans at Nicopolis, Bulgaria in 1396. Branković died as an Ottoman prisoner the following year, but is ironically portrayed in the Serbian folklore as a Judas-like figure.

36. ^ (Cerović 2002, p. 228)

> Вук Бранковић, син Бранков, оженио се Маром, кћерком кнеза Лазара. Његови поседи протезали су се од Скопља до Копаоника и Сјенице, до горњих токова Таре и Мораче. После битке на Косову, примио је вазални однос према Турској. У бици код Никопоља учествовао је на страни Угарске, када га је заробио султан Бајазит и одвео га у заробљеништво, где је умро, 1397. године.

37. ^ "Battle of Nicopolis". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
38. ^ Siege of Damascus (1400)
39. ^ Timurid invasions of Georgia
40. ^ Siege of Smyrna
41. ^ In 1471, the Serbian Despotate was renewed in exile as a vassal of Hungary. Up until its demise in 1540, it spent its entirety fighting the Turks. The state provided support and auxiliary troops to the Kingdom of Hungary.
42. ^ Stefan Lazarević and other Serbian Despots had brief conflicts with Bosnia
43. ^ Battle of Kosovo (1448)
44. ^ Skanderbeg's Serbian Campaign
45. ^ During the Second battle of Kosovo, Hunyadis forces ravaged the Serbian countryside which lead to his arrest
46. ^ Many Serbs served as Venetian generals during the Cretan war, these include Stojan Janković, Ilija Smiljani, Krsto Vicković, etc.
47. ^ Vuk Mandušić and other rebel leaders lead multiple uprisings in Herzegovina 1647-1648
48. ^ Meriage, Lawrence P. (27 January 2017). "The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question". Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439\. doi:10.2307/2497684. JSTOR 2497684. S2CID 222355180.421-439&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222355180#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497684#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/2497684&rft.aulast=Meriage&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+P.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2497684&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
49. ^ a b Davis, G. Doug; Slobodchikoff, Michael O. (2018). Cultural Imperialism and the Decline of the Liberal Order: Russian and Western Soft Power in Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88\. ISBN 9781498585873.
50. ^ Even though the organization officially permitted only Greeks, many Serbs (and even Karađorđe himself) would become members ("brothers") of this organization by the end of the First Serbian Uprising, it is said that Filiki Eteria had a sector in Niš
51. ^ Vukov Blog: Graditelj Ćele kule. 29 May 2013.
52. ^ ..in the likes of Anastasije Dmitrijević
53. ^ A tactical detachment of some 250~ Serbs served under the command of  Charles Nicolas Fabvier, a French Philhellene
54. ^ Loukatos. pp. 105–107.105-107&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
55. ^ Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron, eds. (2000). Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries. University of California Press. p. 66\. ISBN 9780520218222.
56. ^ Torsten Ekman (2006). Suomen kaarti 1812–1905 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Schildts. ISBN 951-50-1534-0.
57. ^ Daur, Soner. Plevne'de Çerkesler
58. ^ Crampton, Richard; Crampton, Benjamin (2016). Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 15\. ISBN 9781317799528.
59. ^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino - Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
60. ^ "Там /в Плевенско и Търновско/ действително се говори, че тези черкези отвличат деца от българи, загинали през последните събития." (Из доклада на английския консул в Русе Р. Рийд от 16.06.1876 г. до английския посланик в Цариград Х. Елиот. в Н. Тодоров, Положението, с. 316)
61. ^ Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. Kafkasya'da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün (PDF). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
62. ^ BOA, HR. SYS. 1219/5, lef 28, p. 4
63. ^ Karataş, Ömer. The Settlement of the Caucasian Emigrants in the Balkans during lkans duringthe 19th Century Century
64. ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. IB Tauris. p. 202\. ISBN 9781845112875. "When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defense of the din ve devlet ve vatan in order to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization of their own, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies, and as a result foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent."
65. ^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84\. ISBN 9798840949085. "The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania"
66. ^ Hall, Richard C. (4 January 2002). The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 85\. ISBN 978-1-134-58363-8. Retrieved 19 April 2022. "Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912"
67. ^ Anagnostopoulos, Archimandrite Nikodemos (2017). Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 75\. ISBN 9781315297927.
68. ^ Document unitaire RAF – BR – PCC (1987) date=March 22, 2013 Archived 2013-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
69. ^ Christopher, Andrew; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2000). The Sword and the Shield: the Mitrokhin archive and the secret history of the KGB. Basic Books.
70. ^ "Gaddafi: A vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred". The Guardian. 23 August 2011.
71. ^ It was dismantled and became inactive.
72. ^ "Italian minister falls victim to corruption". The Independent. February 11, 1993. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07.
73. ^ Willan, Puppetmasters, p. 161
74. ^ Vulliamy, Ed (1990-12-05). "Secret agents, freemasons, fascists ... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
75. ^ "NAR: lo spontaneismo armato neofascista". Ariannaeditrice.it.
76. ^ "Croats and Serbs still bitter after genocide verdict". BBC News. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
77. ^ References:
* Stigler, Andrew L. (Winter 2002–2003). "A clear victory for air power: NATO's empty threat to invade Kosovo". International Security. 27 (3): 124–157\. doi:10.1162/01622880260553651. JSTOR 3092116.124-157&rft.date=2002/2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1162/01622880260553651&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3092116#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Stigler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
* Biddle, Stephen (2002). "The new way of war? Debating the Kosovo model". Foreign Affairs. 81 (3): 148–139\. doi:10.2307/20033168. JSTOR 20033168.148-139&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/20033168&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033168#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
* Dixon, Paul (2003). "Victory by spin? Britain, the US and the propaganda war over Kosovo". Civil Wars. 6 (4): 83–106\. doi:10.1080/13698240308402556.83-106&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/13698240308402556&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
* Harvey, Frank P (2006). "Getting NATO's success in Kosovo right: The theory and logic of counter-coercion". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 23 (2): 139–158\. doi:10.1080/07388940600665842. JSTOR 26275265.139-158&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/07388940600665842&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26275265#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Frank+P&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+wars+involving+Serbia" class="Z3988">
78. ^ a b Holley, David (25 May 2001). "Yugoslavia Occupies Last of Kosovo Buffer". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
79. ^ "Yugoslavia: Troops Win Tactical Victory in Presevo Valley". RFE/RL. 16 May 2001.
80. ^ "Southern Serbia's Fragile Peace". International Crisis Group. 9 December 2003. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
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* Djokić, Dejan (2023). A concise history of Serbia. Cambridge University Press.
* Cerović, Ljubivoje (2002). "Срби у Украјини".

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Lists of wars involving European countries

Sovereign states|

* Albania
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States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
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other entities|

* Åland
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