List of wars involving Turkey

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This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Turkey and includes conflicts such as coups, insurgencies, offensives, border and international disputes since the Turkish War of Independence in 1919. For wars before 1919, involving the Ottoman Empire, see List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire.

Turkish victory
Another result *
Turkish defeat
Ongoing conflict

*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

## Wars

[edit]

Conflict  | Turkey
and allies  | Opponent(s)  | Results  | Leaders

|
|
|
|

President(s) | Prime Minister(s) / Vice President(s)
War of Independence
(1919–1923)

* Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921)
* Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
* Turkish–Armenian War (1920)

|  Turkish Nationalists:
Ankara Government
(1919–1920; 1920–1923)

Also:

*  Azerbaijan
(1918–1920)
* Aras Republic
(1918–1919)
* Iğdır National Republic
(1918–1920)
* Provisional Kars Government
(1918–1919)
* Green Army
(1919–1920)
* Oltu Council Government
(1919–1920)
* Kurdistan[1]
(1919; 1921–1923)

| Allied powers:
Greece

France
(until 1921)[a]

* French West Africa[2]
* Armenian Legion
* Algeria[2]
* Morocco[2]
* Tunisia[2]

United Kingdom[b]

*  India[3][4][5]

Armenia
(in 1920)

* * *

Istanbul Government[c]
(in 1920)

* Other pro-Istanbul rebels

* * *

Georgia
(in 1921)

* * *

Separatists:

* Pontic Greek rebels
* Kurdish rebels
* Assyrian rebels
* Green Army
(1920–1921)

| Victory[12]

* Establishment of the Republic of Turkey

| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | Fevzi Çakmak

Rauf Orbay

Fethi Okyar

Sheikh Said rebellion
(1925)  |  Turkey |  Azadî | Victory

* Revolt suppressed

| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | İsmet İnönü
Ararat rebellion
(1927–1930)  |  Turkey |  Republic of Ararat | Victory

* Revolt suppressed

| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | İsmet İnönü
Dersim massacre
(1937–1938)  |  Turkey |  Kurdish Alevi rebels  | Victory

* Revolt suppressed

| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | İsmet İnönü

Celâl Bayar

World War II
(1939–1945)

* Turkish declaration of war on Germany and Japan

|  United States
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
China
France
Poland
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
India
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Uruguay
Argentina
Turkey |  Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Slovakia
Finland
Thailand
Manchukuo
Mengjiang | Victory

* Collapse of the German Reich
* Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
* Creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
* Beginning of the Cold War

| İsmet İnönü | Şükrü Saracoğlu
Korean War
(1950–1953)  |  South Korea

UN Command

* United States
* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Turkey
* Australia
* Philippines
* New Zealand
* Thailand
* Ethiopia
* Greece
* France
* Colombia
* Belgium
* South Africa
* Netherlands
* Luxembourg

|  North Korea
China
Soviet Union | Stalemate

* Korean Armistice Agreement

| Celâl Bayar | Adnan Menderes
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
(1974)  |  Turkey
TMT |  Cyprus
Greece | Victory

* Turkish overall control of 36.2% of Cyprus

| Fahri Korutürk | Bülent Ecevit
Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (1978–2025)

* Turkish operations during the conflict

* Turkey
* Ministry of National Defense
* General Staff
* Special Forces Command
* TAF
* Turkish Air Force
* Turkish Land Forces
* Turkish Naval Forces
* Ministry of Interior
* Turkish National Police
* Police Special Operations
* Gendarmerie General Command
* JİTEM (until early 1990s)
* JÖH
* Village Guards[13][14]
* National Intelligence Organization
* Other forces:
* Counter-Guerrilla (Until 1992)
* Grey Wolves (Not militarily involved)[15]
* Turkish Revenge Brigade (Not militarily involved)[16][17][18]
* Some Kurdish tribes (until 1985; became Village Guards)[19][20]

* Kurdistan Communities Union
* PKK
* HPG
* YJA-STAR
* YDG-H:
* YPS
* YPS-Jin
* SDF
* YPG[21][22][23][24][25][26]
* YPG International
* YPJ
* Anti-Terror Units
* PJAK
* YRK
* HPJ
* Sinjar Alliance
* Êzîdxan Women's Units
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* HBDH
* DKP
* MKP-HKO-PHG
* MLKP
* THKP-C/MLSPB-DC
* TKEP/L
* TKP/ML[27]
* DK (until 2017)[d]
* International Freedom Battalion

* * *

TAK

| 2025 Turkey–PKK peace process

* Arrest of Abdullah Öcalan on February 15, 1999, in Nairobi, Kenya.
* Attempted peace process initiated in 2012, failed in 2015.[28][29][30][31]
* A second peace process initiated in 2024. Öcalan calls on PKK to disarm and dissolve on February 27, 2025, PKK declares unilateral ceasefire with Turkey and beginning of dissolution process on 1 March.[32]
* PKK convenes congress between 5-7 May, declares dissolution and end of conflict on 12 May 2025.[33][34]

| Fahri Korutürk

Kenan Evren

Turgut Özal

Süleyman Demirel

Ahmet Necdet Sezer

Abdullah Gül

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

| Bülent Ecevit

Süleyman Demirel

Bülend Ulusu

Turgut Özal

Yıldırım Akbulut

Mesut Yılmaz

Tansu Çiller

Necmettin Erbakan

Abdullah Gül

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Ahmet Davutoğlu

Binali Yıldırım

Fuat Oktay

Cevdet Yılmaz

Gulf War
(1990–1991)  |  Kuwait
United States
United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
France

* * *

Coalition:

* Afghanistan[35]
* Syria[36]
* Morocco
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Canada
* United Arab Emirates
* Qatar
* Bangladesh
* Italy
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Germany
* Philippines
* Sweden
* Turkey[37]
* Argentina
* Senegal
* Spain
*  Bahrain
* Belgium
* Poland
* South Korea
* Singapore
* Norway
* Czechoslovakia
* Greece
* Denmark[38]
* New Zealand
* Hungary

|  Iraq

* Republic of Kuwait (Iraqi puppet state)

| Victory

* Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait
* Kuwaiti independence restored
* Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure
* Shia and Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government
* Saddam Hussein regime of the Iraqi Baathist government retains power in Iraq
* UN sanctions against Iraq
* Iraqi no-fly zones established
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease-fire terms, beginning of the Iraq disarmament controversies
* State of Kuwait restored
* Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy, establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US'

| Turgut Özal | Yıldırım Akbulut
Bosnian War
(1995)
(Participant in NATO Operation Deliberate Force) |

NATO

* Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

|  Republika Srpska | Victory[39]

* Turkey committed 8 of 173 aircraft in the NATO force,[39] flew 2.2 percent of sorties[40]
* Dayton Agreement, deployment of NATO-led IFOR

| Süleyman Demirel | Tansu Çiller
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
(1997)  |  KDP
Turkey |  PUK
PKK | Ceasefire

* Peace treaty between the KDP and the PUK

| Süleyman Demirel | Necmettin Erbakan

Mesut Yılmaz

Kosovo War
(1998–1999)
(Participant in NATO Operation Allied Force) |  UÇK

NATO

* Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

|  FR Yugoslavia | Victory

* Turkey committed 11 F-16 aircraft to the NATO force, and US use of air bases[41]
* Kumanovo Treaty

| Süleyman Demirel | Mesut Yılmaz

Bülent Ecevit

War in Afghanistan
(2001–2021)  |  Afghanistan

ISAF

* United States
* United Kingdom
* Australia
* Canada
* Germany
* France
* Italy
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Turkey
* Romania
* Georgia
* South Korea
* Poland
* Denmark
* Sweden
* Norway
* Finland
* Singapore
* New Zealand
* Mongolia
* Hungary
* Belgium
* Estonia
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Portugal
* Albania
* Slovenia

|  Taliban | Taliban victory / Turkish-allied defeat

* Fall of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in 2001
* International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) concluded their mission in 2014[42]
* Resolute Support Mission (RSM) was a non-combat mission and terminated in 2021 with the US-led withdrawal[43]
* Taliban control over Afghanistan increases compared to pre-intervention territory
* Return of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in 2021

| Ahmet Necdet Sezer

Abdullah Gül

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

| Bülent Ecevit

Abdullah Gül

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Ahmet Davutoğlu

Binali Yıldırım

Fuat Oktay

Boko Haram insurgency
(2009–present)  | Multinational Joint Task Force

* Nigeria
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Niger
* Benin

Local militias and vigilantes

* CJTF, BOYES (Nigeria)
* Comités de vigilance (Chad, Cameroon)
* Dan banga (Niger)

Foreign mercenaries

* STTEP

Turkey

|  Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL from 2015)[e]

* Shekau faction
* Several minor factions

ISWAP (originally Barnawi faction of Boko Haram; from 2016)
Ansaru[f]

| Ongoing | Abdullah Gül

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Ahmet Davutoğlu

Binali Yıldırım

Fuat Oktay

Cevdet Yılmaz

First Libyan Civil War
(2011)
(Assisted NATO military intervention) |  NTC
Qatar

NATO coalition

* United States
*  United Kingdom
* France
*  Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Denmark
* Greece
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Romania
* Spain
* Turkey
* Sweden
* Jordan
* United Arab Emirates

|  Libya | Victory

* Turkey helped enforce the no-fly zone and naval blockade[44]
* The NTC assumed interim control of Libya

| Abdullah Gül | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war
(2011–present)

* Operation Euphrates Shield (2016–2017)
* Operation Olive Branch (2018–2019)
* Operation Peace Spring (2019)
* Operation Spring Shield (2020)

|  Turkey
Syrian opposition

* Free Syrian Army
* Syrian National Army
* Al-Nusra Front
* Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham[45]
* Southern Operations Room[citation needed]

Supported by:

* NATO[46]
* United States
* United Kingdom
* France (2011–2017)[47]
*  Germany
*  Spain
* Azerbaijan[48]
* Qatar[49][50]
* Russia[g]
* Government of National Accord[52]

|  Syrian Democratic Forces

IFB

Supported by:

* United States
* United Kingdom
* France (2011–2017)[53][54][55]
* United Arab Emirates (2017–2018)[56][57][58][59]
* Saudi Arabia (2018)[59]
* Russia (limited)

* * *

PKK[60]

* * *

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

* * *

Syrian Arab Republic
Russia [61]
Iran [62]
Libyan National Army
Hezbollah

Supported by:

* China[63][64]
* Angola[65]
* Belarus[66]

| Ongoing

* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* On 27 November 2024, Syrian rebels launch a major offensive against the Assad regime, effectively taking over the country by 8 December 2024, leading to the Fall of the Assad regime
* Turkish Armed Forces and the Syrian National Army captured a total area of 8,835 square kilometres (3,411 sq mi)[67][68][69] including over 1000 settlements[70][71]

| Abdullah Gül

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Ahmet Davutoğlu

Binali Yıldırım

Fuat Oktay

Cevdet Yılmaz

American-led intervention in Iraq
(2014–2017)  | Coalition of foreign countries:
CJTF–OIR

* United States
* Australia[72]
* Belgium[73][74]
* Canada
(2014–16)[75]
* Denmark[76][77]
* France[78][79]
* Germany[80][81]
* Italy[82]
* Jordan
* Morocco
(2014–16)[83]
* Netherlands[84][85]
* New Zealand[86]
* United Kingdom[87]
* Turkey
(2014–17)

* * *

Local forces:
Iraq

* Iraqi Armed Forces
* ISOF
* IrAF
* Nineveh Plain Protection Units
* Peshmerga[88]

|  Islamic State Of Iraq and The Levant
White Flags[89] | Coalition and Iraqi victory[90]

* Tens of thousands of ISIL fighters killed
* 14,616 U.S. and allied airstrikes on ISIL positions in Iraq[91]
* Heavy damage dealt to ISIL forces; military defeat in Iraq
* Iraq declares military victory against ISIL on 9 December 2017[92]
* Low-intensity ISIL insurgency following December 2017
* Iraqi government forces regain control of all parts of Iraq previously controlled by ISIL[citation needed]

| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | Ahmet Davutoğlu

Binali Yıldırım

Turkish intervention in Libya (2020–present) |  Turkey
Syrian Interim Government
SADAT International Defense Consultancy

In support of:
Government of National Accord (until 2021)
Government of National Unity (since 2021)

Supported by:

* Italy[93]
* Malta[94]
* Qatar[95][96]

|  House of Representatives
Ba'athist Syria[97]
Wagner Group
Gaddafi loyalists

* Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya

Supported by:

* Egypt[98]
* Greece[99]
* Saudi Arabia[100]
* France[101]
* Russia[102]
* United Arab Emirates[101]

Ongoing

* Turkish-GNA victory
* Turkey and its proxies pushed LNA out of Tripoli; ceasefire[103]
* GNA repelled the LNA offensive and advanced towards Sirte and Western Libya

| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | Fuat Oktay

Cevdet Yılmaz

## See also

[edit]

* Civil conflict in Turkey
* Military history of Turkey
* List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
* List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
* Military history of the Ottoman Empire

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Treaty of Ankara was signed in 1921 and the Franco-Turkish War thus ended. The French troops remained in Constantinople with the other Allied troops.
2. ^ The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought directly against Turkish irregular forces in the Greek Summer Offensive with the Greek troops. However, after this the United Kingdom would not take part in any more major fighting.[6][7][8][9] Moreover, the British troops occupied several towns in Turkey such as Mudanya.[10] Naval landing forces had tried to capture Mudanya as early as 25 June 1920, but stubborn Turkish resistance inflicted casualties on British forces and forced them to withdraw. There were many instances of successful delaying operations of small Turkish irregular forces against numerical superior enemy troops.[11] The United Kingdom, which also fought diplomatically against the Turkish National Movement, came to the brink of a great war in September 1922 (Chanak Crisis).
3. ^ The Ottoman controlled Kuva-yi Inzibatiye ("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the Greek Summer Offensive and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other revolts (e.g. Anzavur).
4. ^ Merged with the Revolutionary Communard Party (DKP) in 2017.
5. ^ Following Mohammed Yusuf's death, Boko Haram splintered into numerous factions which no longer operated under a unified leadership. Though Abubakar Shekau eventually became the preeminent commander of the movement, he never really controlled all Boko Haram groups. Instead, the factions were loosely allied, but also occasionally clashed with each other. This situation changed in 2015 when Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL. The leadership of ISIL eventually decided to replace Shekau as a local commander with Abu Mus'ab al-Barnawi, whereupon the movement split completely. Shekau no longer recognized the authority of ISIL's central command, and his loyalists started to openly fight the followers of al-Barnawi. Regardless, Shekau did never officially renounce his pledge of allegiance to ISIL as a whole; his forces are thus occasionally regarded as "second branch of ISWAP". Overall, the relation of Shekau with ISIL remains confused and ambiguous.
6. ^ The exact origin of Ansaru is unclear, but it had already existed as Boko Haram faction before officially announcing its foundation as separate group on 1 January 2012. The group has no known military presence in Nigeria since 2015, but several of its members appear to be still active.
7. ^ Only against ISIL (2016–2017)[51]

## References

[edit]

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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Gingeras, Ryan (2022). The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. Dublin: Random House. ISBN 978-0-241-44432-0.

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