List of wars involving Uganda

The following is a list of wars involving Uganda.

Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | President | Ugandan
losses

|
|
|
|
|

Rwenzururu Uprising
(1962–1982)  |  Uganda |  Rwenzururu Movement | Victory

* Peace treaty signed in 1982[1]

Mutesa II of Buganda

Unknown

Simba Rebellion
(1963–1965)  |

Simba rebels

* Gbenye-Olenga faction
* Soumialot faction
* Kabila-Massengo faction

Rwandan exile groups[2]
Uganda[3]
Sudan[4]

Foreign support

* Soviet Union
* Cuba
*  Tanganyikab
* China[5]
* Burundi
* Egypt[6]
* Algeria[7]

Democratic Republic of the Congoa.
Belgium
United States
Anyanya
Banyamulenge militias (1965)[8]

| Democratic Republic of the Congo Government victory |

Unknown

First Sudanese Civil War
(1965–1972)[9] |  Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(1955–1956)
Republic of the Sudan
(1956–1969)
Democratic Republic of the Sudan
(1969–1972)
Combat support:
Uganda
(Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969)[10]
Libyan Arab Republic
(From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970)[11]
Non-combat support:
United Arab Republic[11][12]
Soviet Union[13][12]
United Kingdom[12][14]
China[12][14]
Yugoslavia[12][14]
East Germany[12][14]
Czechoslovakia[14]
Saudi Arabia[14]
Kingdom of Libya (until 1969)[14]
Algeria[14]
United States[15]
West Germany[15] |  SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias
ALF (1965–1970)
Anyanya (from 1963)[16]
Israel (from 1969)[17][18][19]
Supported by:
Ethiopia[20][21]
Uganda (from about 1970)[20][18]
Congo-Léopoldville[22]
Kenya[20]
France[23] | Stalemate[24] |

Unknown

Mengo Crisis
(1966)[citation needed] |  Uganda (Obote loyalists) |  Buganda (Mutesa II loyalists) | Regime change

* Milton Obote becomes president

200+

1972 invasion of Uganda
(1972)  |  Uganda
Libya
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)  |  Ugandan rebels

* People's Army
* UPC supporters

Tanzania

| Ugandan government victory |

Idi Amin

Unknown

Arube uprising
(1974)[citation needed] |  Ugandan government |  Putschists  | Government victory

* Purge in the Uganda Army
* Several concessions are made to coup sympathizers, including the appointment of Mustafa Adrisi as army chief of staff

100+

Operation Entebbe
(1976)[citation needed] |  PFLP–EO
Revolutionary Cells
Uganda |  Israel
Supported by:
Kenya | Israeli victory

* 102 of 106 hostages rescued[25]
* ~25% of Uganda's military aircraft destroyed[26]

* 102 of 106 hostages rescued

Uganda–Tanzania War
(1978–1979)  |  Uganda
Libya
Palestine Liberation Organization
Supported by:
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia |  Tanzania
Uganda National Liberation Front

* Kikosi Maalum
* Front for National Salvation
* Save Uganda Movement
* Others

Mozambique
Supported by:
Zambia
Angola
Ethiopia
Algeria |

* Tanzanian victory
* Collapse of the Second Republic of Uganda

~1,650

Ugandan Bush War
(1980–1986)  |  Ugandan government

* UNLF/UPC
* FEDEMU (from 1985)
* FUNA (from 1985)
* UNRF (I) (from 1985)
* UFM (from 1985)

Tanzania (until 1985)
North Korea (1981–1985)
Zaire (1986, alleged)[27]

|  National Resistance Movement (NRM)

* PRA
* UFF

West Nile rebels:

* Uganda Army (1980)[28]
* UNRF (I) (1980–85)[28]
* FUNA (1980–85)[28]
* Nile Regiment[29]

UFM (1980–83)
FEDEMU (1983–85)[30]
ULM[31]
UNLF-AD[32]

* * *

Rwenzururu movement (until 1982)
Karamojong groups

| NRM victory

* civil war de facto continues

Milton Obote

~100,000–
500,000

War in Uganda (1986–1994) |  Uganda (NRM government)

* NRA
* Local Defence Units (LDU)
* Arrow Boys

Supported by:
North Korea[33]

| UPDA
UPA
HSM (Auma)
HSM (Lukoya)
HSM (Ojuk)
UUGM
HSM (Kony), UHSA, UPDCA, LA, LRA
FOBA
NALU
WNBF
FUNA
UNDA, UFA
NOM
Tablighi Jamaat militants (including UMFF)
Supported by:
Zaire (only western rebels)
Kenya[a]
Sudan[34] | Ugandan government mostly suppresses rebel activity

* UPDA, HSM, UPA, FOBA and UNDA mostly or completely defeated
* Some rebel groups, including the LRA, continue their insurgencies

Yoweri Museveni

| High civilian losses
LRA Insurgency
(1987–)  |  Uganda
Zaire (until 1997)
DR Congo (from 1997)
Central African Republic (from 2008)[35]
South Sudan
Arrow Boys
UFDR
MONUC[36]
Russia (since April 2024)

* Wagner Group[37]

Supported by:
United States
(2011–2017)[38][39][40] North Korea(until 1990s)

| Lord's Resistance Army
Supported by:
Sudan (1994–2002)[41]
Allied Democratic Forces | Ongoing (Low-level)

* Founder and leader of the LRA Joseph Kony goes into hiding
* Senior LRA commander Dominic Ongwen surrenders to American forces in the Central African Republic and is tried at the Hague[42][43]
* Majority of LRA installations and encampments located in South Sudan and Uganda abandoned and dismantled
* Small scale LRA activity continues in eastern DR Congo, and the Central African Republic[35]

Yoweri Museveni

65,000+

Second Sudanese Civil War
(1993–2005)  |  SPLA

* SPLA-Mainstream[44]
* SPLA-Agar
* SPDF
* ALF
* Titweng[45]

SSLM
NDA
Sudanese Alliance Forces[46]
Anyanya II
Eastern Coalition
FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998)[47]
Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005)[48]
Uganda (from 1993)[49][50]
Non-combat aid:
Libya (1983–1985)[51][52]
Israel[53]
Cuba (until 1991)[54]

|  Sudan

* Armed Forces
* PDF
* Army of Peace
* Muraheleen
* Ex-FAR and Interahamwe[55]

SSDF
SPLA dissidents

* SPLA-Nasir
* SPLA-United[44]
* SSIM/A

Nuer White Army
Ugandan insurgents:

* LRA[56]
* WNBF[57]
* UNRF (II)[57]

Zaire (1994–1997)[58][59]
al-Qaeda (1991–1996)[60][47][irrelevant citation]
Iraq[b]
China[c]

* * *

Combat aid:
DR Congo (1998–2003)

* * *

Non-combat aid:
Iran[64]
Belarus (from 1996)[65][66] | Stalemate[67] |

Unknown

ADF Insurgency
(1996–)  |  Uganda

DR Congo

* Armed Forces (FARDC)

MONUSCO

* Force Intervention Brigade

|  ADF (1996–2015)

* NALU

* * *

ISIL[68]

* IS-CAP[69]
* ADF-Baluku

ADF-Mukulu

* NALU

RCD/K-ML

* APC[70]

Mai-Mai Kyandenga (2020–present)
Supported by: FARDC elements[70]
LRA
Al-Shabaab[68] (disputed)[71]
Various Jihadi groups (Ugandan and MONUSCO claim)[71]
Sudan (1990s; currently unknown)

| Ongoing |

Unknown

First Congo War
(1996–1997)  |  AFDL
Rwanda
Uganda[72]
Burundi[73]
Angola[73]
SPLA[58]
Eritrea[74]
Supported by:
South Africa[75]
Zambia[76]
Zimbabwe[75]
Ethiopia[77]
Tanzania
United States (covertly)[78]

* * *

Mai-Mai[d]

|  Zaire

* FAZ
* White Legion

Sudan[58]
Chad[79]
Ex-FAR/ALiR
Interahamwe
CNDD-FDD[80]
UNITA[81]
ADF[82]
FLNC[83]
Supported by:
France
Central African Republic
China[84]
Israel[84]
Kuwait (denied)[84]

* * *

Mai-Mai[d]

| AFDL victory

* Overthrow of the Mobutu regime
* Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president
* Beginning of Second Congo War

Unknown

Second Congo War
(1998–2002)[88] |

* Rwandan-aligned militias:

* RCD
* RCD-Goma
* Banyamulenge

* Ugandan-aligned militias:

* MLC
* Forces for Renewal
* UPC
* Other Tutsi-aligned forces

* Anti-Angolan forces:

* UNITA

* Foreign state actors:

*  Uganda
* Rwanda
*  Burundi
* Libya (alleged)[89]

* Pro-government:

* DR Congo
*  Angola
*  Chad
*  Namibia
*  Zimbabwe
*  Sudan (alleged)

* Anti-Ugandan forces:

* LRA
* ADF
* UNRF II
* FNI

* Anti-Rwandan militias:

* FDLR
* ALiR
* Interahamwe
* RDR
* Mai-Mai
* Other Hutu-aligned forces

* Anti-Burundi militias:

* CNDD-FDD
* FROLINA

Military stalemate

* Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
* Sun City Agreement
* Creation of a unified, multi-party government in DR Congo, with Joseph Kabila as president
* Pretoria Accord; Rwandan withdrawal from DR Congo in exchange for commitment towards the disarmament of Hutu militias.
* The Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is established, deployment of MONUC.
* End of the Angolan Civil War.
* Continuation of the Ituri conflict.
* Start of the Kivu conflict.

Unknown

Six-Day War
(2000)  |  Uganda |  Rwanda | UN-brokered ceasefire

* Rwanda maintains control over Simsimi Airport
* Uganda asked by the UN to withdraw north to Bafasende
* Capture of Ugandan senior officers, in contravention of the ceasefire

~2,000

Somali Civil War
(2007–)  | 2007–2009:
Insurgency:

* Ethiopia
* TFG
* Puntland
* Galmudug
* Supported by:
* Malawi[90]
* United States

IGASOM[91]

* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Sudan
* Uganda

AMISOM[92]

* Burundi
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Sierra Leone
* Uganda

* Allied armed groups:
* ARPCT
* ASWJ

* * *

UNPOS

* * *

2009–present:

* Somalia
* Somali Armed Forces[92]

Regional forces

* Ma'awisley[93]
* Galmudug
* Galmudug Security Force
* Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a (until 2018)[94]
* Himan and Heeb (until 2015)
* Hirshabelle
* Khatumo
* Southwestern Somalia

United States[92][95][96]

* U.S. Army
* U.S. Marine Corps
* U.S. Air Force
* U.S. Navy
* CIA
* AFRICOM

China[97][98]

* People's Armed Police

AUSSOM (2025–present)[92]

* Burundi (under discussion)
* Djibouti
* Egypt (under discussion)
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Uganda

ATMIS (2022–2024)[92]

* Burundi
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Uganda

AMISOM (2007–2022)[92]

* Burundi
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Sierra Leone
* Uganda

Allies

* France[99]
* Italy[100]
* Russia[101][102]
* Turkey[92][103]
* United Arab Emirates[104]
* United Kingdom[105]

Non-combat support:

* European Union[106]
* EUTM Somalia

* * *

UNPOS (1995–2013)

UNSOM (2013–2024)

* Brazil
* Finland
* Germany
* Ghana
* India
* Indonesia
*   Nepal
* Sierra Leone
* Sweden
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Uganda
* United Kingdom
* Zimbabwe

UNTMIS (2025–present)
UNSOA (2009–2016)
UNSOS (2016–present)

* * *

Independent regional forces

Puntland

* Puntland Security Force
* Puntland Dervish Force
* Puntland Maritime Police Force

Jubaland

* Jubaland Dervish Force
* Raskamboni Movement

2007–2009:
Insurgency:
Al-Shabaab
ICU loyalists
Hizbul Islam
Ras Kamboni Brigades
Jabhatul Islamiya
Muaskar Anole
ARS

* * *

2007–2009:
Somaliland

* * *

2009–present:

* Al-Qaeda and allies
* Al-Shabaab
* AQAP
* AQIM

Hizbul Islam (until 2010; 2012–2013)

Alleged state allies:
Eritrea[107]

* Iran[108]
* Quds Force[109]
* Qatar[110]

Alleged non-state allies:
Houthis[111][112]
Somali pirates[113]

* * *

* Islamic State (since 2015)[114][115]
* Somalia Wilayah

Allies
IS-YP[116]
Somali pirates[113]

* * *

2009–present:

* Somaliland
* Somaliland Armed Forces
* SSB[117][118]

Alleged support:

* Ethiopia[119]
* UAE[120]
* United Kingdom
* Yemen
* European Union

| Ongoing

* Ethiopian invasion against the Islamic Courts Union
* Conflict between radical Islamists and the government continues
* New government formed in 2012
* Las Anod conflict between Somaliland and SSC-Khatumo begins in 2023
* Ongoing constitutional crisis in Somalia since 2023

110–
2,700+

South Sudanese Civil War
(2013–2015)  |  South Sudan

* SPLA
* Air Force
* Mathiang Anyoor
* Maban Defence Force[121]

Allied militias:
SSLM
SRF

* JEM[e]
* SPLM-N[126][124] (alleged)
* SLA-AW[127]
* SLA-MM[127]

EUPF[128] (alleged)
State allies:
Uganda
Egypt[129] (alleged)

|  UNMISS[130]

* Regional Protection Force[131]
* Rwanda
* Ethiopia

* * *

SPLM-IO[132]
Nuer White Army[133]

SSDM

* Cobra Faction[f]
* Agwelek forces[137][138]

TFNF[139]
SSFDP[140]
South Sudan National Army[141][142]
NAS
Wau State insurgents[143]
SSOA
SSOMA/NSSSOG
Supported by:
Sudan (South Sudanese gov. claim)[144]

| Stalemate

* Uganda withdrawals from conflict
* IGAD-negotiated settlement fails

Unknown

Kasese clashes
(2016)[citation needed] |  Uganda |  Rwenzururu | Ugandan victory |

16[145]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Kenya was accused by the Ugandan government of supporting Ugandan rebels. In addition, border clashes between the two countries took place in 1987 and 1989.
2. ^ Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;[61] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".[62] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.[63]
3. ^ Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.[63]
4. ^ a b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.[85] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.[86] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.[87]
5. ^ The SPLM-IO accused JEM of supporting Kiir's government since 2013, though JEM has denied any involvement and claims to maintain neutrality in the South Sudanese Civil War.[122] The Sudanese government,[123] aid workers[122] and other sources[124] have however affirmed that JEM is taking part in conflict on the side of the South Sudanese government.[125]
6. ^ The Cobra Faction openly opposed the government until 2014, and remained in relative opposition until 2015, when it divided into a pro-government and pro-SPLM-IO faction, the latter of which formed the Greater Pibor Forces. In early 2016, the Cobra Faction effectively disbanded, when the remaining group joined the government.[134][135] In September 2016, however, the Cobra Faction was declared restored by some of its commanders and declared that it had resumed its struggle against the government.[136]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Prunier, 82. See Kirsten Alnaes, "Songs of the Rwenzururu Rebellion," in P. H. Gulliver, ed., Tradition and Transition in East Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), 243-272.
2. ^ Stapleton 2017, p. 245. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStapleton2017 (help)
3. ^ Mujaju 1987, p. 484. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMujaju1987 (help)
4. ^ Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
5. ^ Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
6. ^ Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
7. ^ Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
8. ^ Prunier 2009, pp. 51–52.
9. ^ OBallance 1977, p. 143-44. sfn error: no target: CITEREFOBallance1977 (help)
10. ^ Poggo (2009), p. 151. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPoggo2009 (help)
11. ^ a b Poggo (2009), p. 166. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPoggo2009 (help)
12. ^ a b c d e f Poggo (2009), p. 1. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPoggo2009 (help)
13. ^ OBallance 1977, p. 119-120. sfn error: no target: CITEREFOBallance1977 (help)
14. ^ a b c d e f g h Poggo (2009), p. 155. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPoggo2009 (help)
15. ^ a b Poggo (2009), p. 165. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPoggo2009 (help)
16. ^ Martell (2018), p. 72. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartell2018 (help)
17. ^ Martell (2018), pp. 79–82. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartell2018 (help)
18. ^ a b Johnson, Douglas (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 36–37\. ISBN 978-1847010292.
19. ^ Leach, Justin (2012). War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. I.B.Tauris. p. 178\. ISBN 978-1780762272.
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21. ^ Acig.org. "Sudan, Civil War since 1955".
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26. ^ 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages, BBC
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30. ^ CIA 2012, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCIA2012 (help)
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46. ^ Plaut (2016), p. 77.
47. ^ a b de Waal (2007), p. 12. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFde_Waal2007 (help)
48. ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 77–78.
49. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 75.
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54. ^ "Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki".
55. ^ Prunier (2004), p. 377.
56. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 82.
57. ^ a b Leopold (2001), pp. 99–100. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLeopold2001 (help)
58. ^ a b c Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
59. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 74, 82.
60. ^ Connell (1998), p. 55. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFConnell1998 (help)
61. ^ Bassil (2013), pp. 168–169. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBassil2013 (help)
62. ^ Martell (2018), p. 147. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartell2018 (help)
63. ^ a b Khalid (2010), p. 348. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKhalid2010 (help)
64. ^ Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 at Google Books
65. ^ "Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии – Владимир Сегенюк". newsland.com.
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67. ^ Kadhim, Abbas K. Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook. London: Routledge, 2013, p. 422
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70. ^ a b "THE BENI KILLINGS: OUR FINDINGS". Congo Research Group. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
71. ^ a b Kristof Titeca (27 September 2016). "Jihadis in Congo? Probably not". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
72. ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.
73. ^ a b Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. "Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt."
74. ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.
75. ^ a b "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8\. "In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa"
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## Sources

[edit]

* Plaut, Martin (2016). Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-066959-1.
* Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)". African Affairs. 103 (412): 359–383\. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh050. JSTOR 3518562.
* Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
* Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11128-7.

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