List of wars involving Vietnam

List of wars and conflicts involving Vietnam and its predecessor states

See also: Military history of Vietnam

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This is a list of wars involving the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and its predecessor states.

Color legend:

* Red: Involve with China
* Yellow: involve with Champa
* Brown: civil war
* White: internal conflict, throne crisis

## Ancient era

[edit]

### Hồng Bàng dynasty (2879–258 BC)

[edit]

Conflict  | Van Lang  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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Âu Việt-Lạc Việt War (258–257 BC)[a] | Văn Lang under Hung Kings
(Lạc Việt) | Âu Việt led by Thục Phán | Victory for Âu Việt

* Thục Phán (An Dương Vương) conquered Lạc Việt.
* Merging of Âu Việt and Lạc Việt into Âu Lạc.

### Thục dynasty (258–207 BC or 208–179 BC)

[edit]

Conflict  | Thuc dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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Qin campaign against the Baiyue (221–214 BC)  | Baiyue | Qin dynasty | Qin victory

* Qin annexation of Minyue, Nanyue and Dong'ou

Âu Lạc-Nanyue War (207 BC or 179 BC)  | Âu Lạc under Thuc dynasty (An Duong Vuong)  | Nanyue led by Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà)  | Defeat

* Nanyue annexed Âu Lạc.

### Triệu dynasty (207 BC or 179–111 BC)

[edit]

Conflict  | Trieu (Zhao) dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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Han conquest of Nanyue (111 BC)  | Nanyue | Han dynasty | Han victory

* Nanyue annexed by the Han
* Beginning of the First Era of Northern Domination in Vietnam

## First, Second and Third Chinese domination era

[edit]

### First Chinese domination (111 BC – 40 AD)

[edit]

Conflict  | Jiaozhi  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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Tây Vu Vương rebellion (111 BC)  | Tây Vu Vương's forces in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen Commanderies  | Han dynasty (Western Han) under Emperor Wu | Defeat

* Tay Vu Vuong killed.

Trưng Sisters' Uprising (40 AD)  | Trưng sisters' forces in Jiaozhi Commandery  | Han dynasty (Eastern Han) under Emperor Guangwu | Victory

* Trưng Trắc proclaimed as Queen of Lingnan.
* End of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.

### Trưng Queen (40–43)

[edit]

Conflict  | Trung Queen  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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Han invasion of Lingnan (42–43)  | Lingnan under Trưng Queen | Han dynasty (Eastern Han)  | Defeat

* Death of the Trưng sisters.
* Eastern Han annexed Lingnan.
* Beginning of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.

### Second Chinese domination (43–541)

[edit]

Conflict  | Jiaozhi/Jiaozhou  | Opponents  | Result

|
|
|

Chu Đạt's rebellion (157–160)  | Chu Đạt's forces in Jiuzhen | Han dynasty (Eastern Han)  | Defeat
Liang Long's rebellion (178–181)  | Liang Long's forces in Hepu, Jiuzhen, Jiaozhi and Rinan | Han dynasty (Eastern Han)  | Defeat
Sri Mara's rebellion (192)  | Sri Mara's forces (Khu Liên) in Xianglin | Han dynasty (Eastern Han)  | Victory

* Foundation of Lâm Ấp (Linyi) kingdom, predecessor to later Champa kingdoms.

Lady Triệu's rebellion (248)  | Lady Triệu's forces in Jiaozhou | Eastern Wu | Defeat
Jiao Province Campaign (263–271)  | Eastern Wu | Cao Wei (until 266)
Western Jin (from 266)  | Eastern Wu victory

* Eastern Wu reclaims Jiao Province

Jin–Lâm Ấp conflict (351–359)  | Jiaozhou under Jin dynasty | Lâm Ấp (Linyi)  | Victory for Jin
Jin–Lâm Ấp conflict (399)  | Jiaozhou under Jin dynasty | Lâm Ấp (Linyi)  | Victory for Jin
Jin–Lâm Ấp conflict (413–415)  | Jiaozhou under Jin dynasty | Lâm Ấp (Linyi)  | Victory for Jin
Liu Song-Lâm Ấp War
(445–446)  | Jiaozhou under Liu Song dynasty | Lâm Ấp (Linyi)  | Victory for Liu Song

* Sack of Kandarapura, capital city of Lâm Ấp, by the Liu Song.

Lý Trường Nhân's rebellion (468)[1] | Lý Trường Nhân's forces in Jiaozhou | Liu Song | Victory

* Liu Song agreed to appoint Lý Trường Nhân as governor of Jiaozhou.

Lý Bí's rebellion (541–544)  | Lý Bí's forces in Jiaozhou | Liang dynasty | Victory

* Lý Bí proclaimed as the Emperor of Vạn Xuân.
* Foundation of Vạn Xuân kingdom under Early Lý dynasty.
* End of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.

### Early Lý dynasty (544–602)

[edit]

Conflict  | Early Ly dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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Vạn Xuân-Lâm Ấp War (543)  | Vạn Xuân under Early Lý dynasty | Lâm Ấp | Victory
Liang–Vạn Xuân War (545–550)  | Vạn Xuân under Early Lý dynasty | Liang dynasty | Victory

* Liang forces withdrew from Vạn Xuân to quell Hou Jing's rebellion in Liang China

Vạn Xuân–Dã Năng War (557–571)  | Vạn Xuân led by Triệu Quang Phục | Dã Năng (vi) led by Lý Phật Tử | Territorial and throne changes

* Lý Phật Tử proclaimed Emperor of Vạn Xuân
* Merger of Vạn Xuân and Dã Năng

Sui–Vạn Xuân War (602)  | Former Lý dynasty | Sui dynasty  | Decisive Sui victory

* Surrender of Lý Phật Tử to Sui dynasty
* Chinese rule in Vietnam re-established

### Third Chinese domination (602–905)

[edit]

Conflict  | Event  | Annan/Jinghai  | Opponents  | Result

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Sui–Lâm Ấp War (605)  | Jiaozhi under Sui dynasty | Lâm Ấp | Victory for Sui
Lý Tự Tiên's rebellion (687)  | Lý Tự Tiên's and Đinh Kiến's forces in Annan | Tang dynasty | Defeat
Mai Thúc Loan's rebellion (722–723)  | Mai Thúc Loan's forces in Annan | Tang dynasty | Defeat
Phùng Hưng's rebellion (766–791)  | Phùng Hưng's forces in Annan | Tang dynasty | Defeat
Javanese raid in Tang's Annan (767)  | Annan under Tang dynasty | Javanese raiders from Shailendra dynasty | Victory for Tang
Javanese raids in Hoàn Vương (774–787)  | First raid (774)  | Hoàn Vương (Huanwang Champa)  | Javanese raiders from Shailendra dynasty | Victory for Hoàn Vương
Second raid
(787)  | Victory for Hoàn Vương
Hoàn Vương–Tang conflicts (803–809)  | First war (803)  | Annan under Tang dynasty | Hoàn Vương (Huanwang Champa)  | Victory for Tang
Second war (809)  | Victory for Tang
Dương Thanh's rebellion (819–820)  | Dương Thanh's forces in Annan | Tang dynasty | Defeat
Tang–Nanzhao wars (846–866)  | First raid (846)  | Annan under Tang dynasty | Nanzhao
Local rebels in Annan | Victory for Tang
Second raid (860–861)  | Victory for Tang
Siege of Songping (863)  | Defeat for Tang

* Nanzhao's forces captured Songping capital of Annan

Tang's offensive (865–866)  | Victory for Tang

* Tang's forces recaptured Songping and Annan

Khúc Thừa Dụ's rebellion (905)  | Khúc Thừa Dụ's forces in Jianghai Circuit | Tang dynasty | Victory

* Tang agreed to appoint Khúc Thừa Dụ as jiedushi of Jinghai Circuit
* Khúc clan established an autonomous government of the Vietnamese people
* End of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam

## Independent monarchical era

[edit]

### Autonomous period under Khúc clan and Dương clan (905–938)

[edit]

Conflict  | Khuc clan/Duong clan  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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First Jinghai–Southern Han War (930)  | Jinghai Circuit under Khúc clan | Southern Han dynasty | Defeat

* Southern Han captured Khúc Thừa Mỹ
* Jinghai Circuit fell under Southern Han control

Dương Đình Nghệ's rebellion (931)  | Dương Đình Nghệ's forces in Jinghai Circuit | Southern Han dynasty | Victory

* Dương Đình Nghệ self-established as jiedushi

Second Jinghai-Southern Han War (938)  | Ngô Quyền's forces in Jinghai Circuit | Southern Han dynasty | Victory

* Ngô Quyền crowned as the King of Jinghai
* Establishment of Ngô dynasty
* Beginning of Independent era

### Ngô dynasty (939–965)

[edit]

Conflict  | Ngo dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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|
|

Dương Tam Kha's mutiny (944–950)  | Ngô Xương Ngập's forces
Ngô Xương Văn's forces  | Dương Tam Kha's forces  | Victory for Ngo king

* Dương Tam Kha suppressed
* Both Ngô Xương Văn và Ngô Xương Ngập became king
* Ngô dynasty weakened

The rebellion of Đường and Nguyễn villages (965)[2] (vi)  | Ngô Xương Văn's forces in Jinghai Circuit | The rebels in Đường and Nguyễn villages  | Defeat:

* Ngô Xương Văn is killed in action
* Beginning of the 12 War Lords Anarchy

Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (965–968)  | 12 warlords, including Đinh Bộ Lĩnh's forces  | Victory for Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (Đinh Tiên Hoàng)

* Unification into Đại Cồ Việt
* Đinh Bộ Lĩnh crowned as the Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt
* Establishment of Đinh dynasty

### Đinh dynasty (968–980)

[edit]

Conflict  | Dinh dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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|
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Countercoup against Lê Hoàn (979)[3] | Loyal forces of Đinh Điền (vi), Nguyễn Bặc, Phạm Hạp and Ngô Nhật Khánh | Lê Hoàn's forces
Supported by:

* Queen dowager Dương Vân Nga

| Dynasty change

* Lê Hoàn (Lê Đại Hành) crowned as the Emperor
* Establishment of Early Lê dynasty

### Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)

[edit]

Conflict  | Early Le dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

|
|
|

Song–Đại Cồ Việt war (981)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | Song dynasty under Emperor Taizong | Victory

* Song forced to diplomatically recognize the sovereignty of Đại Cồ Việt

First Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War (982)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | Champa under Paramesvaravarman I | Victory
Dương Tiến Lộc's rebellion (989)[4] | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | The rebels of Dương Tiến Lộc in Hoan and Ái provinces  | Victory

* The rebellion was quelled

Song–Đại Cồ Việt border conflict (995)[5] (vi)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | Song army in Qinzhou and Namzningz | Victory

* Đại Cồ Việt navy raided Như Hồng province of Qinzhou.
* Đại Cồ Việt infantry attacked Namzningz but were defeated.
* Đại Cồ Việt agreed to make peace with the Song dynasty.

Conquered four tribes in Ma Hoàng (996)[6] | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | The army of tribe Đại, Phát, Đan, Ba in Ma Hoàng  | Victory

* The land of the four tribes - Đại, Phát, Đan, and Ba - in Ma Hoàng belonged to the Early Lê dynasty.

Conquered the tribes in Hà Động (999)[7] | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | The army of 49 tribes in Hà Động  | Victory

* Tribe Nhật Tắc and other tribes in Định Biên province were defeated
* All tribes capitulated to the emperor

Cử Long province's rebellion (1001)[7] | Đại Cồ Việt under Lê Đại Hành | The rebels in Cử Long province  | Victory

* The rebellion was quelled
* Đinh Toàn is killed in action

First Throne Crisis of Early Lê dynasty (1005)  | Lê Long Việt's forces  | Lê Long Tích's forces (vi)  | Victory for Lê Long Việt

* Lê Long Việt (Lê Trung Tông) crowned as the Emperor

Second Throne Crisis of Early Lê dynasty (1005)  | Lê Long Việt's royal court  | Rebellion forces of Lê Long Cân (vi), Lê Long Kính (vi) and Lê Long Đinh (vi)  | Victory for Lê Long Việt

### Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)

[edit]

Conflict  | Event  | Later Ly dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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Conquer the Cử Long army in Ái Châu (1011)[8] | Đại Cồ Việt under Lý Thái Tổ | The Cử Long army in Ái Châu  | Victory

* The Cử Long army in Ái Châu was dispersed

Dali–Đại Cồ Việt War (1014)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lý Thái Tổ | Dali Kingdom | Victory

* Đại Cồ Việt annexed a part of Dali

Throne crisis of Later Lý dynasty (1028)  | Crown Prince Lý Phật Mã's forces  | Rebellion forces of Đông Chinh Vương, Vũ Đức Vương and Dực Thánh Vương | Victory for Lý Phật Mã

* Lý Phật Mã (Lý Thái Tông) retained the throne

Nong Quanfu's rebellion (1038–1041)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lý Thái Tông | Nong Quanfu's Changqi Kingdom  | Victory

* Nong Quanfu killed

First Nong Zhigao rebellions (1041)[9] | Đại Cồ Việt under Lý Thái Tông | Nong Zhigao's Dali Kingdom  | Victory

* Nong Zhigao was defeated but spared by the emperor and was granted authority to govern the tribes and mountainous provinces.[9]

Second Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War (1044)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lý Thái Tông | Champa | Victory
Second Nong Zhigao rebellions (1048-55)  | Đại Cồ Việt under Lý Thái Tông | Nong Zhigao's Nantian Kingdom  | Victory

* Nong Zhigao killed

Champa–Đại Việt war (1069)  | Đại Việt under Lý Thánh Tông | Champa under Rudravarman III | Victory

* Đại Việt annexed Ma Linh, Bố Chính, Địa Lý (present-day Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị)

Đại Việt–Song war (1075–1077)  | Đại Việt's invasion of Song (1075–1076)  | Đại Việt under Lý Nhân Tông | Song dynasty under Emperor Shenzong | Victory

* Đại Việt's troops captured several Song's forts and later retreated

Song's counterattack (1077)  | Indecisive

* Song's forces repelled
* Status quo ante bellum and peace agreement between Later Lý dynasty and Song dynasty

Lý Giác's rebellion (1103)[10] | Đại Việt under Lý Nhân Tông | Rebellion forces of Lý Giác in Diễn Châu  | Victory[11]

* Nation army led by Lý Thường Kiệt defeated the rebellion
* Lý Giác fled to Champa
* Provoke the war with Champ in 1103 \- 1104

Đại Việt–Khmer Wars (1128–1137)  | First Khmer's campaign (1128)  | Đại Việt under Lý Thần Tông | Khmer Empire | Defeat
Khmer–Champa's joint campaign (1132)  | Khmer Empire
Champa | Defeat

* Invasion repelled
* Champa briefly regained control of Ma Linh, Bố Chính, Địa Lý, later expelled

Second Khmer's campaign (1137)  | Khmer Empire | Defeat
Quách Bốc's rebellion (1209)  | Đại Việt under Lý Cao Tông | Quách Bốc's forces  | Victory

* Decline of Later Lý dynasty

Nguyễn Nộn's rebellion (1213–1219)  | Đại Việt under Lý Huệ Tông | Nguyễn Nộn's forces (vi)  | Victory

* Decline of Later Lý dynasty

### Trần dynasty (1226–1400)

[edit]

Conflict  | Event  | Tran dynasty  | Opponents  | Results

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Second Champa–Đại Việt War (1252)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory
First Đại Việt–Mongol War (1257–1258)  | Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên – 1258  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Mongol Empire | Victory

* Mongol troops briefly occupied Thăng Long capital, then expelled out of Đại Việt
* Emperor Trần Thái Tông agreed to become a tributary state to the Mongols

First Đại Việt–Yuan War (1285)
or Second Đại Việt–Mongol War | Yuan's advance (January – May)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty
Champa | Yuan dynasty | Defeat

* Trần leadership implemented a scorched earth policy on Thăng Long capital and retreated
* Yuan troops occupied Thăng Long but failed to turn it into a strategic gain

Đại Việt's counteroffensive (May – June)  | Victory

* Yuan invasion repelled

Battle of Chương Dương – 1285  | Victory
Second Đại Việt–Yuan War (1287–1288)
or Third Đại Việt–Mongol War | Yuan's advance (1287 – January 1288)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Yuan dynasty | Defeat

* Yuan troops occupied Thăng Long capital

Battle of Bạch Đằng River (1288)  | Victory

* Yuan invasion repelled

Đại Việt–Muang Sua Wars (1294–1301)  | First war (1294)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Muang Sua | Victory

* Annexation of present-day eastern Xiangkhouang by Đại Việt

Second war (1297)
Third war (1301)
Third Champa–Đại Việt War (1311)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory

* King Chế Chí (Jaya Simhavarman IV) captured by Đại Việt
* Đại Việt installed Chế Năng as King of Champa

Fourth Champa–Đại Việt War (1318)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory

* Chế Năng escapeed to Majapahit

Fifth Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1368)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Defeat

* Beginning of a series of Champa's counter-offensives

Coup against Dương Nhật Lễ (1369–1370)  | Dương Nhật Lễ's royal court  | Trần Phủ's forces  | Throne change

* Trần Phủ (Trần Nghệ Tông) crowned as the Emperor
* Dương Nhật Lễ's Queen mother fled to Champa and asked Chế Bồng Nga (Po Binasour) to avenge her

Sixth Champa–Đại Việt War (1371)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Defeat

* Champa forces set the city on fire, seized women, jewels, and silks

Seventh Champa–Đại Việt War (1377)  | Battle of Vijaya – 1377  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Defeat

* Trần Duệ Tông ambushed and killed in action

Eighth Champa–Đại Việt War (1378)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Defeat

* Champa forces looted Thăng Long capital

Ninth Champa–Đại Việt War (1382)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory

* Champa attacks repelled

Tenth Champa-Đại Việt War (1390)  | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory

* Chế Bồng Nga (Po Binasour) killed in action
* Status quo ante bellum
* Decline of Trần dynasty

### Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)

[edit]

Conflict  | Event  | Ho dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

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Champa–Đại Ngu Wars (1400–1407)  | First Đại Ngu campaign
(1400)  | Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty | Champa | Defeat
Second Đại Ngu campaign (1402)  | Victory

* Đại Ngu annexed Chiêm Động and Cổ Lũy (present-day Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi)

Third Đại Ngu campaign (1403)  | Defeat

* Đại Ngu failed to capture Vijaya capital

Champa campaign (1407)  | Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty | Champa
Ming dynasty | Defeat

* Champa recaptured Chiêm Động and Cổ Lũy

Đại Ngu–Ming War (1406–1407)  | Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty | Ming dynasty | Defeat

* Emperor Hồ Hán Thương captured and killed by Ming forces
* Beginning of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam

## Fourth Chinese Domination era

[edit]

Conflict  | Jiaozhi  | Opponents  | Result

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|
|

Later Trần rebellion (1407–1414)  | Later Trần rebels in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Defeat

* Rebel suppressed

Lam Sơn uprising (1418–1427)  | Lam Sơn's rebels in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Victory

* Ming troops withdrew orderly with "the solemn oath of eternal friendship", under Lê Lợi (Lê Thái Tổ)'s supervision
* Đại Việt regained its independence
* Lê Lợi crowned as the Emperor of Đại Việt
* Establishment of Later Lê dynasty

## Revived monarchical era

[edit]

### Later Lê dynasty – Initial period (1428–1527)

[edit]

Conflict  | Event  | Later Le dynasty  | Opponents  | Results

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|
|
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Ngưu Hống rebellion (1431–1432)  | Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Ngưu Hống led by Đèo Cát Hãn | Victory
Eleventh Champa–Đại Việt War (1446)  | Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Champa | Victory

* Đại Việt captured Maha Vijaya

First throne crisis of Later Lê dynasty (1459)  | Lê Nghi Dân's coup d'état forces  | Lê Nhân Tông's royal court  | Throne change

* Lê Nhân Tông killed
* Lê Nghi Dân declared himself as the Emperor

Second throne crisis of Later Lê dynasty (1459–1460)  | Lê Nghi Dân's royal court  | Loyal forces of Nguyễn Xí, Đinh Liệt and Lê Lăng | Throne change

* Lê Nghi Dân killed
* Lê Tư Thành (Lê Thánh Tông) installed as the Emperor by the loyal forces

Twelfth Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)  | Đại Việt | Champa | Victory

* Annexation of large portions of northern Champa by Đại Việt
* Decline of Champa Kingdom

Đại Việt–Lan Xang War (1479–1484)
or White Elephant War | Đại Việt | Lan Xang
Lan Na
Muang Phuan
Shan States | Defeat (see analysis)

* Sack of Xiangkhouang capital of Muang Phuan by Đại Việt
* Đại Việt's troops withdrew from Lan Xang and Lanna
* Laotian, Thai and Chinese sources claim coalitional victory while Vietnamese sources claim victory

Third throne crisis of Later Lê dynasty (1509)  | Lê Uy Mục's royal court  | Lê Oanh's rebel forces  | Throne change

* Lê Oanh (Lê Tương Dực) became the Emperor

Trần Tuân's rebellion (1511–1512)  | Đại Việt | Trần Tuân (vi)  | Victory
Internal crisis of Later Lê dynasty (1516–1526)  | Trịnh Duy Sản's coup d'état
(1516)  | Lê Tương Dực's royal court  | Rebel forces of Trịnh Duy Sản (vi), Trịnh Duy Đại and Lê Y | Throne change

* Death of Lê Tương Dực
* Trịnh Duy Đại installed Lê Quang Trị as new Emperor, but left Thăng Long for Thanh Hóa shortly after
* Later Trịnh Duy Sản installed Lê Y (Lê Chiêu Tông) as new Emperor
* Trịnh Duy Đại then killed Lê Quang Trị and rejoined Trịnh Duy Sản at Thăng Long
* Decline of Later Lê dynasty

Trần Cảo's rebellion (1516–1521)  | Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Trần Cảo's rebel forces  | Victory

* Trần Cảo fled

Trịnh Tuy's coup d'état (1518–1522)  | Lê Chiêu Tông's royal court
< Mạc Đăng Dung's forces  | Trịnh Tuy's rebel forces  | Throne change

* As Lê Chiêu Tông absent from court, Trịnh Tuy installed Lê Bảng and then Lê Do as Emperor in quick succession
* Mạc Đăng Dung quelled the rebellion, consolidating power in the imperial court
* Trịnh Tuy surrendered

Mạc Đăng Dung's coup d'état (1522–1526)  | Lê Chiêu Tông's royal court
Trịnh Tuy's forces  | Mạc Đăng Dung's rebel forces  | Dynasty change

* Mạc Đăng Dung installed Lê Xuân (Lê Cung hoàng) as new Emperor for a short time
* Mạc Đăng Dung became the Emperor later
* Brief collapse of Later Lê dynasty
* Establishment of Mạc dynasty

### Mạc dynasty (1527–1677)

[edit]

Conflict  | Mac dynasty  | Opponents  | Result

|
|
|

Lê–Mạc War (1533–1677)  | Mạc dynasty
Bầu lords (from 1594)
Political support: Ming dynasty | Revival Lê dynasty
Bầu lords  (1527–1593)
Nguyễn lords (until 1600)
Trịnh lords | Revival Lê dynasty victory

* Mạc dynasty retreated to Cao Bằng in 1592, and collapse in 1677.
* Rise of the Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords.

Throne crisis of Mạc dynasty (1546–1547)  | Mạc Phúc Nguyên's forces  | Mạc Chính Trung's forces  | Throne change

* Mạc Phúc Nguyên became the Emperor
* Decline of Mạc dynasty

#### Trịnh lord – Tonkin (1545–1787)

[edit]

Conflict  | Trinh lord  | Opponents  | Result

|
|
|

Bầu clan's rebellion (1594–1699)  | Tonkin under Trịnh lord | Bầu clan | Victory

* Bầu clan eliminated

Hoàng Công Chất's rebellion (1739–1769)  | Tonkin under Trịnh lord | Hoàng Công Chất's forces  | Victory
Lê Duy Mật's rebellion (1740–1770)  | Tonkin under Trịnh lord | Lê Duy Mật's forces  | Victory
Nguyễn Hữu Cầu's rebellion (1743–1751)  | Tonkin under Trịnh lord | Nguyễn Hữu Cầu's forces  | Victory
Nguyễn Danh Phương's rebellion (1744–1751)  | Tonkin under Trịnh lord | Nguyễn Danh Phương's forces  | Victory
Đại Việt–Luang Phrabang War (1749)[12] | Tonkin under Trịnh lord |  Luang Phrabang | Defeat

* Trịnh's forces expelled from Luang Phrabang

Privileged Army Mutiny (1782–1786)  | Tonkin under Trịnh lord | Soldiers from Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An provinces  | Victory

* Mutiny soldiers suppressed
* Decline of Trịnh lord

#### Nguyễn lord – Cochinchina (1558–1777)

[edit]

Conflict  | Nguyen lord  | Opponents  | Result

|
|
|

First Đại Việt–Panduranga War (1611)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord | Panduranga | Victory

* Annexation of present-day Phú Yên by Nguyễn lord

Dutch East India Company's attack (1643)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord |  Dutch East India Company | Victory

* Dutch East India Company's ships damaged and sunken

Second Đại Việt–Panduranga War (1653)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord | Panduranga | Victory

* Nguyễn's forces occupied more Panduranga's territories

First Đại Việt-Cambodia War (1658)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord
Ang Sur and Ang Tan's forces  |  Cambodia | Victory

* Cambodian King Ramathipadi I captured

Second Đại Việt-Cambodia War (1674)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord
Ang Nan II and Ang Tan's forces  |  Cambodia | Victory

* Cambodian King Keo Fa II fled
* Beginning of Cambodian throne crisis

Third Đại Việt–Panduranga War (1693–1697)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord | Panduranga | Defeat

* Nguyễn's forces withdrew from some Panduranga's territories
* Panduranga gained autonomy

Third Đại Việt-Cambodia War (1699)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord |  Cambodia | Victory

* Cambodian King Chey Chettha IV surrendered

Fourth Đại Việt-Cambodia War (1708)  |  Ang Em's forces
Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord |  Cambodia under Thommo Reachea III
Siam under Ayutthaya Kingdom | Victory

* Cambodian King Thommo Reachea III fled to Siam

First Đại Việt-Siam War (1718)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord |  Siam under Ayutthaya Kingdom | Defeat

* Siamese forces destroyed Hà Tiên city

Fifth Đại Việt-Cambodia War (1753–1756)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord |  Cambodia | Victory

* Cambodian King Chey Chettha VII surrendered

Second Đại Việt-Siam War (1771–1772)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord
Outey II's forces  |  Siam under Ayutthaya Kingdom
Ang Non II's forces  | Defeat

* Ang Non II became King of Cambodia
* Nguyễn's forces withdrew from Cambodia
* Decline of Nguyễn lord

Tây Sơn uprising (1771–1777)  | Cochinchina under Nguyễn lord | Tây Sơn rebels  | Dynasty change

* Trịnh's forces joined Tây Sơn to defeat Nguyễn's forces
* Nguyễn lord overthrown
* Establishment of Tây Sơn dynasty in Cochinchina

#### Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1627–1775)

[edit]

Conflict  | Trinh lord  | Nguyen lord  | Result

|
|
|

First Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1627)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Trịnh
Second Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1633–1640)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Trịnh
Third Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1643)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Nguyễn
Fourth Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1648)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Trịnh
Fifth Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1655–1660)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Nguyễn
Sixth Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1661–1662)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Trịnh
Seventh Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1672)  | Tonkin | Cochinchina | Defeat to Trịnh

* Gianh River became the border between Tonkin and Cochinchina
* Đại Việt divided into 2 rival courts for more than 100 years

Eighth Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1774–1775)  | Tonkin
Supported by:

* Tây Sơn rebels

| Cochinchina | Defeat to Nguyễn

* Trịnh and Tây Sơn's troops occupied Phú Xuân capital of Cochinchina
* Nguyễn lord overthrown

### Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)

[edit]

Conflict  |  Tây Sơn dynasty
and allies  |  Opponents  |  Brief description

|
|
|

Tây Sơn–Trịnh War (1775–1786)  |  Cochinchina under Tây Sơn dynasty | Tonkin under Trịnh lords | Dynasty change

* End of Trịnh lords
* Tây Sơn's forces occupied Tonkin briefly then withdrew
* Later Lê dynasty remained as a ceremonial ruler of Tonkin

First Tây Sơn-Nguyễn War (1777–1785)  |  Cochinchina under Tây Sơn dynasty | Nguyễn lord's loyalists in Cochinchina  | Territorial change

* Nguyễn Ánh fled to Siam
* Tây Sơn re-gained control of Cochinchina

Third Đại Việt-Siam War (1785)  |  Cochinchina under Tây Sơn dynasty |  Rattanakosin Siam
Nguyễn Ánh's forces  | Victory

* Siam invasion repelled
* Siamese army destroyed
* Nguyễn Ánh fled to Siam again

Sixth Đại Việt-Cambodia War (1785)  |  Cochinchina under Tây Sơn dynasty |  Cambodia | Victory
Nguyễn Huệ–Nguyễn Nhạc conflict (1787)  |  Nguyễn Nhạc's forces in Quy Nhơn |  Nguyễn Huệ's forces in Phú Xuân | Indecisive

* Đại Việt divided into 3 regions:
* Nguyễn Nhạc reigned in the Central
* Nguyễn Huệ reigned in the North (Tonkin)
* Nguyễn Lữ reigned in the South (Cochinchina)

Tây Sơn-Lê War (1787–1789)  |  Cochinchina under Tây Sơn dynasty | Tonkin under Later Lê dynasty
Supported by:

* Qing dynasty

| Dynasty change

* Tây Sơn dynasty reigned over Tonkin
* Nguyễn Huệ crowned as Emperor of Đại Việt
* End of Later Lê dynasty

Second Tây Sơn-Nguyễn War (1787–1802)  |  Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty
Supported by:

* Pirates of the South China Coast
* Pro-Tây Sơn Chams forces

| Nguyễn Ánh's forces in Cochinchina
Supported by:

* French mercenaries
* Pro-Nguyễn Chams forces

| Dynasty change

* End of Tây Sơn dynasty
* Establishment of Nguyễn dynasty
* Nguyễn Ánh crowned as Emperor of Đại Việt

Đại Việt–Qing War (1788–1789)  |  Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty |  Qing dynasty
Lê Chiêu Thống's forces  | Victory

* Qing invasion repelled
* Qing army destroyed
* Nguyễn Huệ (Quang Trung) proclaimed Emperor of Đại Việt
* Qing recognized Quang Trung as official ruler of Đại Việt

Đại Việt-Vientiane War (1791)  |  Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty |  Vientiane
Muang Phuan
Lê's loyalists  | Victory

* Vientiane submitted to Đại Việt
* Muang Phuan annexed into Đại Việt
* Lê's loyalists eliminated

### Nguyễn dynasty – Independent period (1802–1883)

[edit]

Conflict  |  Nguyen dynasty |  Opponents  |  Result

|
|
|

Đá Vách rebellion (1803–1885)  | Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Ethnic minority people in Quảng Ngãi province  | Victory
First Cambodian Rebellion (1811–1812)  |  Cambodia under Ang Chan II
Supported by:

* Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

|  Ang Snguon's forces
Supported by:

* Siam under Rattanakosin Kingdom

| Victory

* Ang Chan II retained the throne of Cambodia
* Decline of Cambodia and increasing dependency on Nguyễn dynasty

Second Cambodian Rebellion (1820)  |  Cambodia under Ang Chan II
Supported by:

* Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

| Khmer rebels led by Monk Kai  | Victory
Phan Bá Vành's rebellion (1821–1827)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Phan Bá Vành's forces  | Victory
Ja Lidong's rebellion (1822–1823)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Chams rebels led by Ja Lidong | Victory
Lao rebellion (1826–1828)  |  Vientiane
Champasak
Supported by:

* Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

|  Siam under Rattanakosin Kingdom | Defeat

* Siam controlled Vientiane and Champasak

Nduai Kabait rebellion (1826)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Chams rebels led by Ndui Kabait | Victory
Lê Duy Lương's rebellion (1832–1837)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Lê Duy Lương's (vi) rebels  | Victory
Lê Văn Khôi's revolt (1833–1835)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Lê Văn Khôi's rebels  | Victory
Việt Nam-Siam War (1833–1834)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty |  Siam under Rattanakosin Kingdom | Victory

* Annexation of Tây Thành by Việt Nam
* Siamese troops retreated

Nông Văn Vân's rebellion (1833–1835)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Nông Văn Vân's rebels  | Victory
Ba Nhàn-Tiền Bột's rebellion (1833–1843)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Ba Nhàn and Tiền Bột's rebels  | Victory
Ja Thak Wa and Katip Sumat's rebellion (1833–1835)  |  Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Chams rebels led by Ja Thak Wa and Katip Sumat | Victory
Hà Tiên rebellion (1840)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Khmer rebels in Hà Tiên
Third Cambodian Rebellion (1840–1841)  |  Ang Mey's royal court
Supported by:

* Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

|  Ang Duong's rebel forces
Supported by:

* Siam under Rattanakosin Kingdom

| Defeat

* Đại Nam's troops withdrew from Cambodia
* Cambodia gained semi-independence but depended on Siam
* Ang Duong crowned as King of Cambodia

Ba Xuyên's rebellion (1841)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Sơn Tốt and Trần Lâm's rebels  | Victory
Thất Sơn's rebellion (1841)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Khmer rebels in Thất Sơn | Victory
Lâm Sâm's rebellion (1841)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Lâm Sâm's rebels  | Victory
Đại Nam–Siam War (1841–1845)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Ang Mey and Ang Em's forces  |  Siam under Rattanakosin Kingdom
Ang Duong's royal court  | Indecisive

* Joint Siam-Đại Nam suzerainty of Cambodia.

War against South China Sea pirates (1849)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Qing dynasty | Pirates of the South China Coast | Victory
Cao Bá Quát's rebellion (1854–1856)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Cao Bá Quát's rebels  | Victory
Cochinchina campaign (1858–1862)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty |  Second French Empire
Kingdom of Spain | Defeat

* Treaty of Saigon (1862)
* Cession of Biên Hòa, Gia Định, and Định Tường to the Second French Empire

Tạ Văn Phụng's rebellion (1861–1865)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Tạ Văn Phụng's rebels  | Victory
Cai Vàng's rebellion (1862–1865)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Cai Vàng's rebels  | Victory
War on South Chinese bandits (1865–1875)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Qing dynasty
Black Flag Army (from 1870)  |  Black Flag Army (until 1870)
Yellow Flag Army
White Flag Army | Victory

* Black Flag Army surrendered to Đại Nam
* Yellow Flag Army and White Flag Army destroyed

Đoàn Hữu Trưng's rebellion (1866)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Đoàn Hữu Trưng's rebels  | Victory
Tonkin expedition (1873–1874)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Black Flag Army |  French Third Republic | Indecisive

* Commander Francis Garnier killed
* Treaty of Saigon (1874)
* Cession of Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long to the French Third Republic
* French troops withdrew from Tonkin

Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)  |  Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Qing dynasty
Black Flag Army |  French Third Republic | Defeat

* Treaty of Huế (1883) and Treaty of Huế (1884)
* Tonkin and Annam became French protectorates
* Nguyễn dynasty lost actual authority over Đại Nam

## Colonial era

[edit]

### French Indochina (1858–1945)

[edit]

Conflict | Indochina | Opponents | Result

|
|
|

Trương Định's uprising (1859–1864)  | Trương Định's forces in Cochinchina |  Second French Empire | Defeat
Nguyễn Hữu Huân's uprising (1859–1874)  | Nguyễn Hữu Huân's forces in Cochinchina |  Second French Empire | Defeat
Nguyễn Trung Trực's uprising (1861–1868)  | Nguyễn Trung Trực's forces in Cochinchina |  Second French Empire | Defeat
Bảy Thưa's rebellion (1867–1873)  | Trần Văn Thành's forces in Cochinchina |  Second French Empire | Defeat
Sino–French War (1884–1885)  |

* China
* Black Flag Army

|  France | Defeat to Qing

* French protectorates of Tonkin and Annam recognized by China

Yên Thế Insurrection (1884–1913)  |  Yên Thế Barracks

* Trung Châu Insurgent Force

Black Flag Army Tai Canton

| French Indochina

* Tonkin Infantry Regiment

| Victory of the French Forces :

* The uprising suppressed.
* Yên Thế Barracks fallen.

Cần Vương movement (1885–1896)  | Can Vuong's Rebels  |  France
Nguyễn dynasty | Defeat

* Hàm Nghi captured and deposed of

Franco-Siamese conflict (1893)  |  France

* French Indochina

|  Siam | French victory

* Land on east bank of the Mekong ceded to French Indochina

Anti-tax Movement in Annam (1908)  | People in Annam |  French Third Republic
French Indochina
Nguyễn dynasty | Defeat
Hanoi Poison Plot (1908)  | Mutiny ĐIndochinese soldiers and cooks in Tonkin |  French Third Republic
French Indochina
Nguyễn dynasty | Defeat
N'Trang Lơng's uprising (1911–1935)  | Montagnard tribes led by N'Trang Lơng in Central Highlands |  French Third Republic
French Indochina | Defeat
Restoration League Movement (1913–1925)  |  Vietnam Restoration League |  French Third Republic
French Indochina
Nguyễn dynasty | Defeat
Cochinchina uprising (1913–1916)  | Cochinchina rebels led by Phan Xích Long |  French Third Republic
French Indochina | Defeat
Thái Nguyên uprising (1917)  |  Đại Hùng Empire

* Thái Nguyên Restoration Forces

|  French Indochina

* Tonkinese Army

| Victory of the French Forces :

* The uprising suppressed.
* Đại Hùng Empire collapsed.

Red Phú Riềng Movement (1930)  | Phú Riềng workers
Communist Party of Indochina in Cochinchina |  French Third Republic
French Indochina | Defeat
Yên Bái mutiny (1930)  |  Vietnam Nationalist Party

* Vietnam Revolutionary Force

|  Government of French Indochina

* Tonkin Infantry Regiment
* East French Air Force

| Victory of the French forces.

* Uprising crushed.
* Some villages were massacred by French soldiers.
* Division of the Nationalist Party.
* Rebels severely damaged by arrests and executions by French authorities.[13]
* Many leaders had to escape to China.

Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets (1930–1931)  |  Communist Party of Vietnam
Indochinese Communist Party
Communist Party of Annam
Red Self-Defense Force [vi] |  French Indochina
French Protectorate of Annam
Nguyễn dynasty | French and Nguyễn dynasty victory

* Communist uprising suppressed

Japanese invasion of French Indochina (1940)  |  Vichy France

* French Indochina

|  Japan

* * *

Vietnam National Restoration League

* Vietnam National Building Force

| Japanese victory

* Japanese occupation of French Indochina from Lang Son.

### Japanese Indochina (1940–1945)

[edit]

Conflict | Indochina | Opponents | Result

|
|
|

Bắc Sơn uprising [vi] (1940)  |  Communist Party of Vietnam in Tonkin
Bắc Sơn's guerrilla forces  |  French State
Empire of Japan | Defeat
Franco–Thai War (1940–1941)  |  Vichy France

* French Indochina

|  Thailand

Supported by:
Japan

| Indecisive[14]

* Japanese-mediated armistice[15]
* Disputed territories in French Indochina ceded to Thailand[16][17]

Cochinchina uprising (1940)  |  Indochinese Communist Party |  Vichy France

* French Indochina

| French victory

* Uprising suppressed

Đô Lương Mutiny (1941)  | Mutiny Indochinese soldiers led by Đội Cung in Annam |  French State | Defeat
South-East Asian theatre of World War II (1941–1945)  | Allies

United States

* Philippine Commonwealth

United Kingdom and Empire:

* India
* Australia
* Canada
* New Zealand
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Gold Coast
* Straits Settlements
* Malaya
* Sarawak
* North Borneo
* Brunei
* Hong Kong
* Singapore
* Burma
* Ceylon
* Gilbert and Ellice Islands
* Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* Tonga

Netherlands

* Dutch East Indies

Free Thai Movement
Free France

* Việt Minh
Khmer Issarak
Lao Issara

* French West Africa
* French Senegal

* French Sudan

* Upper Volta

* French Guinea

* Côte d’Ivoire

* * *

Portuguese Timor | Axis

Japan

* Philippine Republic
* Azad Hind
* State of Burma
* Vietnam
* Kampuchea
* Luang Prabang
* Indonesian National Party

Thailand

* * *

Vichy France

* French Indochina

| Allied victory
Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan (1944)  |  Việt Minh (Armed Propaganda Unit)  |  France

* French Indochina

| Viet Minh victory
Japanese coup d'état (1945)  |  France

* French Indochina

Việt Minh
Khmer Issarak

* * *

Air support:
United States

|  Empire of Japan

* VNQDH [vi]
* Đại Việt Quốc gia Cách mệnh Ủy viên Hội [vi]
* Đại Việt National Socialist Party
* Daiviet Populist Revolutionary Party
* Tân Việt Nam Quốc dân Đảng [vi]
* Đại Việt Dân chính Đảng [vi]

Empire of Vietnam
Kingdom of Kampuchea
Kingdom of Luang Prabang

| Victory to Japan

* Overthrow of French Indochina
* Vichy French in Indochina surrendered
* Foundation of Empire of Vietnam

Ba Tơ uprising (1945)  |  Communist Party of Vietnam in Annam
Ba Tơ's guerrilla forces  |  Empire of Japan
Provisional Government of the French Republic | Victory
August Revolution (1945)  |  Việt Minh

* National Liberation Committee of Vietnam (from 16-25 August)
* Provisional Revolutionary Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (from 28 August)

Vanguard Youth (from 22 August)
Supported by:
United States

* * *

Bình Xuyên
Hòa Hảo
Cao Đài

* * *

Trotskyist

* * *

Vietnam Revolutionary League

* Vietnamese Provisional National Government

Việt Quốc
Đại Việt Nationalist

|  Empire of Vietnam

* * *

National Unified Front

* Vanguard Youth (until 22 August)

Supported by:
Japan

| Việt Minh victory

* Abolishment of the Vietnamese monarchy on August 25
* Establishment of the National Liberation Committee of Vietnam on August 16 and Provisional Revolutionary Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam on August 28
* Establishment of the Vietnamese Provisional National Government by the Vietnam Revolutionary League in Móng Cái on September 1
* Declaration of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2
* Conflicts between the communist Việt Minh and non-communists begins
* Initial conflict between France and Vietnam breaks out on September 23
* China occupies Vietnam, north of the 16th parallel

## Republican era

[edit]

### Democratic Republic of Vietnam \- North Vietnam (1945–1976)

[edit]

Conflict | North Vietnam
and allies | Opponents | Result | Leader | Notable battles

|
|
|
|
|

Nationalist Chinese troops entering Vietnam (1945)  |

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

* Việt Minh

|  Republic of China

* Yunnan Revolutionary Army

Việt Nam QDĐ
Đại Việt QDĐ
Vietnam Revolutionary League

| Victory

* Ho–Sainteny agreement.
* Republic of China forces withdrew from North Vietnam.
* Vietnamese Kuomintang and Vietnam Revolutionary League began conflicting with Việt Minh.

| Hồ Chí Minh |
Partisan conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1947)  |

Việt Minh

* Indochinese Communist Party
* Buddhist Association for National Salvation
* Pro-Viet Minh Caodaists
* Catholic Association for National Salvation

Vanguard Youth (16-22 August 1945)
Democratic Party of Vietnam
Pro-communist factions of Bình Xuyên (1945-1946)

* * *

French Northern Indochina Command (1946)  |

Empire of Vietnam (1945)

* Đại Việt National Socialist Party

* * *

Nationalist Parties Front (1945–1946)
* Đại Việt QDĐ
* Việt Nam QDĐ

Vietnam Revolutionary League
Đại Việt Duy dân Đảng
Vietnam Catholic Federation (from 1947)
Vietnam National Restoration League

* * *

Hòa Hảo
Vietnamese Democratic Socialist Party
Caodaists
Bình Xuyên
Pure Land Buddhist Laity Association

* * *

Trotskyist

* * *

Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1948)
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948-1949)

* * *

Republic of China (1945)

* * *

French Union (1948–1949)  | Victory

* Anti-Việt Minh parties and political organizations crushed.

War in Southern Vietnam (1945–1946)  |  Southern Resistance Committee of Viet Minh

* Vanguard Youth
* National Guard
* Southern Provisional Administrative Committee [vi]
* Vietnam People's Army
* Pro-Viet Minh Bình Xuyên

|  British Empire

* United Kingdom
* India

France

* * *

Japan

* * *

Hòa Hảo

* * *

Cao Đài

* * *

Anti-communist Bình Xuyên

* * *

Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng

| Defeat

* Restoration of French rule in Indochina.
* Beginning of the First Indochina War.

First Indochina War (1946–1954)
Anti-French Resistance War |  Democratic Republic of Vietnam

* Việt Minh

|  French Union

* France
* French Indochina
* State of Vietnam
* Kingdom of Cambodia
* Kingdom of Laos

United States (1953-54)

* CIA

| Victory

* Division of Vietnam between North Vietnam and South Vietnam in 1954
* Independence of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

* Battle of Route Coloniale 4 – 1950
* Battle of Dien Bien Phu – 1954

Chinese Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Shiwandashan (1949)  |  People's Republic of China

* Chinese Communist Party

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

* Việt Minh

|  Nationalist Chinese guerrilla forces in Shiwandashan Mountain  | Victory to Communist China
Vietnam War (1955–1975)[b]
Resistance war against America or American War in Vietnam |

* North Vietnam
* Viet Cong and PRG
* Pathet Lao
* Khmer Rouge
* GRUNK (from 1970)
* China (1965–1969)
* Soviet Union
* North Korea

* South Vietnam
* United States
* South Korea
* Australia
* New Zealand
* Laos
* Cambodia (1967–1970)
* Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
* Thailand
* Philippines
* Taiwan
* Spain

| Victory

* US and allies' withdrawal from Vietnam.
* Communist takeover of South Vietnam.
* Reunification of Vietnam into Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

| Ho Chi Minh
Lê Duẩn |

* Battle of Ap Bac – 1963
* Battle of Ia Drang – 1965
* Battle of Ba Gia – 1965
* Battle of Binh Gia – 1965
* Battle of Đồng Xoài – 1965
* Battle of Long Tan – 1966
* Battle of Dak To – 1967
* Battle of Ong Thanh – 1967
* Battle of Huế – 1968
* Battle of Khe Sanh – 1968
* Battle of Hamburger Hill – 1969
* Battle of Hill 723 – 1971
* Battle of Ban Dong – 1971
* Battle of Phước Long – 1975
* Battle of Ban Me Thuot

Laotian Civil War (1959–1975)  |  Pathet Lao
North Vietnam
Neutralists (1960–1962)
Patriotic Neutralists
(1963–1969) |  Kingdom of Laos
Neutralists
(1962–1966)
United States
South Vietnam
(until 1975)
Thailand
Republic of China (until 1967)  | Victory to Pathet Lao

* Establishment of Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Communist insurgency in Thailand (1965–1983)  |  Communist Party of Thailand

* People's Liberation Army of Thailand
* Federation of Farmers and Workers
* National Student Center of Thailand
* Ethnic groups, especially the Hmong

Pathet Lao
Malayan Communist Party[18]
Communist Party of Burma[19]
Supported by:
Khmer Rouge (until 1978)
People's Republic of Kampuchea (since 1979)
People's Republic of China (until 1980)
North Vietnam

|  Thailand

* Royal Thai Armed Forces
* Royal Thai Police
* Border Patrol Police
* Volunteer Defense Corps
* Thahan Phran
* Internal Security Operations Command
* Village Scouts
* Nawaphon
* Red Gaurs

Kingdom of Laos (until 1975)
ROC 93rd Division [20]
Malaysia[21][22]
Supported by:
United States
Shan United Revolutionary Army [23]
Karen National Union [24]

| Defeat to Communist Party of Thailand

* Thai government victory and amnesty in 1980.
* Communist insurgency declined.

Cambodian Civil War (1968–1975)  |

* Khmer Rouge
* GRUNK (1970–1975)
* FUNK
* Khmer Rumdo

* North Vietnam
* Viet Cong
* Pathet Lao

* Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)

* * *

* Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
* Khmer Serei
(until 1972)
* United States
* South Vietnam
* Kingdom of Laos

* * *

FULRO

| Victory to Khmer Rouge

* Establishment of Democratic Kampuchea.
* Beginning of Cambodian genocide.

### State of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam – South Vietnam (1949–1975)

[edit]

Conflict | South Vietnam
and allies | Opponents | Result | Leader

|
|
|
|

1955 South Vietnamese conflict |  Pro-Ngô Đình Diệm groups

* National Revolutionary Committee
* Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party
* Vietnamese National Army

Supported by:
United States

|  Pro-Bảo Đại groups

* National All-Power United Front
* Bình Xuyên
* Hoà Hảo
* Cao Đài

Vietnamese Kuomintang
Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam
Supported by:
France

| Regime change

* Victory to Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm.
* Chief of State Bảo Đại deposed of.
* Ngô Đình Diệm became president.
* Establishment of Republic of Vietnam.

| Bảo Đại
First South Vietnamese coup d'état (1960)  |  ARVN loyalists
Presidential Guard |  ARVN rebels
RVNMD rebels
RVNAD rebels  | Victory

* Coup failed.

| Ngô Đình Diệm
Buddhist crisis (1963)  |  South Vietnamese government

* Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces
* Vietnamese Catholic loyalists

|  Buddhists of South Vietnam  | Indecisive

* Beginning of the 1963 South Vietnamese coup.

Second South Vietnamese coup d'état (1963)  |  Diệm government

* National Assembly
* Ministry of National Defense
* ARVN loyalists
* Presidential Guard
* Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces
* Republic of Vietnam Navy
* Republic of Vietnam Air Force
* Cần Lao Party
* Catholics loyalists

|  Republic of Vietnam Military Forces rebels
Joint General Staff

* I Corps
* III Corps
* Capital Military Zone Unit [vi]
* Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels
* 5th Division
* Republic of Vietnam Marine Division
* Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division
* Republic of Vietnam Air Force rebels

* * *

Supported by:

* United States
* CIA
* Caravelle Manifesto group
* VNQDĐ
* ĐVQDĐ

| Defeat

* Coup success.
* Revolutionary Military Council seized power.
* Ngô Đình Diệm and Ngô Đình Nhu arrested and assassinated.
* Loyalist commanders Lê Quang Tung and Hồ Tấn Quyền summarily executed.
* Ngô Đình Cẩn arrested; tried and executed in May 1964.
* Republic of Vietnam weakened and became more dependent on the United States.

Third South Vietnamese coup d'état (1/1964)  |  Military Revolutionary Council of South Vietnam | Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) rebels  | Defeat

* Coup success.
* Military junta led by Dương Văn Minh ousted from power.
* Nguyễn Khánh seized power.

| Dương Văn Minh
1964 FLHP rebellion |  South Vietnam |  FLHP | Victory | Nguyễn Khánh
Dương Văn Minh
Phan Khắc Sửu
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.
Fourth South Vietnamese coup d'état
(9/1964)  | South Vietnam

* Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) ruling junta

| Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) rebels  | Victory

* Coup defeated.
* Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and Nguyễn Chánh Thi gained more power over junta leader Nguyễn Khánh.

| Nguyễn Khánh
Fifth South Vietnamese coup d'état (12/1964)  |  High National Council
other civilian politicians  |  Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)  | Defeat

* Coup success.
* Dissolution of High National Council.
* Nguyễn Khánh political victory.

Sixth South Vietnamese coup d'état (1965)  |  South Vietnam

* Army of the Republic of Vietnam ruling junta

|  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels  | Victory

* Original coup defeated.
* Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and Nguyễn Chánh Thi then forced Nguyễn Khánh from power and into exile.

Buddhist Uprising (1966)  |  RVN Government

* ARVN
* National Police

|  ARVN rebels
Buddhist monks  | Victory | Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
Northeast Cay incident (1968)  |  South Vietnam |  Philippines | Defeat

* Capture of Northeast Cay and Southwest Cay in Spratly Islands by Philippines.

Southwest Cay incident (1970)  |  South Vietnam |  Philippines | Victory

* Recapture of Southwest Cay in Spratly Islands by Republic of Vietnam.

Battle of the Paracel Islands (1974)  |  South Vietnam

* Republic of Vietnam Navy

|  China

* People's Liberation Army Navy of China

| Defeat

* Capture of Paracel Islands by China.

## Unification era

[edit]

### Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)

[edit]

Conflict | Vietnam and allies | Opponents | Result | Leader

|
|
|
|

FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)  | Communist forces:
North Vietnam
(1964–1976)
Viet Cong
(until 1975)
Vietnam
(after 1976)
People's Republic of Kampuchea
(1979-1989)

* * *

Khmer Rouge (1967-1975)  |  FULRO

* BAJARAKA
* FLC
* FLHP
* FLKK

Supported by:
China
Cambodia
Khmer Republic (1970-1975)
GRUNK
Khmer Rouge (1975-1992)
United States
(1970–1975)[25]
France
(1974–1992)

* * *

Anti-communist forces:
South Vietnam (1964–1975)
United States
(1964–1972)[25]

| Victory | Lê Duẩn (until July 1986)
Trường Chinh (July–December 1986)
Nguyễn Văn Linh (1986–1991)
Đỗ Mười (from)
Cambodian-Vietnamese border skirmish (1975–1978)  |  Vietnam |  Democratic Kampuchea | Victory

* Cambodian invasion repelled.

| Lê Duẩn
Insurgency in Laos (1975–2007)  |  Lao PDR

* Lao People's Revolutionary Party

Supported by:
Vietnam

* Vietnam People's Army (alleged direct involvement and intervention)

* * *

Soviet Union (until 1989)

* Lao Resistance Movement[26]
* Hmong insurgents
* Supported by:
* Thailand (until 1990)
* United States (until 1990)
* Neo Hom (1981–2007)[27][28]

* * *

Royalists:

* Lao National Liberation Front
* Royal Lao Democratic Government (1982)

Supported by:
Royal Lao Government in Exile
China (until 1988)[29]
Khmer Rouge (until 1999)

* Democratic Kampuchea (until 1979)
* Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981–1990)

* * *

Rightists:

* United Front for the Liberation of Laos

* Supported by:
* Thailand (early to mid–1980s)

| Victory to Laos | Lê Duẩn (until July 1986)
Trường Chinh (July–December 1986)
Nguyễn Văn Linh (1986–1991)
Đỗ Mười (1991–1997)
Lê Khả Phiêu (1997–2001)
Nông Đức Mạnh (from 2001)
Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1978–1989)  |  Vietnam
FUNSK (from 1978)

* * *

Post-invasion:
Until April 1989:
Vietnam
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Cuba (reconstruction experts)
From April 1989:
State of Cambodia

|  Democratic Kampuchea (1978–1982)
Thailand (border clashes)

* * *

Post-invasion:
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (from 1982)

* Khmer Rouge
* KPNLF
* FUNCINPEC

Thailand (border clashes)[30]

| Inconclusive

* Removal of the Khmer Rouge from power.
* Establishment of People's Republic of Kampuchea.
* Vietnamese withdrawal from Cambodia in 1989.
* 1991 Paris Peace Accords.

| Lê Duẩn (until July 1986)
Trường Chinh (July–December 1986)
Nguyễn Văn Linh (from 1986)
Vietnamese border raids in Thailand (1979–1989)  |  Vietnam
People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–89)
State of Cambodia (1989)  |  Thailand
CGDK[31]

* PDK (Khmer Rouge)
* KPNLF
* FUNCINPEC

| Victory

* Destruction of numerous Khmer Rouge's guerrilla bases and refugee camps along Thai-Cambodian border.

Sino–Vietnamese War (1979)  |  Vietnam |  China | Stalemate

* Both sides claimed victory.
* Chinese withdrawal from northern Vietnam.

| Lê Duẩn
Sino-Vietnamese border conflicts
(1979 – 1991)  |  Vietnam |  China | Stalemate

* China occupied some Vietnamese areas briefly and retreated.
* Normalization of bilateral relations.

| Lê Duẩn (until July 1986)
Trường Chinh (July–December 1986)
Nguyễn Văn Linh (1986–1991)
Đỗ Mười (from 1991)
Johnson South Reef Skirmish (1988)  |  Vietnam |  China | Defeat

* Capture of Johnson South Reef by China.

| Nguyễn Văn Linh
Cambodian Internal Conflict (1993–1998)  |  People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
Vietnam (1979–1989)
Supported by:
Albania[32] (1979–1989)
Soviet Union (1979–1989)

* * *

State of Cambodia (from 1989)

|  Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea

* PDK (Khmer Rouge)
* KPNLF
* FUNCINPEC (from 1981)
Supported by:
Thailand (until 1991)
China
United States
United Kingdom

| Victory to Cambodia

* Khmer Rouge surrendered.

| Đỗ Mười (until 1997)
Lê Khả Phiêu (from 1997)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ 258 BC is the current consensus. Some Vietnamese sources such as the Đại Việt sử lược and the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư contend that this event took place in 208 BC; whereas the Chinese Records of the Grand Historian dates the enthronement of Thục Phán in 218 BC, amidst the Qin campaign against the Baiyue.
2. ^ Start date remains disputed, but North Vietnam did not intervene before 1959.

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 34–35, Peripheral Records vol. 4.
2. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 56, Peripheral Records vol. 5, "Hậu Ngô Vương (Phụ: Thiên Sách Vương)".
3. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 62, Volume I, Kỷ nhà Đinh: Phế Đế.
4. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 70, Volume I, Kỷ nhà Lê: Đại Hành Hoàng Đế..
5. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 71–72, Volume I, Kỷ nhà Lê: Đại Hành Hoàng Đế..
6. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 71, Volume I, Kỷ nhà Lê: Đại Hành Hoàng Đế..
7. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 72, Volume I, Kỷ nhà Lê: Đại Hành Hoàng Đế..
8. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 82, Volume II, Kỷ nhà Lý: Thái Tổ Hoàng Đế.
9. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 72.
10. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 114, Volume II, Kỷ nhà Lý: Nhân Tông Hoàng Đế.
11. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 110, Volume II, Kỷ nhà Lý: Nhân Tông Hoàng Đế.
12. ^ Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). History Dictionary of Laos (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 389\. ISBN 978-0-8108-5624-0.
13. ^ Rettig, pp. 316–317.
14. ^ Tucker, World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection p. 649
15. ^ Fall, p. 22. "On the seas, one old French cruiser sank one-third of the whole Thai fleet ... Japan, seeing that the war was turning against its pupil and ally, imposed its 'mediation' between the two parties."
16. ^ Fall, Bernard B. (1994). Street Without Joy: The French Debacle in Indochina. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1700-3.
17. ^ Windrow, Martin (2004). The Last Valley. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-306-81386-6.
18. ^ Sison, Jose Maria. "Notes on People's War in Southeast Asia"Archived 2007-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ https://transbordernews.in.th/home/?p=42688&fbclid=IwY2xjawLHLMZleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFVOG1lVEZ5R2hWWHRxQzMzAR7a4Sedyxw1bBX6W1tnkd7P7s695N0bujpVdNtknWt8JxFcTaB8xVyF35xZJA_aem_IBrMjKW3Mgkv6rWlPY__jA
20. ^ https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/01/16/2003708006
21. ^ Chin Peng, pp.479–80
22. ^ NIE report
23. ^ https://www.thepeople.co/history/nostalgia/1295
24. ^ https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/ต่างประเทศ/221298
25. ^ a b Written by BBT Champaka.info (8 September 2013). "Tiểu sử Ts. Po Dharma, tác giả Lịch Sử 33 Năm Cuối Cùng Champa". Champaka.info. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014.
26. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". Uppsala University. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
27. ^ "The Thwarted Overthrow of Laos Government By American Hmong". Global Politician. 14 June 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
28. ^ "Laos' controversial exile". BBC News. 11 June 2007. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
29. ^ O'Dowd, Edward C. (16 April 2007). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. pp. 186–. ISBN 978-1-134-12268-4. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
30. ^ "Opinion | Thailand Bears Guilt for Khmer Rouge". The New York Times. 24 March 1993. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022.
31. ^ since 1982, the KR, the KPNLF and the ANS formed the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea.
32. ^ "Outside Interference in Vietnamese Affairs Condemned" (PDF). www.cambodiatokampuchea.wordpress.com. 20 July 1978.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993). Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (PDF) (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.). Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House. Retrieved 20 June 2025.

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