List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire

This article is about the period from 962 until 1806. For wars before 962, see List of wars involving Francia. For wars after 1806 involving the various German confederations, see List of wars involving Germany. For Prussia, see Wars and battles involving Prussia.

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This is a list of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) (962–1806[1]), since 1512 also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ).[2]

Victory
Defeat
Another result

## Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)

[edit]

Conflict and date  | Combatant 1  | Combatant 2  | Result  | Ruling King/Emperor

|
|
|
|

Otto I's raid on Poland (963)  |  Holy Roman Empire |  Duchy of Poland | Victory | Otto I.
German–Danish War of 974 |  Holy Roman Empire |  Kingdom of Denmark
Norwegian vasal | Victory | Otto II
Franco-German War of 978-980 |  Holy Roman Empire | West Francia | Status quo ante bellum | Otto II
Otto II's raid on Poland |  Holy Roman Empire |  Civitas Schinesghe | Defeat | Otto II
Slavic revolt of 983 |  Holy Roman Empire | Wends

Lutici
Obotrite

| Defeat | Otto II
Polish-Saxon Invasion of Veleti (985)  |  Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire | Veleti | Victory | Otto III
Polish-Bohemian War (990) |  Duchy of Bohemia | 'Victory | Otto III
Polish-German invasion of Veleti (992)  | Veleti | Victory | Otto III
Polish-German invasion of Obotrites (995)  | Obotrites | Victory | Otto III
German–Polish War (1003–1018) |  Holy Roman Empire |  Duchy of Poland | Peace of Bautzen | Henry II
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis (1015–1019)  |  Duchy of Poland

Holy Roman Empire
Pechenegs

| Kievan Rus' | Victory

* Temporary victory for Sviatopolk and Boleslaw
* Polish sack of Kiev

| Henry II
German–Polish War (1028–1031) |  Holy Roman Empire

* Duchy of Saxony
* Duchy of Bohemia (from 1029)

Kievan Rus' (from 1030)
Kingdom of Hungary (1031)

|  Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)  | Victory | Conrad II
Emperor Conrad II's military campaign against Hungary
(1030–1031)  |  Holy Roman Empire |  Kingdom of Hungary | Defeat

* The Hungarians occupied Vienna

| Conrad II
German-Hungarian Wars (1042–1043)  |  Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Victory | Henry III
Henry III's military campaign against Hungary (1044) |  Holy Roman Empire

Peter Orseolo and his allies

|  The army of King Samuel Aba | Victory

* Defeat of Samuel Aba, restoration of Peter

| Henry III
War between King Peter and Prince Andrew

(1046)

|  King Peter's army

Holy Roman Empire

|  Prince Andrew's army

Kievan Rus'

| Defeat | Henry III
Emperor Henry III's military campaigns against Hungary (1051–1052)  |  Holy Roman Empire

Duchy of Bohemia

| Kingdom of Hungary | Defeat | Henry III
German-Hungarian border War (1056–1058)  |  Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Stalemate

* treaty of Marchfeld

| Henry IV
Civil War between King Andrew I and his brother, Prince Bela (1060)  |  King Andrew I's army

Holy Roman Empire

|  Prince Béla's army

Kingdom of Poland

| Defeat | Henry IV
German invasion of Hungary (1063) |  Holy Roman Empire

* Duchy of Bavaria

|  Kingdom of Hungary | Victory | Henry IV
Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 |  Holy Roman Empire | German rebels

* Duchy of Saxony
* Duchy of Bavaria
* County of Luxembourg

| Victory | Henry IV
German-Flemish war |  Holy Roman Empire | County of Flanders | Status quo ante bellum | Henry V
Henry V's expedition to Poland |  Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia |  Kingdom of Poland | Defeat | Henry V
War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1140) |  Holy Roman Empire |  Duchy of Bohemia | Defeat | Lothair III
Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines

* 1125–1186
* 1216–1392

| Ghibellines'

* Holy Roman Empire

1st phase

*     * Holy Roman Empire

* * *

2nd phase

*     * Staufen (Empire)
* Pro-Staufen Sicily
* March of Treviso
* County of Urbino
* Pro-Ghibelline Florence
* Pro-Ghibelline Milan led by Della Torre
* Pro-Ghibelline Milan led by Visconti
* Republic of Siena
* Republic of Lucca
* Republic of Pisa
* Duchy of Modena
* Republic of Massa
* Pro-Ghibelline Montferrat
* Pavia
* Commune of Terni
* Asti
* Todi
* Santa Fiora
* Variable Italian city-states
* Empire of Nicaea[3]

| Guelphs'

* Holy See (Papacy)

1st phase

*     * Lombard League

* * *

2nd phase

*     * Welfen (Empire)
* Pro-Angevin Sicily
* Papal States
* Pro-Guelph Florence
* Pro-Guelph Milan led by Della Torre
* Pro-Guelph Milan led by Visconti
* House of Della Torre
* Commune of Bologna
* Republic of Siena
* Republic of Lucca
* Republic of Genoa
* March of Ferrara
* Republic of Massa
* Pro-Guelph Montferrat
* County of Savoy
* Republic of Ancona
* Patriarchate of Aquileia
* Lodi
* Perugia
* Mantua
* Orvieto
* Variable Italian city-states

| 1st phase:Peace of Constance (1186)

2nd phase:Stalemate (1392)

* Decline of free communes;rise of signorie
* Diffusion of Black Death
* Extinction of Hohenstaufen dynasty
* Conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by Charles of Anjou
* Interregnum after Frederick II's death
* Weakening of Imperial Authority over Italy

| Frederick I

Barbarossa

Frederick II

Henry VII

Louis IV

German–Polish War  | Holy Roman Empire

Duchy of Bohemia

| Mieszko III the Old | Mieszko III the Old's victory/Roman defeat  | Conrad III of Germany
Wendish Crusade (1147) |

Crusaders

*     * Holy Roman Empire
* Bishopric of Havelberg
* March of Meissen
* March of Brandenburg
* Duchy of Saxony
* Archbishopric of Bremen
* Archbishopric of Mainz
* Bishopric of Halberstadt
* County of Holstein
* Bishopric of Münster
* Bishopric of Olmütz
* Bishopric of Brandenburg
* Bishopric of Merseburg
* Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark
* Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark
* Kingdom of Poland

Wends

*     * Obotrite Confederacy
* Obotrites
* Wagrians
* Liutizian Confederacy
Wendish allies:
* Duchy of Pomerania

| Victory

* March of Brandenburg reconquers Havelberg, County of Holstein expels its Wends

| Conrad III of Germany
Second Crusade

(1147–1150)

|  Holy Roman Empire

Other Crusaders

| Emirate of Damascus

other Muslim and Pagan entities in East Central Europe, Iberia and the Near East.

| Victories in East Central Europe and Iberia. Defeat in the Holy Land.  | Conrad III of Germany
Frederick I's expedition to Głogów |  Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia |  Kingdom of Poland
Cumania
Old Prussians | Victory | Frederick I Barbarossa
Henry VI's conquest of Sicily |  Holy Roman Empire |  Kingdom of Sicily | Victory | Henry VI
Third Crusade

(1189–1192)

|  Holy Roman Empire

Other Crusaders

| Ayyubids | Small Gains for the Crusaders. Jerusalem stays under Ayyubid control.  | Frederick I Barbarossa
Fourth Crusade

(1202–1204)

| Crusaders from:

Kingdom of France

*     * County of Blois
* County of Brienne
* County of Champagne
* County of Flanders
* County of Saint-Pol

Holy Roman Empire

*     * March of Montferrat
* County of Hainaut

Republic of Venice

| In Europe:

* Byzantine Empire
* Kingdom of Hungary
* Kingdom of Croatia

Holy Land:

* Ayyubid Sultanate

| Victory | Otto IV
Prussian Crusade |  Holy Roman Empire

Other Crusaders

| Baltic pagans:'

* Prussians
* Bartians
* Galindians
* Natangians
* Nadruvians
* Pomesanians
* Pogesanians
* Sambians
* Warmians
* Yotvingians (Sudovians)
* Skalvians

Allies of Prussians:

* Grand Duchy of Lithuania
* Duchy of Pomerania

| Victory

* Teutonic Knights gain control of Prussia

| Frederick II
Fifth Crusade

(1217–1221)

| Crusaders:

* Holy Roman Empire
* Kingdom of Portugal
* Kingdom of Hungary
* Kingdom of France

Levant:

* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Latin Empire

Military orders:

* Knights Templar
* Teutonic Order
* Knights Hospitaller

| Muslim forces:

* Ayyubids

| Defeat | Frederick II
Anglo-French War (1213–1214) |  Angevin Empire

* Kingdom of England
* County of Anjou
* Duchy of Normandy
* Duchy of Aquitaine

Holy Roman Empire

County of Flanders County of Boulogne

|  Kingdom of France | Defeat | Otto IV
Sixth Crusade

(1227–1229)

|  Holy Roman Empire

including in Personal Union:

* Kingdom of Sicily
* Kingdom of Jerusalem

| Ayyubids | Kingdom of Jerusalem regains Jerusalem through peaceful negotiations.  | Frederick II
War of the Lombards |  Holy Roman Empire
Pro-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

* Tyre
* Jerusalem

Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli
Republic of Pisa
Knights Hospitaller
Teutonic Knights

|  Kingdom of Cyprus
Anti-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

* Acre
* Beirut
* Arsuf
* Caesarea

Republic of Genoa
Knights Templar
Papacy

| Defeat | Frederick II
Great Interregnum[1]

1245/50–1273/5

|  Hohenstaufen party

* Frederick II (1245–50)
* Conrad IV (1245–54)
* Alfonso X of Castile (1257–75)
* Rudolf of Habsburg (1273–5)

|  Welf party

* Henry of Thuringia (1246–7)
* William II of Holland (1247–56)
* Richard of Cornwall (1257–72)
* Ottokar II of Bohemia

| Compromise

* Unanimous election of Rudolf of Habsburg in 1273
* Alfonso X of Castile renounced claim in 1275

Hussite Wars

(1419–1434)

| Catholic Church, Crusades and Loyalists:

Holy Roman Empire

| Bohemian Wars:

Hussite Movement

| Eventual defeat for Radical Hussites, Victory for Moderate Hussites and Catholics  | Sigismund
Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488) |  Holy Roman Empire |  Kingdom of Hungary | Defeat | Frederick III
Austrian–Hungarian War (1490–91)  |  Holy Roman Empire |  Kingdom of Hungary | Victory

* Peace of Pressburg (1491)

| Frederick III
Italian War of 1494–1498 | 1494:
Kingdom of Naples

* * *

1495:
League of Venice
Papal States
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdoms of Spain
Duchy of Milan
Holy Roman Empire
Republic of Florence

England (1496–98)
Margraviate of Mantua
Republic of Genoa

|  Kingdom of France

* Swiss mercenaries

Duchy of Milan (before 1495)
Duchy of Ferrara (officially neutral)

| Victory | Maximilian I
Swabian War

(1499)

|  Holy Roman Empire

Swabian League

|  Old Swiss Confederacy

Three Leagues of the Grisons

| Swiss Victory

Peace of Basel

* Swiss Confederacy exempt from the resolutions of the Imperial Diet of Worms

| Maximilian I
Italian War of 1521–1526 |  Holy Roman Empire
Spain
England
Papal States (1521–1523 and 1525–1526) |  France

* Swiss mercenaries

Republic of Venice
Papal States (1524–1525)
Marquisate of Saluzzo

| Victory | Charles V
War of the League of Cognac

(1526–1530)

| Pro-Habsburg:

* Holy Roman Empire
* Spain
* Duchy of Ferrara
* Republic of Genoa (1528–1530)
* Duchy of Mantua (1528–1530)
* Papal States (1530)

| League of Cognac:

* Kingdom of France
* Swiss mercenaries
* Papal States (1526–1529)

* Swiss Guards

* Republic of Venice
* Republic of Florence
* Kingdom of England
* Republic of Genoa (1526–1528)
* Kingdom of Navarre
* Duchy of Milan

| Victory | Charles V
Little War in Hungary (1526–1568)  |  Holy Roman Empire

* Archduchy of Austria
* Kingdom of Bohemia
* Duchy of Styria
* Duchy of Carniola

Royal Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain
Papal States

|  Ottoman Empire
John Szapolyai's Hungarian kingdom | Defeat  | Charles V
Conquest of Tunis (1535) |  Spanish Empire

* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sicily

Holy Roman Empire

* Republic of Genoa
* County of Flanders

Kingdom of Portugal
Papal States
Knights of Malta

|  Ottoman Empire
Kingdom of France | Habsburg and allied victory

* Sack of Tunis
* Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.

| Charles V
Italian War of 1536–1538 |  Holy Roman Empire
Spain |  Kingdom of France
Ottoman Empire | Truce of Nice | Charles V
Italian War of 1542–1546 |  Holy Roman Empire
Saxony
Brandenburg
Spain
England |  France
Ottoman Empire

* Regency of Algiers

Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Denmark-Norway (1542–1543)

| Inconclusive | Charles V
Schmalkaldic War

1546–1547

|  Holy Roman Empire

* Habsburg Austria
* Electorate of Saxony
* Bohemian Crown

Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Hungary

* * *

Supported by:
Papal States | Schmalkaldic League:

* Electorate of Saxony
* Hesse
* Electoral Palatinate
* Bremen
* Lübeck
* Brunswick-Lüneburg
* Württemberg
* Pomerania-Wolgast
* Anhalt-Köthen
* Brandenburg-Küstrin
* Lesser German states

* * *

Supported by:
England

| Victory

* Capitulation of Wittenberg
* Schmalkadic League dissolved
* Saxon electoral dignity passed to the Albertine House of Wettin

| Charles V
Second Schmalkaldic War

March–August 1552

| Imperial–Habsburg forces

Holy Roman Empire

* Habsburg Austria

| Protestant princes

* Electoral Saxony
* Hesse
* Prussia
* Brandenburg-Kulmbach

Supported by:

* France

| Protestant victory

* Peace of Passau (1552)
* Peace of Augsburg (1555)[1]
* Three Bishoprics annexed by the Kingdom of France

| Charles V
Long Turkish War

(1593–1606)

* Holy Roman Empire
* Transylvania
* Kingdom of Hungary
* Papal States
* Spain

|  Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive

* Peace of Zsitvatorok

| Rudolph II
War of the Jülich Succession

(1609–1614)

| 1609–1610:
Holy Roman Empire
Principality of Strasbourg
Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Catholic League | 1609–1610:
Margraviate of Brandenburg
Palatinate-Neuburg
United Provinces
Kingdom of France
Protestant Union | Treaty of Xanten | Rudolph II

Matthias

War of the Montferrat Succession | Supporting the Duke of Mantua:
Duchy of Mantua
Montferrat
Tuscany (1613)
Spanish Empire
France (1613–14)
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Naples
Genoa | Supporting the Duke of Savoy:
Duchy of Savoy
Montferrat
Tuscany (1613)
France (1615–17)
Venice | Victory

* Peace of Asti
* Savoy renounces its claims to Montferrat

| Matthias
Uskok War |  Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain |  Republic of Venice
Dutch Republic
England | Treaty of Madrid (1617)

* Many Uskok pirates executed or exiled; Austrian garrison installed to check Uskoks.

| Matthias
Thirty Years' War

1618–1648

| Imperial alliance prior to 1635[a]

* Habsburg Monarchy
* Spanish Empire
* Bavaria
* Catholic League

Post–1635 Peace of Prague

* Holy Roman Empire
* Spanish Empire
* Denmark–Norway

| Anti-Imperial alliance prior to 1635[b]

* Kingdom of Bohemia
* Sweden
* Palatinate
* Savoy
* Transylvania
* Dutch Republic
* Denmark–Norway
* Heilbronn League
* Hesse-Kassel
* Brandenburg-Prussia
* Saxony

Post–1635 Peace of Prague

* France
* Sweden
* Dutch Republic
* Hesse-Kassel

* Peace of Prague (1635)
* Peace of Westphalia (1648):
* Peace of Münster (January 1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic
* Treaty of Osnabrück (IPO; October 1648) between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire
* Treaty of Münster (October 1648) (IPM; October 1648) between France and the Holy Roman Empire

Consequences

* France annexes Décapole, and Sundgau[4]
* Sweden gains Wismar, Wolin, Western Pomerania, and Bremen-Verden[5]
* Brandenburg-Prussia obtains Eastern Pomerania[5]
* Spain recognises sovereignty of the Dutch Republic
* Old Swiss Confederacy gains independence from the Holy Roman Empire

| Ferdinand III
Upper Austrian peasant war of 1626 |  Holy Roman Empire
Bavaria | Austrian Rebels  | Victory | Adam Von Herberstorff
Austro-Turkish War

(1663–1664)

| League of the Rhine:

Kingdom of France
Holy Roman Empire

* Electorate of Saxony
* Brandenburg-Prussia
* Electorate of Bavaria
* Baden-Baden
* Swabia

Piedmont-Savoy
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

|  Ottoman Empire | Peace of Vasvár | Leopold I
Franco-Dutch War

(1672–1678)

* Dutch Republic
* Holy Roman Empire (from 1673)
* Spain (from 1673)
* Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1673)
* Lorraine (from 1673)
* Denmark–Norway (from 1674)
* England (1678)

* France
* England (1672–74)
* Münster (1672–1674)
* Cologne (1672–1674)
* Swedish Empire (from 1674)

| Treaty of Nijmegen

* Major French territorial gains
* France occupies Lorraine, Freiburg and Kehl

| Leopold I
War of the Reunions |  Spain
Co-belligerent:
Holy Roman Empire
Genoa |  France | Defeat

* Truce of Ratisbon

| Leopold I
Great Turkish War

(1683–1699)

|  Holy Roman Empire

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Tsardom of Russia

Republic of Venice

Spanish Empire

|  Ottoman Empire
| Victory

* Treaty of Karlowitz
* The Habsburg monarchy wins lands in Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania and the Balkans.
* Poland-Lithuania captures Podolia.
* Russia captures the port of Azov.
* Venice captures Morea and inner Dalmatia.

| Leopold I
Nine Years War

(1688–1697)

| Holy Roman Empire

Dutch Republic

England

Scotland

Spanish Empire

Duchy of Savoy

Portuguese Empire

Swedish Empire

(until 1691)

| France | Treaty of Ryswick | Leopold I
War of the Spanish Succession

(1701–1714)

| Holy Roman Empire

Austrian Monarchy

Dutch Republic

Prussia

England (until 1707)

Great Britain (from 1707)

Piedmont-Savoy

Habsburg Spain

Portugal

| France

Spanish monarchy

Bavaria (until 1704)

Cologne (until 1702)

Mantua (until 1708)

Treaties of Utrecht (1713), Rastatt (1714) and Baden (1714)

* Philip is recognized as King of Spain, but once more renounces any claim to the throne of France
* Austria gains the crowns of Naples and Sardinia as well as the duchy of Milan and the Spanish Netherlands
* Savoy gains the crown of Sicily which is soon to be exchanged with Sardinia

| Leopold I

Joseph I Charles VI

Rákóczi's War of Independence |

Holy Roman Empire:

* Austria
* Prussia
* Margraviate of Baden
* Serbs from the Military Frontier
* Transylvanian Saxons
* Kingdom of Croatia
* Royalists
* Danish Auxiliary Corps

Foreign mercenaries:

* Swiss
* Germans
* Italians
* Spaniards

* Kuruc (Kingdom of Hungary)
* Principality of Transylvania
* Kingdom of France

Minorities:

* Hungarian Slovenes
* Slovaks
* Rusyns
* Zipser Saxons
* Hungarian Germans
* Croats from Hungary
* Šokac and Bunjevac people
* Romanians in Hungary
* pro-Hungarian Serbs

Foreign mercenaries and volunteers:

* Poles
* Wallachians
* Crimean Tatars
* Swedes
* Ottoman Turks
* Germans
* Lithuanians
* Moldavians
* Bulgarians
* Lipka Tatars
* Ruthenians

| Victory | Leopold I

Joseph I Charles VI

War of the Polish Succession

(1733–1735)

| Holy Roman Empire

* Habsburg monarchy
* Saxony
* Prussia

Russia

Poland Loyal to Augustus III

| France

Spain

Savoy-Sardinia

Duchy of Parma

Sweden

Poland Loyal to Stanislaus I

| Treaty of Vienna

* Austria loses the crowns of Naples and Sicily to Charles of Parma
* Duchy of Lorraine to Stanislaus
* Duchy of Parma to Austria
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany to Francis Stephen
* Poland loses direct control over the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

| Charles VI
Liège Revolution

(1789–1791)

| Holy Roman Empire

* Habsburg monarchy

Prince-Bishops of Liège

| Liège Rebels

Brabant Rebels

Republic of Liège

Supported by:Prussia

| Foundation of Liège Republic (1789);

reversion to Prince-Bishopric(1791); annexation by France (1795)

| Leopold II
War of the First Coalition
(mostly the Low Countries theatre)

1792–1797

| First Coalition:
Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire

* Habsburg monarchy (Austria)
* Kingdom of Prussia
* Electorate of Hanover
* Hesse-Kassel (until 1795)

Great Britain
Spanish Empire (1793–95)

* Kingdom of Naples (until 1796)
* Kingdom of Portugal
* Kingdom of Prussia (until 1795)
* Kingdom of Sardinia (until 1796)
* Army of Condé

|  Kingdom of the French (1792)
French First Republic (from 1792)

* Republic of Bouillon (1794–95)
* Batavian Republic (from 1795)
* Ligurian Republic (from 1795)
* Cisrhenian Republic (1797)
* Cisalpine Republic (1797)
* other sister republics

Spanish Empire (1796–97)

* Polish Legions (from 1797)

| French Republican victory

* French monarchy abolished, republicanism spread across Europe
* All southern Low Countries and Left Bank of the Rhine annexed by France (1795)
* Treaty of The Hague (1795)
* Batavian Republic established as a French sister republic
* Peace of Basel (1795)
* Prussia and Hesse-Kassel withdraw from Coalition
* Spain allies with France (ending the War of the Pyrenees)
* Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)
* Habsburg monarchy accepts the loss of the Austrian Netherlands

| Francis II
War of the Second Coalition

1798–1802

Second Coalition:

* Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)
* Habsburg monarchy (Austria, until 1801)
* Russian Empire (until 1798)
* Great Britain (until 1801)
* United Kingdom (from 1801)
* Kingdom of Portugal
* Kingdom of Naples
* Ottoman Empire
* French royalists

French First Republic

* Batavian Republic
* Cisalpine Republic
* Helvetic Republic
* Ligurian Republic
* Roman Republic (1798–99)
* Parthenopean Republic (1799)
* other sister republics

Spanish Empire

| French victory

* France briefly conquers the Papal States and captures Pope Pius VI (1798–99)
* Treaty of Lunéville (1801) recognises Holy Roman Empire's loss of southern Low Countries to France
* Concordat of 1801: Pope Pius VII recognises the abolition of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège

| Francis II
War of the Third Coalition

1803–1806
(part of the Napoleonic Wars)

Third Coalition:

* United Kingdom
* Sweden (1804–06)
* Russian Empire (1805–06)
* Holy Roman Empire (1805)
* Austrian Empire (1805)
* Kingdom of Naples (1805–06)
* Kingdom of Sicily (1805–06)

First French Empire[c]

* Batavian Republic
* Etruria
* Italy

* Spain
* Bavaria
* Württemberg

| French victory

* Treaty of Pressburg (1805): Austrian Empire leaves Coalition
* Consolidation of the First French Empire
* Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire[d]
* Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine
* Formation of the Fourth Coalition a few months later

| Francis II

## See also

[edit]

* Reichskrieg
* Army of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsarmee)
* Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) (Kaiserliche Armee)
* Imperial Military Constitution
* Imperial Register
* Roman Month
* List of wars in the Low Countries until 1560
* List of wars in the southern Low Countries (1560–1829)
* List of wars involving Francia (5th century–987, including West, Middle and East Francia)
* List of wars involving Germany (1806–present)
* Wars and battles involving Prussia (1656–1947)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ States that allied at some point between 1618 and 1635
2. ^ States that fought against the Emperor at some point between 1618 and 1635
3. ^ The French First Republic transformed into the First French Empire on 18 May 1804 with the adoption of the Constitution of the Year XII. The Coronation of Napoleon took place on 2 December 1804.
4. ^ Holy Roman Emperor Francis II of Habsburg proclaimed the Austrian Empire on 11 August 1804, elevating the Habsburg monarchy to imperial status by himself. The indirect causes of this move are the French conquest of the Rhineland and further expansion into Germany and the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, which curbed the meaning and power of the Holy Roman Empire/Emperor. The direct cause of Francis' proclamation was the adoption of the new French Constitution of 18 May 1804, which appointed Napoleon as Emperor of the French (followed by his coronation on 2 December 1804). Instead of an increasingly meaningless and non-hereditary title that was dependent on the cooperation of the Electors and was limited to only the northwestern parts of his Hausmacht, Francis now made all Austrian Habsburg possessions into a unified hereditary empire.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Duitsland §6. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
2. ^ Wilson 1999, p. 2.
3. ^ Angelov, Dimiter (2019). The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p.89.
4. ^ Croxton 2013, pp. 225–226.
5. ^ a b Heitz & Rischer 1995, p. 232.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Croxton, Derek (2013). The Last Christian Peace: The Congress of Westphalia as A Baroque Event. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33332-2.
* Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; History in data; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (in German). Koehler&Amelang. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
* Wilson, Peter H. (23 July 1999). The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-349-27649-3.