List of wars involving the United Kingdom

Wars involving the United Kingdom

This is a list of conflicts involving the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its predecessor states (the Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland and generally the British Isles). Notable militarised interstate disputes are included. For a list of wars before the Acts of Union 1707 please see List of wars involving England & List of wars involving Scotland. To see wars that have been fought on the United Kingdom mainland, see the list of wars in Great Britain. Historically, the United Kingdom relied most heavily on the Royal Navy and maintained relatively small land forces. Most of the episodes listed here deal with insurgencies and revolts in the various colonies of the British Empire. During its history, the United Kingdom's forces (or forces with a British mandate) have invaded, had some control over or fought conflicts in 171 of the world's 193 countries that are currently UN member states, or nine out of ten of all countries.[1]

British victory
Another result *
British defeat
Ongoing conflict

*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

## Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)

[edit]

Conflict  | Britain and allies  | Britain's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

The Great Northern War
(1700–1721)  |  Swedish Empire

Ottoman Empire
United Provinces
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Great Britain

|  Tsardom of Russia

* Kalmyk Khanate

Cossack Hetmanate
Denmark–Norway
Electorate of Saxony
Poland–Lithuania
Prussia
Hanover

| Inconclusive for Great Britain

* Britain did not gain or lose anything from the war and had exited the war a year before it ended due to financial trouble

Russian Allied victory:

* Tsardom of Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe.
* Decline of Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–1714)

including

* Queen Anne's War

|  Austria

Dutch Republic
Savoy
Great Britain
Prussia
Portugal

|  France

Spain
Bavaria

| British victory

* Treaty of Utrecht:
* Philip V recognized as King of Spain by the Grand Alliance
* Territory in Canada and the West Indies ceded from France
* Territory in Europe ceded from Spain
* Indecisive or failure for Britain's various allies

Civil war: Post-Spanish Succession Caribbean Piracy
(1715–1726)  |  Great Britain |  Anglo-American-Caribbean privateers
Republic of Pirates | Civil war; royal victory

Details

* Piracy outlawed by Treaty of Utrecht
* Anti-Caribbean Piracy campaign by Royal Navy
* Disestablishment of the Republic of Pirates in 1718
* Defeat of Edward Teach in 1718
* Defeat of Calico Jack in 1720
* Defeat of Black Bart in 1722
* Defeat of Edward Low in 1724
* Most outlawed Caribbean privateers captured or killed by 1726, marking the end of the Golden Age of Piracy

Civil war:
(1715–1716)

Jacobite rising of 1715
including

* The Jacobite uprising in Cornwall

|  Great Britain – [Kingdom of Great Britain]  |  Jacobites | Civil war, Hanoverian victory

Jacobite restoration attempt defeated

The War of the Quadruple Alliance

including

* The Nineteen Uprising in Great Britain
(1717–1720)

|  Holy Roman Empire
Great Britain

France
Dutch Republic
Savoy

|  Spain

Jacobites (against the British Crown and government only)

| British Allied victory:

* Royal navy won a battle; a small-scale Jacobite invasion was defeated
* Treaty of The Hague:
* Spanish attempt at expansion fails.

Dummer's War
(1721–1725)  |  New England Colonies
Mohawk | Wabanaki Confederacy | British victory

* Britain recognises the rights of the region's indigenous inhabitants.

The War of Jenkins' Ear
(1739–1748)

Location: New Granada, Caribbean, Florida,
Georgia, North Carolina, Pacific and Atlantic

|  Great Britain |  Spain

* Spanish Empire

| Inconclusive/other outcome

* Status quo ante bellum
* British offensive in the Caribbean theatre defeated
* British invasion of Florida repulsed
* Spanish invasion of Georgia repulsed
* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) leading to Treaty of Madrid (1750)

The War of the Austrian Succession
(1740–1748)

including

* King George's War
* The War of Jenkins' Ear
* The First Carnatic War

|  Austria

Great Britain
Hanover
Dutch Republic
Saxony
Sardinia
Russia
East India Company

|  France

Prussia
Spain

* Spanish Empire

Bavaria
Saxony
Naples and Sicily
Genoa
Sweden
French East India Company

| French Allied victory in Europe but British victory outside of Europe

* Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle:
* Defeat

Civil War:

Jacobite rising of 1745
(1741–1745)

|  Great Britain |  Jacobites | Civil war, British victory

Jacobite restoration attempt defeated

The Second Carnatic War
(1749–1754)  |  East India Company

Forces of Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad
Forces of Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan

|  French East India Company
Forces of Chanda Shahib

Forces of Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat

| British Allied victory

Treaty of Pondicherry:

* Pro-British Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan became Nawab of the Carnatic

Seven Years' War
(1756–1763)

including

* Third Carnatic War
* French and Indian War
* Pomeranian War
* Third Silesian War
* Anglo-Spanish War

|  Great Britain

* East India Company
* British America

Prussia
Hanover
Iroquois Confederacy
Portugal
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Hesse-Kassel
Schaumburg-Lippe Cherokee Nation (before 1758) Catawba Mingo Lenape (from 1758) Wyandot of Ohio Country (British supported faction)

|  France

* New France
* French East India Company

Holy Roman Empire
Russian Empire
Sweden
Spain

* Spanish Empire

Saxony
Sardinia Mughal Empire Wabanaki Confederacy Miꞌkmaq Algonquin Ojibwe Odawa Shawnee Lenape (until 1758) Wyandot of Fort Detroit (French supported faction)

| British Allied victory

Treaty of Paris:

* Extensive North American lands (incl. all of
Canada) ceded from France
* Caribbean colonies ceded from France
* Senegal River colony (excluding Gorée) ceded
from France
* Florida ceded from Spain
* French trading posts in India administered by British
* Sumatra ceded from France

Anglo-Cherokee War
(1758–1761)  |  Great Britain | Cherokee | British victory

Pro-British Attakullakulla becomes Cherokee leader

Tacky's War
(1760)  |  Great Britain
Jamaican Government
Jamaican Maroons)]]  | British Allied victory

* Slave defeat
* Death of Tacky
* Tacky's men commit suicide

Pontiac's Rebellion
(1763–1766)  |  Great Britain | Native American Coalition:

* Odawa
* Potawatomi
* Ojibwe
* Mingo
* Seneca people
* Wyandot people
* Miami people
* Kickapoo people
* Illinois People

| Inconclusive or other outcome

* British policy change
* British suzerainty over First Nation Tribes
* Niagara Falls area ceded from Seneca Nation

First Anglo-Mysore War
(1766–1769)  |  East India Company

Maratha Empire
Hyderabad State

|  Kingdom of Mysore | Mysore victory

Hyderabad cedes territory to Mysore

First Anglo-Maratha War
(1774–1783)  |  East India Company |  Maratha Empire | Maratha victory

* Treaty of Salbai.[2][3]
* Maratha support for Britain against Mysore

* American Revolutionary War (1775–83)
* Anglo-French War (1778–83)
* Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)

|  Great Britain

Iroquois
Cherokee
Hanover
Loyalists

|  United States
France

Spain
Vermont Republic
Oneida tribe
Tuscarora tribe
Watauga Association
Catawba tribe

| Civil War / American Allied victory

* The American Revolution started as a civil war within the British Empire.[a] It became a larger international war in 1778 once France joined.[b]

Treaty of Paris:

* 13 North American colonies recognised as the independent United States of America
* Territory in North America ceded to the newly independent United States of America
* Senegal River colony returned to France
* French recognises British suzerainty over the Gambia river
* Territory in India returned to France
* British retention and creation of British North America
* Menorca ceded to Spain
* East & West Florida ceded to Spain

4th Anglo-Dutch War
(1780–83)  |  Great Britain |  Dutch Republic
France | British victory

Treaty of Paris[14]

* Dutch Republic cedes territory in India, Nagapatnam, to Great Britain
* The Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the rebelling American colonies and their allies.
* Weakening of the Dutch colonial empire, while Great Britain's colonial power increased.

2nd Anglo-Mysore War
(1780–1784)  |  East India Company

Maratha Empire
Hyderabad State

|  Kingdom of Mysore

France

| Inconclusive or other outcome

* Treaty of Mangalore:
* Status quo ante bellum

3rd Anglo-Mysore War
(1789–1792)  |  East India Company

Maratha Empire
Hyderabad State
Travancore

|  Kingdom of Mysore | British Allied victory

Treaty of Seringapatam:

* Half of Mysore territory ceded to East India Company

War of the First Coalition
(1793–1797)  |  Dutch Republic
(until 1795)[15]
Great Britain[16]
Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[17]

* Hesse-Kassel (until 1795)[18]
* Württemberg (until 1796)[19]
* Baden (until 1796)[19]

Papal States (until 1797)[20]
Parma (until 1796)
Portugal
Prussia (until 1795)[18]
Sardinia (until 1796)[21]
Spain (until 1795)[18]
Naples (until 1796)
Other Italian states Switzerland

|  Kingdom of France (until 1792)
French Republic (from 1792)

French satellites:[22]

* Batavian Republic (from 1795)[23]
* Sister republics[24]
* Spain (from 1796, naval only)

| French victory

* French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine, Savoy and other smaller territories
* Santo Domingo to France
* Several French "sister republics" established
* End of millennial Venetian independence
* Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Paris, Peaces of Basel, Treaty of Tolentino, Treaty of Campo Formio
* Establishment and survival of the French Republic
* Napoleon becomes a political actor
* Hostilities resume in 1798 with the formation of a Second Coalition against France

War of the Second Coalition
(1797–1802)  |  Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[c]

* Tuscany
* Bavaria[25]

United Kingdom[26]
Russia[27]
Ottoman Empire[28]
Naples (until 1801)[29]
Portugal[30]
Sardinia[31]

|  French Republic
Spain
French client republics:[32]

* Batavian Republic
* Cisalpine Republic
* Helvetic Republic
* Ligurian Republic

| French victory

Treaty of Lunéville, Treaty of Amiens

* Survival of the French Republic
* Previous annexations by France confirmed
* Hostilities resume in 1803 with the formation of a Third Coalition against France
* Territory changes
* Trinidad, **Ceylon and Malta to Britain
* Parma and Louisiana to France
* Tuscany to the House of Bourbon
* Foundation of the Septinsular Republic
* Reichsdeputationshauptschluss to France

Ibn Ufaisan's Invasion
(1793)  |  Kuwait
Great Britain

* British East India Company

|  Emirate of Diriyah | British Allied victory

* Saudi retreat from Kuwait.

Second Maroon War
(1795–1796)  |  Great Britain
British Jamaica | Jamaican Maroons | British victory

Maroon defeat

* Treaty signed established that the Maroons would beg on their knees for the King's forgiveness, return all runaway slaves, and be relocated elsewhere in Jamaica
* Breach of treaty caused deportation of several Maroons to Nova Scotia and later to Sierra Leone in Africa

Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
(1795–1816)  | Burrberongal Tribe
Great Britain
from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Dharug
Eora
Tharawal
Gandangara
Irish-convict sympathisers  | British victory

Displacement of Aborigines from their land

Anglo-Spanish War
(1796–1808)

Location: Newfoundland, English Channel,
Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, Atlantic Ocean,
Caribbean, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

|  Great Britain
from 1801:  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |  Spain
French Republic | Inconclusive or other outcome
Kandyan Wars
(1796–1818)  |  Great Britain
from 1801:  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |  Kingdom of Kandy | British victory

* End of 2357 years of Sinhalese independence

Irish Rebellion of 1798
(1798)  |  Kingdom of Ireland

Great Britain

|  United Irishmen

Defenders
French Republic

| British victory

* Rebellion defeated
* 1801 Act of Union

4th Anglo-Mysore War
(1798–1799)  |  East India Company

Maratha Empire
Hyderabad State

|  Kingdom of Mysore | British Allied victory

Complete annexation of Mysore by Britain and allies

## United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)

[edit]

Conflict  | Britain and allies  | Britain's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Temne War
(1801–1807)  | Susu tribes | Kingdom of Koya | British Allied victory

Northern shore of Sierra Leone ceded by Koya

Second Anglo-Maratha War
(1802–1805)  |  East India Company |  Maratha Empire | British victory

Extensive territory in India ceded by the Maratha Empire

First Kandyan War
(1803–1805)  |  United Kingdom |  Kandy | British victory

Territory captured from Kandy

Civil War:

Emmet's Insurrection
(1803)

|  United Kingdom |  Forces of Robert Emmet | British victory

Rebellion defeated

British Expedition to Ceylon
(1803)  |  Dutch Republic
United Kingdom  | Chiefdom of Vanni
Kingdom of Kandy | British Allied victory

* Vanni region lost to the British
* The last Tamil resistance against colonial rule was crushed.

War of the Third Coalition
(1805–1806)  |  Austrian Empire

Russian Empire
Naples and Sicily
Portugal
Sweden

|  French Empire

Batavia
Italy
Etruria
Spain
Bavaria
Württemberg

| French Allied victory

* Fourth Peace of Preßburg:
* French victory
* Austria surrenders to France
* Pro-French Confederation of the Rhine formed

War of the Fourth Coalition
(1806–1807)  |  Prussia

Russia
Saxony
Sweden
Sicily

|  French Empire

Confederation of the Rhine

* Bavaria
* Württemberg

Polish Legions
Italy
Naples
Etruria
Holland
Swiss Confederation
Spain

| French Allied victory

Treaties of Tilsit:

* French victory
* Half of Prussia ceded to French allies
* Russia exits the war
* Anglo-Russian War begins

Ashanti–Fante War
(1806–1807)  |  Ashanti Empire

Dutch Empire

| Fante Confederacy
United Kingdom  | Dutch victory
Anglo-Turkish War
(1807–1809)  |  United Kingdom  |  Ottoman Empire | Turkish victory

Treaty of the Dardanelles:

* Turkish military victory
* Commercial and legal concessions to British interests within the Ottoman Empire
* Promise to protect the empire against French encroachment

Gunboat War
(1807–1814)  |  United Kingdom  |  Denmark–Norway | British victory

Treaty of Kiel:

* Denmark and Norway split up
* Heligoland ceded from Denmark

Anglo-Russian War
(1807–1812)  |  United Kingdom  |  Russian Empire | Inconclusive or other outcome

* Treaty of Örebro:
* Anglo-Russian-Swedish pact against France

Peninsular War
(1807–1814)  |  Spain

Portugal
United Kingdom

|  French Empire | British Allied victory

Treaty of Paris:

* Bourbon dynasty restored
* Tobago, St. Lucia, Mauritius ceded from France
* All other French possessions restored as per 1792 borders
* Abolition of French Slave Trade
* Swiss independence

Travancore rebellion
(1808–1809)  |  East India Company |  Travancore
Kingdom of Cochin | British victory
War of the Fifth Coalition
(1809)  |  Austrian Empire

Tyrol
Hungary
Black Brunswickers
Sicily
Sardinia

|  French Empire

Warsaw
Confederation of the Rhine

* Bavaria
* Saxony
* Württemberg
* Westphalia

Kingdom of Italy
Naples
Swiss Confederation
Holland

| French Allied victory

* Treaty of Schönbrunn:
* Complete Austrian surrender
* Peninsular War continued

Persian Gulf campaign of 1809
(1809)  |  United Kingdom  |  Al Qasimi | British victory
4th Xhosa War
(1811–1812)  |  United Kingdom
Cape Colony | Xhosa tribes  | British victory

Xhosa tribes pushed beyond the Fish River, reversing their gains in the previous Xhosa wars

War of 1812
(1812–1815)  |  United Kingdom

* British North America

Tecumseh's Confederacy

|  United States  | Inconclusive or other outcome

Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes

* United States invasions of British Canada repulsed. All Pre-War borders restored under the Treaty of Ghent
* British invasions of the United States repulsed. All pre-war borders restored under the Treaty of Ghent

War of the Sixth Coalition
(1812–1814)  | Original Coalition
Russian Empire
Prussia
Austrian Empire
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
Portugal
Two Sicilies
Kingdom of Sardinia

After Battle of Leipzig

* Saxony
* Bavaria
* Württemberg
* United Netherlands

|  First French Empire

* Napoleonic Italy
* Kingdom of Naples
* Duchy of Warsaw[d]

Until January 1814

* Denmark–Norway
* Confederation of the Rhine (Many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig)

| British Allied victory

* Coalition victory, Treaty of Fontainebleau, First Treaty of Paris
* Bourbon Restoration; Napoleon's exile to Elba
* Various territorial changes
* Beginning of the Congress of Vienna
* Hostilities resume with the return of Napoleon to power in 1815

Second Kandyan War
(1815)  |  United Kingdom  |  Kandy | British victory

Kandyan Convention:

* Dissolution of the Kandy royal line
* British King declared King of Kandy

Hundred Days
(1815)

War of the Seventh Coalition

|  United Kingdom

Prussia
France
Hanover
German Confederation
Austria
Russia
Sweden
Netherlands
Spain
Portugal
Sardinia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Tuscany

|  French Empire

Naples

| British Allied victory

Treaty of Paris:

* General French defeat
* Restoration of the House of Bourbon
* Abolition of the slave trade (all signatories)
* ₣100,000,000 compensation from France

Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817–1818)  |  East India Company |  Maratha Empire | British victory

Virtually all territory south of the Sutlej River controlled by Britain

Greek War of Independence
(1821–1829)

* Battle of Navarino

| 1821:
Filiki Eteria
Greek revolutionaries
After 1822:
Hellenic Republic

* * *

Supported by:

* Romanian Revolutionaries (1821)
* Philhellenes
* United Kingdom (after 1826)
* Russian Empire (after 1826)
* Kingdom of France (after 1826)
* Serb and Montenegrin volunteers

|  Ottoman Empire

* Egypt
* Algeria
* Tripolitania
* Tunis

| British Allied victory

* First Hellenic Republic established and recognized

First Ashanti War
(1823–1831)  |  British Empire |  Ashanti Empire | Inconclusive or other outcome

* Stalemate after armistice

First Anglo-Burmese War
(1824–1826)  |  East India Company

Native tribes

|  Burmese Empire | British Allied victory

Treaty of Yandabo:

* Assam, Manipur, Rakhine, and Taninthayi coast south of Salween river ceded from Burmah
* £1,000,000 compensation from Burma

British attack on Berbera
(1827)  |  United Kingdom

* Royal Navy
* East India Company

|  Isaaq Sultanate

* Habr Awal

| British Allied victory

* Destruction of large parts of Berbera
* Indemnity agreed upon for 1825 Habr Awal attack
* Crucial caravan trade halted temporarily

Revolt of the Mercenaries
(1828)  |  Brazil
United Kingdom
France |  German Mercenaries
Irish Mercenaries | British Allied victory

* Mutiny suppressed

Baptist War
(1831–1832)  |  United Kingdom
Colony of Jamaica | Rebel slaves  | British victory

* Slave defeat
* Rebellion suppressed

First Carlist War
(1833–1840)  |  Forces of Queen Isabella II

French Kingdom
Forces of Queen Maria II
Auxiliary Legion

| Carlists:

* Forces of Infante Carlos
* Forces of King Miguel

| Inconclusive or other outcome

* British withdrawal before war's conclusion
* British mediated Convention of Vergara

The 6th Xhosa War
(1834–1836)  |  Free Khoikhoi | Xhosa tribes  | British victory

Extensive territorial gains from Xhosa

Rebellions of 1837
(1837–1838)  |  United Kingdom
Province of Upper Canada

Province of Lower Canada

* British Loyalists

|  Patriotes
Hunters' Lodges
Reform Movement | British victory

* Patriote rebellion crushed by loyalist forces; Republic of Canada dismantled
* Defeat of Hunters' Lodges
* Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada

Pastry War
(1838–1839)
also known First Franco–Mexican War |  France
United Kingdom |  Mexico | British Victory

* Mexican government accepts to pay the 600,000 pesos

First Anglo-Afghan War
(1838–1842)  |  East India Company
Durrani Kingdom
Maimana Khanate
Khulm (August 1840 for mere days, September 1840-November 1841)
Sadozai loyalists |  Emirate of Kabul
Principality of Qandahar
Khanate of Kalat
Khulm (August 1840, November 1841 onwards.)
Marri
Bugti
Afghan Tribes
Barakzai Loyalists  | Barakzai Afghan victory

* British retreat from Afghanistan

Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
(1845-1850)

* Battle of Vuelta de Obligado

|  British Empire
Kingdom of France |  Argentine Confederation | Argentine Confederation victory

* Arana-Southern Treaty
* France and Britain recognize the sovereignty of Argentina on La Plata River and its tributaries.

First Opium War
(1839–1842)  |  United Kingdom  |  Qing dynasty | British victory

Treaty of Nanking:

* Five Chinese ports open to foreign trade
* $21,000,000 compensation from the Qing Empire
* Hong Kong Island ceded from the Qing Empire

Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
(1839–1841)  |  Ottoman Empire
British Empire |  Egypt Eyalet
Kingdom of the French
Spain | British Allied victory

* Egypt renounced its claim to Syria.

First Anglo-Sikh War
(1845–1846)  |  East India Company
Patiala State |  Sikh Empire | British Allied victory

Treaty of Lahore:

* Extensive territory ceded from the Sikh Empire
* Partial control over Sikh foreign affairs

The 7th Xhosa War
(1846–1847)

The War of the Axe

|  United Kingdom
Cape Colony | Xhosa tribes  | British victory

Territory ceded from Xhosa

Caste War of Yucatán
(1847–1901)  |  Mexico
Republic of Yucatán
Guatemala
United Kingdom
British Honduras | Maya | British Allied victory

* Republic of Yucatán rejoins the United Mexican States in 1848
* Mayas achieve an independent state from 1847 to 1883
* Mexico recaptures Yucatán
* Conflict between the Mexicans and the Mayans continued until 1933

Second Anglo-Sikh War
(1848–1849)  |  East India Company |  Sikh Empire | British victory

Complete annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company

Battle of Tysami
(1849)  |  United Kingdom | Chui A-poo's pirates  | British victory
The 8th Xhosa War
(1850–1853)

Mlanjeni's War

|  United Kingdom
Cape Colony | Xhosa tribes

Khoikhoi tribes
Native Kafir Police

| British victory

Xhosa-Khoi attacks defeated Status quo ante bellum

Taiping Rebellion
(1850–1864)  |  Qing dynasty
France
United Kingdom | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | British Allied victory

* Qing dynasty victory
* Fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
* Weakening of the Qing dynasty

Second Anglo-Burmese War
(1852–1853)  |  United Kingdom |  Burmese Empire | British victory

Burmese revolution ended fighting Lower Burma annexed

Crimean War
(1853–1856)  |  French Empire

Ottoman Empire
Kingdom of Sardinia

|  Russian Empire

Bulgarian Legion

| British Allied victory

Treaty of Paris

Second Opium War
(1856–1860)

Arrow War

|  French Empire

United States
United Kingdom

|  Qing dynasty | British Allied victory

The Treaty of Tientsin:

* Kowloon ceded from the Qing Empire
* Peking opened to foreign trade
* 11 more Chinese ports opened to foreign trade
* Yangtze River opened to foreign warships
* 4,000,000 taels of silver compensation
* China banned from referring to subjects of the crown as barbarians

Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)  |  Afghanistan

East India Company

|  Persia

Herat

| British Allied victory

Persian withdrawal from Herat

Indian Rebellion of 1857
(1857–1858)  |  East India Company

Nepal
Jammu and Kashmir

Princely states

* Jaipur
* Bikaner
* Marwar
* Rampur
* Kapurthala
* Nabha
* Bhopal
* Sirohi
* Udaipur
* Patiala
* Sirmur
* Alwar
* Bharathpur
* Bundi
* Jaora
* Bijawar
* Ajaigarh
* Rewa
* Kendujhar
* Hyderabad

|  Sepoys of the East India Company

Mughal Empire
Awadh
Jhansi
7 Princely states

| British Allied victory

Act for the Better Government of India:

* Company rule in India dissolved
* Indian Empire established
* Ban on Christian missionaries in India

Bombardment of Kagoshima
(1863)  |  British Empire |  Satsuma Domain | British victory

* Tactical stalemate and mitigated British victory

Ambela campaign
(1863-64)  |  British Empire |  Yusufzai | British victory
British Expedition to Abyssinia
(1867–1868)  |  United Kingdom  |  Ethiopia | British victory
Klang War
(1867–1874)

Selangor Civil War

| Forces of Raja Abdullah of Klang

British Straits Settlements

| Forces of Raja Mahadi  | British Allied victory
Third Ashanti War
(1873–1874)  |  United Kingdom |  Ashanti Empire | British victory

Treaty of Fomena:

* 50,000 oz of gold compensation from Ashanti Empire
* Ashanti withdrawal from coastal areas
* Ashanti banned from practising human sacrifice

Second Anglo-Afghan War
(1878–1880)  |  India
Afzalids  |  Afghanistan | British-Afzalid victory

Treaty of Gandamak:

* Abdur Rahman Khan installed as Emir
* Afghanistan becomes a British protected state[33]
* Districts of Quetta, Pishin, Sibi, Harnai and Thal Chotiali ceded to British India[34]

Anglo-Zulu War
(1879)  |  Natal | Zulu Kingdom | British victory

Zululand annexed to Natal

'Urabi Revolt
(1879–1882)  |  United Kingdom
Khedivate of Egypt |  Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed 'Urabi | British Allied victory

* 'Urabi forces defeated and exiled

Basuto Gun War
(1880–1881)  |  United Kingdom
Cape Colony | Basuto people  | Basuto victory

* Basuto people maintain their partial autonomy
* British failure to disarm Basuto people

First Boer War
(1880–1881)  |  United Kingdom |  South African Republic | South African victory

Pretoria Convention:

* South African Republic granted self-government

Mahdist War
(1881–1899)  |  United Kingdom
Italy

Ethiopian Empire Congo Free State Egypt

| Mahdist Sudan | British allied victory

* Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
* Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy

Third Anglo-Burmese War
(1885)  |  United Kingdom |  Burmese Empire | British victory

Upper Burma annexed to India

Sikkim Expedition
(1888)  |  India |  Tibet | British victory

Tibet recognizes British suzerainty over Sikkim

Anglo-Manipur War
(1891)  |  United Kingdom |  Kingdom of Manipur | British victory
First Matabele War
(1893–1894)  | South Africa Company | Ndebele Kingdom | British victory
Anglo-Zanzibar War
(1896)  |  United Kingdom |  Zanzibar | British victory

Pro-British Sultan installed

Second Matabele War
(1896–1897)  | South Africa Company | Matebele | British victory
Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) |  Cretan revolutionaries
Kingdom of Greece
British Empire
France
Italy
Russian Empire
Austria-Hungary (until 12 April 1898)
German Empire (until 16 March 1898)  |  Ottoman Empire | British victory

* Establishment of the Cretan State.
* Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete.

Second Samoan Civil War

(1898–1899)

|  Supporters of Tanumafili I

United States
United Kingdom

|  Supporters of Mata'afa

Germany

| Inconclusive or other outcome

* Tripartite Convention

Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901)  |  United Kingdom

Russia
Japan
France
United States
Germany
Italy
Austria-Hungary

|  Righteous Harmony Society

Qing dynasty

| British Allied victory

Boxer Protocol:

* Anti-foreign societies banned in China

Second Boer War
(1899–1902)  |  United Kingdom |  Orange Free State

South African Republic
Foreign volunteers

| British victory

Treaty of Vereeniging:

* All Boers to surrender arms and swear allegiance to the Crown
* Dutch language permitted in education
* Promise to grant Boer republics self-government
* £3,000,000 compensation "reconstruction aid" to Afrikaners

War of the Golden Stool

(1900)

|  United Kingdom |  Ashanti Empire | Inconclusive or other outcome

* Status quo ante bellum
* De facto independent Ashanti state under British protectorate
* Ashanti retained control of the Golden Stool

Mahsud Waziri blockade
(1900–1902)  |  India | Mahsud rebels  | British victory
Anglo-Aro War
(1901–1902)  |  United Kingdom |  Aro Confederacy | British victory

Aro Confederacy destroyed

British expedition to Tibet
(1903–1904)  |  India |  Tibet | British victory

Status quo ante bellum

Bazar Valley campaign
(1908)  |  India | Rebel tribes  | British victory
First World War
(1914–1918)  | Allied Powers

France
British Empire

* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Newfoundland
* Australia
* New Zealand
* India
* South Africa

Russia
United States
Italy
Japan
China
Serbia
Montenegro
Romania
Belgium
Greece
Portugal
Brazil
Other Allies

| Central Powers

Germany

* German Empire

Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria

| British Allied victory

Treaty of Versailles:

* German demobilisation

Treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Trianon:

* Demise of Austria-Hungary

Russia pulls out in 1917

* Russian Civil War
* Creation of the Soviet Union

Creation of League of Nations:

* Mesopotamia ceded from the Ottoman Empire
* Palestine and Jordan ceded from the Ottoman Empire
* Tanganyika ceded from Germany
* Part of Kamerun ceded from Germany
* Part of Togoland ceded from Germany
* German New Guinea ceded to Australia
* German Samoa ceded to New Zealand
* German South-West Africa ceded to South Africa

Estonian War of Independence
(1918–1920)  |  Estonia
United Kingdom
Latvia
White Movement
Baltic German volunteers[35]
Danish volunteers
Finnish volunteers
Swedish volunteers  |  Russian SFSR

* * *

Baltische Landeswehr

| British Allied victory

* Independence of Estonia
* Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia

Latvian War of Independence
(1918–1920)  |  Latvia
Estonia
White Movement
Poland
Lithuania
United Kingdom  |  German Empire
West Russian Volunteer Army

* * *

Russian SFSR
Latvian SSR

| British Allied victory

* Independence of Latvia

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)  |  White Movement

British Empire

* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Australia
* India
* South Africa

United States
France
Japan
Czechoslovakia
Greece
Estonia
Serbia
Italy
Poland
Romania
China

|  Russian SFSR

Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian Communists

| Bolshevik victory

* Allied withdrawal from Russia
* Bolshevik victory over White Army
* Soviet Union new Russian power

Turkish War of Independence
(1919–1923)  |  Greece
France
Armenia (in 1920)
United Kingdom
Ottoman Empire (until 1922)

* Kuva-yi Inzibatiye (in 1920)

Georgia (in 1921)

|  Turkish National Movement

* Grand National Assembly (after 1920)
* Kuva-yi Nizamiye
* Kuva-yi Milliye (until 1920)

Supported by:
Russian SFSR[36]
Azerbaijan SSR
Georgian SSR
Bukharan PSR
Afghanistan
All-India Muslim League Italy

| Turkish Allied victory

Treaty of Lausanne

* Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate
* Withdrawal of Allied forces from occupied lands of Turkey
* Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
* Starting of the series of reforms led by Atatürk

Third Anglo-Afghan War
(1919)  |  India |  Afghanistan | Afghan victory

* Treaty of Rawalpindi
* Reaffirmation of the Durand Line
* Afghan independence with full sovereignty in foreign affairs

Kuwait–Najd War
(1919–1920)  |  Kuwait
British Empire

* India

|  Sultanate of Nejd

* Ikhwan[37]

| British Allied victory
Irish War of Independence
(1919–1921)  |  United Kingdom |  Irish Republic | Irish Republic victory

* Anglo-Irish Treaty:
* Dominion status for 26 counties of Southern Ireland as the Irish Free State
* 6 counties of Northern Ireland remain part of UK
* United Kingdom retains the Ports of Berehaven, Spike Island and Lough Swilly

Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920
(1920)  |  United Kingdom |  Iraqi rebels  | Inconclusive/Other

* Iraqi political victory
* Greater autonomy given to Iraq
* Faysal ibn Husayn installed as King
* British Mandate for Mesopotamia cancelled

1922 Burao Tax Revolt
(1922)  |  United Kingdom

• British Somaliland

| Habr Yunis tribesmen  | Tribal victory

* Tax policy abandoned

## United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present)

[edit]

Conflict  | Britain and allies  | Britain's opposition  | Outcome

|
|
|

Adwan Rebellion
(1923)  |  United Kingdom
Emir Abdullah's forces
Hashemite allied tribesmen:

* Sheykh Minwar al-Hadid

|  Sultan al-Adwan's forces  | British Allied victory

Sultan al-Adwan's defeat and exile

Ikhwan Revolt
(1927–1930)  |  Kuwait
Nejd and Hejaz
RAF |  Ikhwan | British Allied victory

* Ikhwan attack on Kuwait repelled.
* The remnants of the Ikhwan incorporated into regular Saudi units.
* The Ikhwan leadership was either slain or imprisoned.

Great Arab Revolt in Palestine
(1936–1939)  |  United Kingdom
Yishuv |  Arab Higher Committee | British Allied victory [38]

Revolt suppressed

Palestine Emergency
(1939–1948)  |  United Kingdom  |  Yishuv | Yishuv victory[39]

* Hand over to the United Nations
* British withdrawal from Mandatory Palestine
* Civil war in Mandatory Palestine begins

S-Plan
16 January 1939 – March 1940  |  United Kingdom  |  Irish Republican Army | British victory [40]

* British victory
* IRA failed to force the withdrawal of British troops from Ireland

Second World War
(1939–1945)  | Allied Powers

United States
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
China
France
Poland
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
British India
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Ethiopia
Brazil
Mexico
Gorkha Kingdom

| Axis Powers

Germany
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Slovakia
Finland
Iraq
Thailand
Manchukuo
Mengjiang

| British Allied victory

Nazi Germany formally surrenders 8 May 1945, ending the Second World War in Europe.
On 15 August 1945, following the dropping of atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan announces its surrender, ending the Second World War British (and Commonwealth), French, American, and Soviet troops occupy Germany until 1955, Italy and Japan lose their colonies, Europe is divided into 'Soviet' and 'Western' spheres of interest.

Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947
(1944–1947)  |  Afghanistan
• Allied Nuristani tribesmen
British Empire
• British India | Rebel tribes:

* Zadran
* Mangal
* Safi

| Afghan government & British victory

* Rebel invasion of India in 1944 repelled
* Rebels fully defeated by Afghan government in January 1947

1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan
(1944–1945)  |  United Kingdom  | Badinzai rebels  | British victory

* Insurgency subsided by March 1945

Northern Campaign
2 September 1942 – December 1944  |  Royal Ulster Constabulary |  Irish Republican Army | British victory

* IRA campaign failure

Greek Civil War
(1946–1948)  |  Kingdom of Greece

United Kingdom
United States

| D.S.E. (Δ.Σ.Ε.)

Albania
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria

| British Allied victory
Communist forces defeated, many D.S.E. soldiers exiled in Eastern Europe.
Battalion of UK troops still in Greece until 1948
1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
(1945)  |  United Kingdom

• British Somaliland

| Armed Habr Je'lo tribesmen  | British Pyrrhic victory
Sheikh Bashir killed, unrest continues, anti-colonialist and nationalist sentiment increases in Somaliland
Indonesian National Revolution
(1945–1949)  |  United Kingdom
Netherlands

Japan (until 1945)

|  Indonesia

Japan (volunteers)  India (defectors)

| Inconclusive or other outcome

* Hand over to Dutch in 1946
* Netherlands recognises Indonesian Independence

Operation Masterdom
(1945–1946)  |  United Kingdom

* India

France
Empire of Japan

|  Việt Minh | British victory

* Hand over to French
* First Indochina War begins

Corfu Channel incident
(1946–1948)  |  United Kingdom  |  Albania | Inconclusive or other outcome

* World Court case concluded in 1949[41]
* Britain breaks off talks aimed at establishing diplomatic relations with Albania.

Malayan Emergency
(1948–1960)  |  British Commonwealth

* United Kingdom
* Federation of Malaya
* Australia
* New Zealand
* Southern Rhodesia
* Fiji
* Kenya

Thailand

|  Malayan Communist Party

Malayan National Liberation Army

| British Allied victory

* Destruction of the majority of MNLA guerrilla organisations, Communist leadership retreat to Thailand
* Preservation of capitalism and British economic interests

Korean War
(1950–1953)  |  United Nations Command

South Korea
United States
British Commonwealth Forces Korea

* United Kingdom
* Canada
* Australia
* New Zealand
* India

Belgium
France
Philippines
Colombia
Ethiopia
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey

|  North Korea

China
Soviet Union

| Inconclusive or other outcome

* Korean Armistice Agreement
* Communist invasion of South Korea repelled
* UN invasion of North Korea repelled

1951 Anglo-Egyptian War
(1951–1952)  |  United Kingdom  |  Egypt

* Muslim Brotherhood

| British victory

* Ended with the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

Mau Mau Uprising
(1952–1960)  |  United Kingdom

* British Kenya

| Mau Mau | British victory

* Defeat of Mau Mau
* Kenyan independence

Jebel Akhdar War
(1954–1959)  |  Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
United Kingdom  |  Imamate of Oman

* Ibadi sect
Saudi Arabia

| British Allied victory

* Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman

Cyprus Emergency
(1955–1959)  |  United Kingdom

* Cyprus Colony

* * *

TMT

|  EOKA | Inconclusive or other outcome [42][43][44]

* EOKA was not defeated [45]
* Enosis not achieved[46][47]
* Cyprus became an independent republic in 1959 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas, at Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

Suez Crisis
(1956–1957)  |  United Kingdom

France
Israel

|  Egypt | Inconclusive or other outcome

Coalition military victory[48][49][50]
Egyptian political victory[48]

* Anglo-French withdrawal following international pressure (December 1956)
* Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957)
* UNEF deployment in Sinai[51]
* Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping

Border Campaign
(1956–1962)  |  United Kingdom  |  Irish Republican Army | British victory

IRA campaign fails

First Cod War
(1958–1961)  |  United Kingdom  |  Iceland | Icelandic victory[e]
Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles
Upper Yafa disturbances[54]
(1959)  |  British Empire

* Upper Yafa

| Rebels  | British victory
Dhofar Rebellion
(1962–1975)  |  Oman
United Kingdom
Iran

Jordan

|  Various insurgents  | British Allied victory

Insurgency defeated
Modernisation of Oman

Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
(1963–1966)  |  Commonwealth of Nations

* Malaysia
* United Kingdom
* Australia
* New Zealand

|  Indonesia | British Allied victory

Indonesia recognises Malaysian rule over former North Borneo

Aden Emergency
(1963–1967)  |  Federation of South Arabia
United Kingdom  |  NLF
FLOSY | Yemeni NLF victory
People's Republic of South Yemen established
The Troubles
(1968–1998)  |  United Kingdom

Loyalist paramilitaries:

* Ulster Volunteer Force
* Ulster Defence Association
* Red Hand Commando
* Ulster Resistance
* Loyalist Volunteer Force

Provisional Irish Republican Army Official Irish Republican Army Irish National Liberation Army Irish People's Liberation Organisation Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army

| Stalemate

Inconclusive or other outcome
Good Friday Agreement:

* Devolution in Northern Ireland
* Power-sharing deal
* Cross-border cooperation
* Disarming of paramilitary groups
* Police reform
* Demilitarisation

Second Cod War
(1972–1973)  |  United Kingdom  |  Iceland | Icelandic victory[e]
UK accept Iceland's 50 nautical mile exclusive fishery zone
Third Cod War
(1975–1976)  |  United Kingdom  |  Iceland | Icelandic victory[e]
Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles
Falklands War
(1982)  |  United Kingdom  |  Argentina | British victory

* British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands re-established.
* End of Argentine occupation of Southern Thule island.

Multinational Force in Lebanon
(1982–1984)  |  United Kingdom

France
United States
Italy

| Islamic Jihad Organization
Iran
Syria
Progressive Socialist Party
Amal Movement | Syrian Allied victory[55]

* Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias[56][57]
* Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization
* Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization
* Humanitarian crisis in Southern Lebanon
* Civil war continues until 1990
* President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country

Gulf War
(1990–1991)  |  Kuwait

United States
United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia
France
Egypt
Syria
Other Allies

|  Iraq | British Allied victory

Kuwait regains its independence

Bosnian War
(1992–1995)  |  UNPROFOR

NATO

|  Republika Srpska

Serbian Krajina
Western Bosnia

| Military stalemate

Dayton Accords

Operation Desert Fox
(1998)  |  United States

United Kingdom

|  Iraq | British Allied victory

Objectives largely achieved

Kosovo War
(1998–1999)  |  United States

United Kingdom
France
Canada
Denmark
Germany
Italy
Kosovo Liberation Army

|  Yugoslavia | British Allied victory

Kosovo occupied by Nato forces
Kosovo administered by UNMIK

Sierra Leone Civil War
(2000–2002)  |  Sierra Leone

United Kingdom

|  Rebels

* RUF

Liberia

| British Allied victory

Rebels defeated

War in Afghanistan
(2001–2021)  |  Afghanistan

United States
United Kingdom
Canada
Germany
Italy
France
Denmark
Poland
Romania
Turkey
Australia
Spain
Netherlands
ISAF

|  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Taliban victory

* The Taliban militia, overthrown in 2001.
* British withdrawal in 2014.
* Taliban regained power on 15 August 2021, after 20 years of NATO deployment.

Iraq War
(2003–2009)  |  United States

United Kingdom
Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein
Australia
Poland
Denmark
Iraqi Kurdistan

|  Iraq under Saddam Hussein

Islamic State of Iraq
Various insurgents

| British Allied victory:

* Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government
* Occupation of southern Iraq
* Iraqi insurgency, emergence of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and Sectarian Violence[58]
* Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq[59][60]

First Libyan Civil War
(2011)  | Many NATO  members acting under  UN mandate, including:

United States
United Kingdom
France
Denmark
Italy
Canada
and
Anti-Gaddafi forces
several Arab League states
Sweden

|  Pro-Gaddafi forces  | British Allied victory

* Fall of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
* Muammar Gaddafi killed
* National Transitional Council take control

Operation Shader
(2014–present)  |  United States
United Kingdom
Iraq
Syrian Opposition
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Bahrain
Jordan
Morocco
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Rojava
Egypt
Libya
Nigeria
Cameroon
Chad
Niger
Russia  |  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Boko Haram

* * *

al-Nusra Front
Khorasan

* * *

Ahrar ash-Sham

| Ongoing

* The UK's Operation Shader is ongoing as part of intervention in Iraq and Syria (2014–present)
* 3,000+ ISIL fighters killed in 1,700 British airstrikes.[61][62]
* Ongoing operations by UK Special Forces in Syria.
* British armed forces provide material and training to Iraqi Security Forces and Peshmerga.[63][64]
* As part of the American-led interventions in Syria and Iraq, contributes to the loss of all of ISIL's territory in Iraq (by December 2017) and Syria (by March 2019).

Operation Prosperity Guardian
(2023–present)  |  United States
United Kingdom
Canada
France
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Bahrain
Seychelles
Sri Lanka
New Zealand |  Supreme Political Council

* Houthi movement

| Ongoing

* US-led multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[65][66]

## See also

[edit]

* List of wars involving England
* List of wars involving Scotland
* List of wars in Great Britain
* Military history of the United Kingdom
* Declaration of war by the United Kingdom

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".[4][5] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.[6][7][8][9]
* As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."[10] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.[11][12][13][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
* A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their "most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten" and ask for their majesty's "Wisdom and Goodness" to save them from "a lasting and ruinous Civil War."[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
* The "constrained voice" is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]
* In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. "Taxation without representation is tyranny," James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]
2. ^ France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[5]
* The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]
* Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]
3. ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian Habsburg rule, also nominally encompassed some other Italian states abolished in 1797, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
4. ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, though most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
5. ^ a b c Militarised interstate dispute over fishing rights in waters near Iceland;[52] Iceland has never fought in a full-scale war.[53]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Laycock, S. (2012). All the Countries We've Ever Invaded – And the Few We Never Got Round To. The History Press. ASIN 0752479695.
2. ^ M. R. Kantak (1993), The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles, quote: "Inspite of British superiority in the military science, the British troops could not force a decisive win over the Maratha troops in the First Anglo-Maratha War. The ultimate result of the War showed that the two sides remained evenly balanced.", Popular Prakashan, p. 226, ISBN 9788171546961
3. ^ John Bowman (5 September 2000), Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, quote: "First Anglo-Maratha War...The war ends inconclusively.", Columbia University Press, p. 290, ISBN 9780231500043
4. ^ Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, 6 September 2016.
5. ^ James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, 4 August 2011.
6. ^ Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
7. ^ Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
8. ^ Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
9. ^ Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
10. ^ David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
11. ^ Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
12. ^ Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived 2017-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
13. ^ 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
14. ^ Edler, F. (2001) [1911], The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution, Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, pp. 88, 181–189, ISBN 0-89875-269-8
15. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
16. ^ Including the Army of Condé
17. ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the  Duchy of Modena and the  Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
18. ^ a b c Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
19. ^ a b Left the war after signing the Peace of Paris with France.
20. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Tolentino with France.
21. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
22. ^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
23. ^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
24. ^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
25. ^ Left the war signing the treaty of Paris (August 1801).
26. ^ Great Britain until 1800. Left the war signing the treaty of Amiens.
27. ^ Left the war signing the treaty of Paris.
28. ^ Including the Mamluks and the Barbary Coast. Left the war signing the Treaty of Paris (1802) with France.
29. ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Florence with France.
30. ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) with Spain and the Treaty of Madrid (1801) with France.
31. ^ Following the refusal to enter in alliance against the Two Sicilies, France declared war on both Naples and Piedmont-Sardinia the same day, 6 December. The Piedmontese Republic was proclaimed on 10 December 1798. The Sardinian king Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Cagliari.
32. ^ And other supporting soldiers as the Polish Legions and some Mamluks in captivity.
33. ^ Onley, James (March 2009), "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022, retrieved 24 December 2020
34. ^ Blood, Peter R, ed. (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. Diane Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9780788136313.
35. ^ Thomas, Nigel; Boltowsky, Toomas (2019). Armies of the Baltic Independence Wars 1918–20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 20\. ISBN 9781472830777.
36. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
37. ^ Reeva S. Simon; Philip Mattar; Richard W. Bulliet (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East – Volume 1. p. 119\. "Fighting between Kuwait's forces and Wahhabi supporters of Ibn Sa'ud broke out in May 1920, and the former were soundly defeated. Within a few weeks, the citizens of Kuwait constructed a new wall to protect Kuwait City."
38. ^ "Book Review – 'Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–9' by Matthew Hughes". 31 May 2019.
39. ^ Charters, David A. The British army and Jewish insurgency in Palestine, 1945–47. Springer, 1989, p. X
40. ^ Crowley, pg 809
41. ^ Roselli, Alessandro (2006). Italy and Albania: financial relations in the Fascist period. I.B. Tauris. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9781845112547. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
42. ^ French, David (2015). Fighting EOKA The British Counter-insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959. Oxford University Press. p. 302\. ISBN 9780198729341. "that no one had emerged after four years of violence as an outright winner"
43. ^ Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Grill, Beth; Dunigan, Molly (2013). "Cyprus, 1955–1959". Paths to Victory. RAND Corporation. pp. 94–103. ISBN 9780833081094. JSTOR 10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.17.
44. ^ Alexandrou, Haralambos; Kontos, Michalis; Panayiotides, Nikos (30 June 2014). Great Power Politics in Cyprus: Foreign Interventions and Domestic Perceptions. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443863254.
45. ^ Schofield, Clive H. (31 January 2002). Global Boundaries: World Boundaries Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 9781134880355.
46. ^ French 2015, p. 302.
47. ^ Novo, Andrew R (2022). The EOKA Cause Nationalism and the Failure of Cypriot Enosis. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 168\. ISBN 9780755635344. "Defeat of the ENOSIS cause"
48. ^ a b Tal, David (2001). The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East ISBN 978-0-7146-4840-8. p 203
49. ^ Mart, Michelle (9 February 2006). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. SUNY Press. p. 159\. ISBN 0791466876.
50. ^ Stewart (2013) p 133
51. ^ Kunz, Diane B. (1991). The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 187\. ISBN 0-8078-1967-0.
52. ^ Hellmann, Gunther; Herborth, Benjamin (1 July 2008). "Fishing in the mild West: democratic peace and militarised interstate disputes in the transatlantic community". Review of International Studies. 34 (3): 481–506. doi:10.1017/S0260210508008139. ISSN 1469-9044. S2CID 144997884.
53. ^ "From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
54. ^ "Upper Yafa (Disturbances): 7 Jul 1959: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
55. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (8 April 1984). "America's Failure in Lebanon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
56. ^ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". 23 September 1982.
57. ^ Brinkley, Joel (11 March 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
58. ^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
59. ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
60. ^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
61. ^ Singh, Arj; Smith, Mikey (20 September 2017). "British air strikes have killed 3,000 ISIS militants over three years". Daily Mirror.
62. ^ "UK Drone Strike Stats". Drone Wars UK. 29 February 2012.
63. ^ "UK troops training Kurdish forces". BBC News. 12 October 2014.
64. ^ Farrell, Stephen (27 February 2007). "British trained Iraqi soldiers gear up to back Baghdad surge". Rustamiyah - via www.thetimes.co.uk.
65. ^ "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping". CNN. CNN. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
66. ^ "US-led coalition of 10 nations to counter Houthi attacks on vessels in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Cavanna, Thomas (2015). Hubris, Self-Interest and America's Failed War in Afghanistan. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498506205.
* Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
* Tal, David (2001). The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East (Psychology Press). p. 203\. ISBN 978-0-7146-4840-8

## Further reading

[edit]

* Barnett, Correlli. Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey (1970).
* Black, Jeremy. A military history of Britain: from 1775 to the present (2008).
* Bradford, James C. ed. International Encyclopedia of Military History (2 vol. 2006).
* Brownstone, David and Irene Franck. Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present (1996), Global coverage.
* Cannon, John, ed. The Oxford Companion to British History (2003)
* Carlton, Charles. This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746 (Yale UP; 2011) 332 pages; studies the impact of near unceasing war from the individual to the national levels.
* Chandler, David G., and Ian Frederick William Beckett, eds. The Oxford history of the British army (Oxford UP, 2003).
* Cole, D. H and E. C Priestley. An outline of British military history, 1660–1936 (1936). online
* Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (1993).
* Fortescue, John William. History of the British Army from the Norman Conquest to the First World War (1899–1930), in 13 volumes with six separate map volumes. Available online for downloading; online volumes; The standard highly detailed full coverage of operations.
* Haswell, Jock, and John Lewis-Stempel. A Brief History of the British Army (2017).
* Higham, John, ed. A Guide to the Sources of British Military History (1971) 654 pages excerpt; Highly detailed bibliography and discussion up to 1970; includes local and naval forces.
* James, Lawrence. Warrior Race: A History of the British at War (Hachette UK, 2010). excerpt
* Johnson, Douglas, et al.  Britain and France: Ten Centuries (1980)
* Mulligan, William, and Brendan Simms, eds. The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660–2000 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 345 pages
* Neville, Peter (2013). Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy. Scarecrow Press. pp. xix–xxxi. ISBN 9780810873711. timeline pp xix to xxxi
* Otte, T.G. The Makers of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt to Thatcher (2002)
* Ranft, Bryan. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy (Oxford UP, 2002).
* Rodger, N. A.M. The safeguard of the sea: A naval history of Britain, 660–1649 (Vol. 1. 1998). excerpt
* Rodger, N.A.M.The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815 (vol 2 2006) excerpt
* Sheppard, Eric William. A short history of the British army (1950). online
* Ward, A.W. and G.P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919 (3 vol, 1921–23), old detailed classic; vol 1, 1783–1815 ; vol 2, 1815–1866; vol 3. 1866–1919

### Historiography

[edit]

* Messenger, Charles, ed. Reader's Guide to Military History (2001) pp 55–74 etc.; annotated guide to most important books.
* Schroeder, Paul W. "Old Wine in Old Bottles: Recent Contributions to British Foreign Policy and European International Politics, 1789–1848." Journal of British Studies 26.01 (1987): 1–25.

* v
* t
* e

Lists of wars involving European countries

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template