List of weather records

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In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.[1] Comparison shows seasonal variability for record increases.

The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[2]

## Temperature

[edit]

Increasingly, record temperatures have been warm record temperatures.[3]

2024 saw the highest global average surface temperature in recorded history.[4]

### Measuring conditions

[edit]

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) to 2.00 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground,[5] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade").[6] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[6] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.[7] In 2011, a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[8] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[9]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[6]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E﻿ / ﻿81.8°S 59.3°E﻿ / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[10][11]

### Hottest

[edit]

#### Highest temperatures ever recorded

[edit]

Main articles: Highest temperature recorded on Earth and Heat wave

A world map showing areas with Köppen B classification (dry climates). The temperatures of the hot variants (BWh, BSh) of these climates have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,[12] but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[13] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[14] This is lower than a 1931 measurement of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia, but the WMS rejects this measurement as due to an inexperienced operator misreading the instrument.[15] Temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) is also matched by a 1942 record from Tirat Zvi, Palestine.[16] 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (130 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.[17] The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 58.0 °C (136.4 °F), measured in ʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[15] There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[18] thus not being recognised as world records.[19]

#### Highest global average temperature

[edit]

The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highest global average temperature was recorded at 17.16 °C (62.89 °F).[20] The previous record was 17.09 °C (62.76 °F) set the day before on 21 July 2024.[20] The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally.[21] September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September.[22] The Copernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.[23]

Country/Region  | Temperature  | Town/Location  | Date

|
|
|

Africa
Algeria | 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) | Ouargla, Ouargla Province | 5 July 2018[24]
Botswana | 44.0 °C (111.2 °F)  | Maun | 7 January 2016[25][26]
Burkina Faso | 47.2 °C (117.0 °F)  | Dori | 1984[27]
Chad | 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)  | Faya-Largeau | 25 May 2023[28]
Comoros | 36.2 °C (97.2 °F)  | Hahaya International Airport | 12 March 2024[29]
Egypt | 51.1 °C (124.0 °F)  | Aswan and
Asyut | 4 July 1918
22 May 1973
23 July 1994[30][31][better source needed]
Eswatini (Swaziland) | 47.4 °C (117.3 °F)  | Lavumisa | ?[32]
Ethiopia | 48.9 °C (120.0 °F)  | Dallol, Afar | 1966[33]
Gambia | 49.0 °C (120.2 °F)  | Jenoi | 2001[34]
Ghana | 44.6 °C (112.3 °F)  | Navrongo | 1 May 2024[29]
Guinea | 45.0 °C (113.0 °F)  | Koundara, Boké Region | 29 March 2017[35]
Ivory Coast | 49.5 °C (121.1 °F)  | Odienne | 26 January 2025[36]
Madagascar | 43.6 °C (110.5 °F)  | Ejeda, Atsimo-Andrefana | ?[37]
Mali | 48.5 °C (119.3 °F)  | Kayes | 3 April 2024[29]
Morocco | 50.4 °C (122.7 °F)  | Agadir (Inezgane Airport)  | 11 August 2023[38]
Niger | 49.5 °C (121.1 °F)  | Diffa | 7 September 1978[39]
Nigeria | 46.5 °C (115.7 °F)  | Yola | 13 April 2004[citation needed]
Republic of the Congo | 39.6 °C (103.3 °F)  | Impfondo | 13 March 2024[29]
Réunion | 36.9 °C (98.4 °F)  | Le Port | 6 March 2004[40]
South Africa (then the  Union of South Africa)  | 50.0 °C (122.0 °F)  | Dunbrody, Eastern Cape | 3 November 1918[41][note 1]
Sudan | 49.7 °C (121.5 °F)  | Dongola | 25 June 2010[28]
Togo | 44.0 °C (111.2 °F)  | Mango | 31 March 2024[29]
Tunisia | 50.3 °C (122.5 °F)  | Kairouan | 11 August 2021[43][note 2]
Zambia | 42.4 °C (108.3 °F)  | Mfuwe, Eastern Province | 13 October 2010[28]
Antarctica
Antarctica | 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) | Signy Research Station, Signy Island | 30 January 1982[45]
Asia
Abkhazia | 37.0 °C (98.6 °F)  | Sukhumi | ?
Afghanistan (then,  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)  | 49.9 °C (121.8 °F)  | Farah | August 2009[46]
Bangladesh | 45.1 °C (113.2 °F)  | Rajshahi | 18 May 1972[47]
Bhutan | 40.0 °C (104.0 °F)  | Phuentsholing | 27 August 1997[48]
Cambodia | 42.8 °C (109.0 °F)  | Preah Vihear and Svay Leu District | 27 April 2024[29]
China | 52.2 °C (126.0 °F)  | Sanbu Township, Turpan, Xinjiang | 16 July 2023[49]
Hong Kong | 39.0 °C (102.2 °F)  | Sheung Shui | 24 July 2022[50]
India | 51.0 °C (123.8 °F)  | Phalodi, Rajasthan | 19 May 2016[51][52]
Indonesia | 40.6 °C (105.1 °F)  | Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan | 16 August 1997[53][54]
Iran | 53.7 °C (128.7 °F)  | Ahvaz Airport (OIAW)  | 29 June 2017[55]
Iraq | 53.9 °C (129.0 °F)  | Basra | 22 July 2016[56][57]
Israel | 49.9 °C (121.8 °F)  | Sedom | 17 July 2019[58]
Japan | 41.1 °C (106.0 °F)  | Kumagaya, Saitama
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka | 23 July 2018[59][60]
17 August 2020[60]
Jordan | 50.0 °C (122.0 °F)  | Jordan University Agriculture Research Center  | 6 September 2002[61]
Kazakhstan | 49.1 °C (120.4 °F)  | Turkistan | 2010[62]
Kuwait | 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) | Mitribah, Al Jahra Governorate | 21 July 2016[63][note 3]
Kyrgyzstan | 43.6 °C (110.5 °F)  | Jangy-Jer | July 1944[64]
Laos | 43.7 °C (110.7 °F)  | Tha Ngon | 1 May 2024[29]
Lebanon |

44.3 °C (111.7 °F)

| Houche Al Oumara | September 2020[65]
Macau | 39.0 °C (102.2 °F)  | Coloane | 22 August 2017[35]
Malaysia | 40.1 °C (104.2 °F)  | Chuping | 9 April 1998[66]
Maldives | 35.8 °C (96.4 °F)  | Hanimaadhoo | 27 February 2025
Mongolia | 44.0 °C (111.2 °F)  | Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province | 24 July 1999[67]
Myanmar | 47.2 °C (117.0 °F)  | Myinmu | 14 May 2010[68][69]
Nepal | 46.4 °C (115.5 °F)  | Ataria | 16 June 1995[70]
North Korea | 40.5 °C (104.9 °F)  | Hoeryong | 30 July 1977
Oman | 51.6 °C (124.9 °F)  | Joba | 16 June 2021[71]
Pakistan | 53.7 °C (128.7 °F)  | Turbat | 28 May 2017[72]
Philippines (first recorded under the  Insular Government)  | 42.2 °C (108.0 °F)  | Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley | 12 April 1912
11 May 1969[73]
Qatar | 50.4 °C (122.7 °F)  | Doha | 14 July 2010[28]
Russia (Asian part)  | 39.6 °C (103.3 °F)  | Bayevo, Altai Krai | 7 June 2023[74]
Saudi Arabia | 52.0 °C (125.6 °F)  | Jeddah | 22 June 2010[75][28]
Singapore | 37.0 °C (98.6 °F)  | Tengah
Ang Mo Kio | 17 April 1983[76]
13 May 2023[77]
South Korea | 41.0 °C (105.8 °F)  | Hongcheon, Gangwon Province | 1 August 2018[78]
Sri Lanka | 39.8 °C (103.6 °F)  | Trincomalee | 13 May 1890[79]
11 April 2019[80]
Syria | 49.4 °C (120.9 °F)  | Al-Hasakah | 30 July 2000[81][82]
Taiwan | 41.6 °C (106.9 °F)  | Fuyuan | 21 August 2022[83]
Tajikistan | 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)  | Panji Poyon | ?[84]
Thailand | 45.4 °C (113.7 °F)  | Tak | 15 April 2023[85]
Turkey | 49.5 °C (121.1 °F)  | Sarıcakaya, Eskişehir Province | 15 August 2023[86]
Turkmenistan (then the  Turkmen SSR,  Soviet Union)  | 50.1 °C (122.2 °F)  | Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert | 28 July 1983[87][88]
United Arab Emirates | 52.1 °C (125.8 °F)  | Sweihan, Al Ain | July 2002[89][90]
Uzbekistan (then the  Uzbek SSR,  Soviet Union)  | 50 °C (122 °F)  | Termez | July 1944
Vietnam | 44.2 °C (111.6 °F)  | Tương Dương District,
Nghệ An Province | 7 May 2023[91]
Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia | 34.0 °C (93.2 °F)  | RAF Akrotiri,
Dhekelia | ?[92][93]
Albania | 44.0 °C (111.2 °F)  | Kuçovë | 25 July 2023[94]
Andorra | 39.4 °C (102.9 °F)  | Borda Vidal | 28 June 2019[95]
Armenia | 43.7 °C (110.7 °F)  | Meghri
Yerevan | 1 August 2011[96][97]
12 July 2018[98]
Austria | 40.5 °C (104.9 °F)  | Bad Deutsch-Altenburg | 8 August 2013[99]
Azerbaijan | 46.0 °C (114.8 °F)  | Julfa and Ordubad | 1 July 2018
Belarus | 38.9 °C (102.0 °F)  | Gomel | 7 August 2010[28]
Belgium | 41.8 °C (107.2 °F)  | Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[note 4] | 25 July 2019[100]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
(then  Austria–Hungary-occupied Bosnia Vilayet,  Ottoman Empire) | 46.2 °C (115.2 °F)  | Mostar | 31 July 1901[101][102]
Bulgaria | 45.2 °C (113.4 °F)  | Sadovo, Plovdiv Province | 5 August 1916[103]
Croatia (then the  SR Croatia,  SFR Yugoslavia)  | 42.8 °C (109.0 °F)  | Ploče | 5 August 1981[104]
Cyprus | 46.8 °C (116.2 °F)  | Agios Vasileios | July 2024
Czech Republic | 40.4 °C (104.7 °F)  | Dobřichovice, Prague-West District | 20 August 2012[105]
Denmark | 36.4 °C (97.5 °F)  | Holstebro, Midtjylland | 10 August 1975[106]
Estonia | 35.6 °C (96.1 °F)  | Võru | 11 August 1992[107]
Finland | 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)  | Joensuu Airport, Liperi | 29 July 2010[108][28]
France | 46.0 °C (114.8 °F)  | Vérargues, Hérault | 28 June 2019[102]
Germany | 42.6 °C (108.7 °F)  | Lingen, Lower Saxony[note 4] | 25 July 2019[109]
Greece | 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)  | Elefsina, Attica | 10 July 1977[110]
Hungary | 41.9 °C (107.4 °F)  | Kiskunhalas | 20 July 2007[111]
Iceland (then the  Kingdom of Iceland)  | 30.5 °C (86.9 °F)  | Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur | 22 June 1939[112][113]
Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom)  | 33.3 °C (91.9 °F)  | Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny | 26 June 1887[114]
Isle of Man | 28.9 °C (84.0 °F)  | Isle of Man Airport | 12 July 1983
Italy | 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) | Floridia, Sicily | 11 August 2021[115]
Latvia | 37.8 °C (100.0 °F)  | Ventspils | 4 August 2014[116][117]
Liechtenstein | 37.4 °C (99.3 °F)  | Ruggell | 13 August 2003[118][119]
Lithuania | 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)  | Zarasai, Utena County | 30 July 1994[120]
Luxembourg | 40.8 °C (105.4 °F)  | Steinsel, Luxembourg and Remich, Remich[note 4] | 25 July 2019[121][122]
Malta | 43.8 °C (110.8 °F)  | Malta International Airport | 9 August 1999[123][124]
Moldova | 42.4 °C (108.3 °F)  | Fălești | 7 August 2012[125]
Monaco | 35.1 °C (95.2 °F)  | Monaco | 20 July 2022[83]
Montenegro | 44.8 °C (112.6 °F)  | Podgorica
Danilovgrad | 16 August 2007
8 August 2012[126]
Netherlands | 40.7 °C (105.3 °F)  | Gilze en Rijen, North Brabant[note 4][note 5] | 25 July 2019[128]
North Macedonia | 45.7 °C (114.3 °F)  | Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija | 24 July 2007[129]
Norway | 35.6 °C (96.1 °F)  | Nesbyen, Buskerud | 20 June 1970[130]
Poland | 40.2 °C (104.4 °F)  | Prószków[note 6] | 29 July 1921[132]
Portugal | 47.4 °C (117.3 °F)  | Amareleja, Beja | 1 August 2003[133]
Romania | 44.5 °C (112.1 °F)  | Ion Sion, Brăila County | 10 August 1951[134]
Russia | 45.4 °C (113.7 °F)  | Utta, Kalmykia | 12 July 2010[135]
San Marino | 40.3 °C (104.5 °F)  | Serravalle | 3 August 2017
9 August 2017[35]
Serbia | 44.9 °C (112.8 °F)  | Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje | 24 July 2007[136]
Slovakia | 40.3 °C (104.5 °F)  | Hurbanovo | 20 July 2007[137]
Slovenia | 40.8 °C (105.4 °F)  | Cerklje ob Krki | 8 August 2013[138]
Spain | 47.6 °C (117.7 °F)  | La Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio)  | 14 August 2021[139]
Svalbard | 21.7 °C (71.1 °F)  | Longyearbyen | 25 July 2020
Sweden | 38.0 °C (100.4 °F)  | Ultuna, Uppsala County
Målilla, Kalmar County | 9 July 1933
29 June 1947[140]
Switzerland | 41.5 °C (106.7 °F)  | Grono, Moesa District | 11 August 2003[141]
Ukraine | 42.0 °C (107.6 °F)  | Luhansk | 12 August 2010[142][28]
United Kingdom | 40.3 °C (104.5 °F)  | Coningsby, Lincolnshire | 19 July 2022[143]
Vatican City | 40.8 °C (105.4 °F)  | Vatican City | 28 June 2022[83]
North America
Anguilla | 34.2 °C (93.6 °F)  | The Valley | 12 September 2015[144]
Antigua and Barbuda | 34.9 °C (94.8 °F)  | V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's | 12 August 1995[145][146]
Barbados | 35.6 °C (96.1 °F)  | Saint James, Barbados | September 2023[147]
Belize | 42.3 °C (108.1 °F)  | Barton Creek | 10 April 2024[29]
British Virgin Islands | 35.0 °C (95.0 °F)  | Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport | 22 July 2016[148]
Canada | 49.6 °C (121.3 °F)  | Lytton, British Columbia | 29 June 2021[149][150][151][152][153]
Cayman Islands | 35.3 °C (95.5 °F)  | Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman | 21 July 2023[154]
Costa Rica | 41.5 °C (106.7 °F)  | Cerro Huacalito, Guanacaste Province | 23 March 2024[29]
Cuba | 39.7 °C (103.5 °F)  | Veguitas (Granma Province)  | 12 April 2020[155]
Dominica | 36.6 °C (97.9 °F)  | Canefield Airport | 27 August 2023[156]
Dominican Republic | 43.0 °C (109.4 °F)  | Mao | 31 August 1954[157]
Greenland | 30.1 °C (86.2 °F)  | Ivittuut | 23 June 1915[158][159][160]
Guatemala | 45.0 °C (113.0 °F)  | Estanzuela, Zacapa | 12 May 1998[161][162]
Martinique | 36.5 °C (97.7 °F)  | Saint-Pierre | 6 October 2010[163]
Mexico | 52.0 °C (125.6 °F)  | San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora | 6 July 1966[164]
Nicaragua | 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)  | Managua | May 2024
Panama | 40.0 °C (104.0 °F)  | San Francisco | 20 March 1998[165]
Puerto Rico | 40.0 °C (104.0 °F)  | Mona Island | 2 July 1996[166]
United States | 56.7 °C (134.06 °F) | Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California | 10 July 1913[13][167][14]
United States Virgin Islands | 37.2 °C (99 °F)  | Saint Thomas
Cruz Bay | 4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[166]
31 July 1988[166]
Oceania
Australia | 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) | Oodnadatta, South Australia
Onslow, Western Australia | 2 January 1960[168][169][170]
13 January 2022[171][172][173]
Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 33.2 °C (91.8 °F)  | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 3 December 2024[174]
Marshall Islands | 35.6 °C (96.1 °F)  | Utirik Atoll | 24 August 2016[148]
New Zealand | 42.4 °C (108.3 °F)  | Rangiora, Canterbury | 7 February 1973[175]
Palau | 35.6 °C (96.1 °F)  | Roman Tmetuchl International Airport | 2 June 2024[29]
Samoa | 35.3 °C (95.5 °F)  | Asau | 24 December 1968[176]
Solomon Islands | 36.1 °C (97.0 °F)  | Honiara, Guadalcanal Province | 1 February 2010[28]
Tonga | 35.5 °C (95.9 °F)  | Niuafoou | 1 February 2016[148]
Vanuatu | 36.2 °C (97.2 °F)  | Lamap Malekula | 8 February 2016[148]
Wallis and Futuna | 35.8 °C (96.4 °F)  | Futuna Airport | 10 January 2016[148]
South America
Argentina | 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) | Rivadavia, Salta Province[note 7] | 11 December 1905[177][178][179]
Bolivia | 46.7 °C (116.1 °F)  | Villamontes, Tarija Department | 29 October 2010[28][note 8]
Brazil | 44.8 °C (112.6 °F)  | Araçuaí, Minas Gerais | 19 November 2023[180]
Chile | 44.9 °C (112.8 °F)  | Quillón, Biobio Region[note 9] | 26 January 2017[181][182]
Colombia | 45.0 °C (113.0 °F)  | Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca | 29 December 2015[183]
French Guiana | 39.3 °C (102.7 °F)  | Grand-Santi | 2024
Guyana | 40.1 °C (104.2 °F)  | Ebini | 26 September 2023[184]
Paraguay | 46.4 °C (115.5 °F)  | Mariscal Estigarribia, Boquerón | 28 January 2025[185]
Peru | 41.6 °C (106.9 °F)  | Iñapari | 7 October 2023[186]
Uruguay | 44.0 °C (111.2 °F)  | Paysandú, Paysandú Department
Florida, Florida Department | 20 January 1943[187][188]
14 January 2022[189]
Venezuela | 43.6 °C (110.5 °F)  | Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón | 29 April 2015[144]

#### Other high-temperature records

[edit]

Country/Region  | Temperature  | Town/Location  | Date  | Record  | Info

|
|
|
|
|

Australia | 37.8 °C (100.0 °F)  | Marble Bar, Western Australia | 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924 (160 days)  | Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F)[190] | \-
Iran | 70.7 °C (159.3 °F)  | Lut Desert | 2005 | Highest natural ground surface temperature[191][192] | \-
USA ( California)  | 48.9 °C (120.0 °F)  | Death Valley | 9 July 1917 to 17 August 1917 (40 days)  | Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F)[193] | \-
USA ( California)  | 48.3 °C (118.9 °F)  | Imperial, California | 24 July 2018 | Highest temperature during rain[194] | \-
Oman | 44.2 °C (111.6 °F)  | Khasab weather station  | 17 June 2017 | Highest overnight low temperature[195][note 10] | \-
Oman | 42.6 °C (108.7 °F)  | Qurayyat, Muscat Governorate | 25 June 2018 | Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day[197] | \-
USA ( California)  | 42.5 °C (108.5 °F)  | Death Valley | July 2024 | Highest average monthly temperature[198][199] | \-
Russia | 38.0 °C (100.4 °F)  | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic | 20 June 2020 | Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle[200][201][202][203] | \-
Canada | 49.6 °C (121.3 °F)  | Lytton, British Columbia | 29 June 2021 | Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north[151][152][153] | \-

#### Humidity

[edit]

* Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.[204]
* Highest heat index: In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was 81.1 °C (178.0 °F).[204]
* Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on 21 July 2012.[205]

### Coldest

[edit]

#### Lowest temperatures recorded

[edit]

Main articles: Lowest temperature recorded on Earth and Cold wave

The lowest temperature recorded is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), in Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983.

Table of values  Country/Region  | Temperature  | Town/Location  | Date

|
|
|

Africa
Algeria | −13.8 °C (7.2 °F)  | Mécheria | 28 January 2005[206]
Burkina Faso | 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)  | Markoye | January 1975[27]
Egypt | −18.0 °C (−0.4 °F)  | Gabal Katrina at elevation of 2,629 m
While −6 °C in Saint Katherine City at 1,586 m.
Sinai Peninsula is geologically part of the African Plate,
but geographically it is considered to be in Asia.  | ?[207][208]
Botswana | −15.0 °C (5.0 °F)  | Tsabong | ?[209]
Eswatini (Swaziland) | −6.7 °C (19.9 °F)  | Big Bend | ?[32]
Gambia | 4.0 °C (39.2 °F)  | Jenoi | 2003[34]
Ghana | 11.0 °C (51.8 °F)  | Kumasi, Tafo | ?[210]
Guinea | 2.5 °C (36.5 °F)  | Bareing | 2 January 1982[211]
Lesotho | −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F)  |  | ?[212]
Madagascar | −1.0 °C (30.2 °F)  | Antsirabe, Vakinankaratra | ?[37]
Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco)  | −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) | Ifrane | 11 February 1935[213]
Niger | −2.4 °C (27.7 °F)  | Bilma | 13 January 1995[39]
Réunion | −5.0 °C (23.0 °F)  | Gite de Bellecome | 10 September 1975[40]
South Africa | −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F)  | Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape | 23 August 2013[214]
Spain ( Canarias)  | −14.5 °C (5.9 °F)  | Teide, Tenerife | 29 January 2018[215]
Sudan | −1.0 °C (30.2 °F)  | Zalingei | December 1961
January 1962[216]
Antarctica
Antarctica | −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) | Vostok Station | 21 July 1983[217][218][note 11]
Asia
Afghanistan | −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F)  | Shahrak | January 1964[46]
Armenia (then the  Armenian SSR,  Soviet Union)  | −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F)  | Paghakn and Ashocq | 1961[96]
Azerbaijan | −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F)  | Julfa and Ordubad  | ?[219]
Bangladesh (then the Bengal Presidency of British India)  | 1.1 °C (34.0 °F)  | Dinajpur | 3 February 1905[220]
China | −53.0 °C (−63.4 °F)  | Mohe City, Heilongjiang | 22 January 2023[221][222][223]
Cambodia | 7.0 °C (44.6 °F)  | Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri and Preah Vihear | 29 January 2007[224]
Hong Kong | −6.0 °C (21.2 °F)  | Tai Mo Shan | 24 January 2016
India| India/ Pakistan (disputed territory of Ladakh in Kashmir)  | −45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)  | Dras, Ladakh | 9 January 1995[225]
Indonesia | −9.0 °C (15.8 °F)  | Dieng Plateau | 24 June 2019[226]
Iran | −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)  | Saqqez | 1972[227]
Israel | −14.2 °C (6.4 °F)  | Merom Golan | 10 January 2015[228]
Japan | −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)  | Asahikawa, Hokkaidō | 25 January 1902[60]
Jordan | −16.0 °C (3.2 °F)  | Shoubak | 15 December 2013[61]
Kazakhstan | −57.0 °C (−70.6 °F)  | Atbasar | January 1893[229]
Kuwait | −4.8 °C (23.4 °F)  | Salmy | 3 January 2009[230][231]
Kyrgyzstan | −53.6 °C (−64.5 °F)  | Fergana Valley | ?[232]
Lebanon |

−23.1 °C (−9.6 °F)

| Yammoune | January 20, 1964[233]
Malaysia | 7.8 °C (46.0 °F)  | Cameron Highlands | 1 February 1978[66]
Maldives | 17.2 °C (63.0 °F)  | Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport | 11 April 1978[234]
Mongolia | −55.6 °C (−68.1 °F)  | Züüngovi, Uvs Province | 26 December 1966[235] [236]
Myanmar | −5.0 °C (23.0 °F)  | Hakha | 30 December 1990[237][28]
Nepal | −45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)  | Sagarmatha | ?[70]
North Korea (then Japanese Korea)  | −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F)  | Chunggangjin | 12 January 1933[238]
Oman | −9.7 °C (14.5 °F)  | Jabel Shams | January 2015[239]
Pakistan|  Pakistan/ India (undemarcated Kashmir area in disputed territory of Kashmir)  | −24.0 °C (−11.2 °F)  | Skardu | 7 January 1995[240]
Philippines | 6.3 °C (43.3 °F)  | Baguio | 18 January 1961[73][241][note 12]
Qatar | 1.5 °C (34.7 °F)  | Abu Samra | 5 February 2017[35]
Russia (Asia) (first in the  Russian Empire, then in the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union)  | −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic | 15 January 1885
5, 7 February 1892
6 February 1933[243]
Saudi Arabia | −12.0 °C (10.4 °F)  | Turaif | ?[244]
Singapore | 19.0 °C (66.2 °F)  | Paya Lebar | 14 February 1989[76]
South Korea | −32.6 °C (−26.7 °F)  | Yangpyeong | 5 January 1981[245]
Sri Lanka | −2.6 °C (27.3 °F)  | Nuwara Eliya | 14 January 1929[246]
Syria | −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)  | Idlib | January 1951[247]
Taiwan | −18.4 °C (−1.1 °F)  | Yushan | 31 January 1970[248][249]
Thailand | −1.4 °C (29.5 °F)  | Sakon Nakhon | 2 January 1974[250]
Turkey | −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F)  | Çaldıran, Van Province | 9 January 1990[86]
Turkmenistan | −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)  | Daşoguz Region | ?[87]
United Arab Emirates | −5.4 °C (22.3 °F)  | Jebel Jais, Fujairah | 3 February 2017[35]
Vietnam (then DR Vietnam)  | −6.1 °C (21.0 °F)  | Sa Pa | 4 January 1974[251]
Europe
Albania | −34.7 °C (−30.5 °F)  | Bizë | N/A [252][a][b]
Austria | −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)  | Grünloch doline  | 19 February 1932[253]
Belarus (then the  Byelorussian SSR,  Soviet Union)  | −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)  | Slavnom, Vitebsk Region | 17 January 1940[254]
Belgium | −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F)  | Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort | 20 January 1940[255]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the  SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,  SFR Yugoslavia)  | −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F)  | Igman in Sarajevo Canton | 24 January 1963[256]
Bulgaria | −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F)  | Tran | 25 January 1947[103]
Croatia | −34.6 °C (−30.3 °F)  | Gračac | 13 January 2003[257][note 13]
Cyprus | −12.8 °C (9.0 °F)  | Trikoukia, Prodromos  | 30 January 1964[258]
Czech Republic (then part of  Czechoslovakia)  | −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)  | Litvínovice | 11 February 1929[105]
Denmark | −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F)  | Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region | 8 January 1982[106]
Estonia | −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F)  | Jõgeva, Jõgeva County | 17 January 1940[107]
Finland | −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F)  | Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland | 28 January 1999[108][259]
France | −41.2 °C (−42.2 °F)  | Mouthe, Doubs | 17 January 1985[260]
Germany | −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F)  | Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria | 24 December 2001[261]
Greece | −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F)  | Ptolemaida | 27 January 1963[262]
Hungary | −35.0 °C (−31.0 °F)  | Görömbölytapolca | 16 February 1940[111]
Iceland (then  Danish Iceland)  | −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F)  | Grímsstaðir | 21 January 1918[112]
Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom)  | −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F)  | Markree Castle, County Sligo | 16 January 1881[114]
Italy | −50.6 °C (−59.1 °F)  | Busa Riviera, Pale di San Martino | 7 January 2022[263]
Latvia | −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F)  | Daugavpils | 8 February 1956[116]
Lithuania | −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F)  | Utena, Utena County | 1 February 1956[120]
Luxembourg | −20.2 °C (−4.4 °F)  |  | 2 February 1956[264]
Malta | 1.4 °C (34.5 °F)  | Malta International Airport | 29 January 1981[123][124]
Moldova | −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F)  | Brătușeni, Edineț District | 20 January 1963[125]
Monaco | −5.2 °C (22.6 °F)  | Monaco | 10 February 1986[265]
Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands)  | −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F)  | Winterswijk, Gelderland | 27 January 1942[266]
North Macedonia (then the  SR Macedonia,  SFR Yugoslavia)  | −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F)  | Berovo, Berovo Municipality | 27 January 1954[267]
Norway (then part of  Sweden–Norway)  | −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F)  | Karasjok, Finnmark | 1 January 1886[130]
Poland | −41.1 °C (−42.0 °F)  | Litworowy Kocioł | 17 February 2025
Portugal | −16.0 °C (3.2 °F)  | Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro | 16 January 1945 and
5 February 1954[268]
Romania | −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F)  | Bod, Brașov County | 25 January 1942[269]
Russia (Europe) (then the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union)  | −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) | Ust-Shchuger, Komi Republic | 31 December 1978[270]
Serbia | −39.8 °C (−39.6 °F)  | Karajukića Bunari, Zlatibor District | 26 January 2006[271]
Slovakia (then  Czechoslovakia)  | −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)  | Vígľaš-Pstruša | 11 February 1929[137]
Slovenia (then  SR Slovenia,  SFR Yugoslavia)  | −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F)  | Babno Polje | 15 February 1956
16 February 1956
13 January 1968[note 14][272]
Spain | −32.0 °C (−25.6 °F)  | Estany Gento (Province of Lleida)[note 15] | 2 February 1956[273]
Sweden | −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)  | Vuoggatjålme, Lappland | 2 February 1966[140]
Switzerland | −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F)  | La Brévine | 12 January 1987[141]
Ukraine (then the  Ukrainian SSR,  Soviet Union)  | −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F)  | Luhansk | 8 January 1935[142][274]
United Kingdom | −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F)  | Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland | 11 February 1895
10 January 1982
30 December 1995[275]
North America
Antigua and Barbuda | 16.1 °C (61.0 °F)  | V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua | 31 December 1974 and
28 January 1976[145][146]
Canada | −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F)  | Snag, Yukon | 3 February 1947[217][276]
Cayman Islands | 11.1 °C (52.0 °F)  | Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman | 11 February 1968[277]
Cuba | 0.6 °C (33.1 °F)  | Bainoa, Mayabeque Province | 18 February 1996[278]
Dominican Republic | −7.0 °C (19.4 °F)  | Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province | 17 January 1983[279]
Greenland | −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F) | Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet | 22 December 1991[200]
Guatemala | −11.5 °C (11.3 °F)  | Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department | ?[161]
Martinique | 14.1 °C (57.4 °F)  | Le Lamentin | 25 December 1964[163]
Mexico | −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F)  | Madera, Chihuahua | 27 December 1997[280]
Panama | 2.0 °C (35.6 °F)  | Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province | 20 February 1995[165]
Puerto Rico | 4.4 °C (40 °F)  | Aibonito
San Sebastián | 9 March 1911
24 January 1966[166]
US Virgin Islands | 10.6 °C (51 °F)  | Anna's Hope, Saint Croix | 31 January 1954[166]
United States
( Alaska)  | −62.2 °C (−80 °F)  | Prospect Creek, Alaska | 23 January 1971[281]
United States
(contiguous)  | −56.7 °C (−70 °F)  | Rogers Pass, Montana | 20 January 1954[282]
South America
Argentina | −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) | Sarmiento, Chubut Province | 1 June 1907[283][note 16]
Brazil | −14.0 °C (6.8 °F)  | Caçador, Santa Catarina | 11 June 1952[284][285]
Chile | −28.5 °C (−19.3 °F)  | Balmaceda, Aysen Region | 16 June 1958[286]
Colombia | −11.0 °C (12.2 °F)  | Páramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander | 11 December 1974[287]
Curaçao | 18.9 °C (66.0 °F)  | Willemstad | 12 December 2017[288]
Guyana | 12.7 °C (54.9 °F)  | Timehri, Demerara-Mahaica | August 2006[289]
French Guiana | 16.9 °C (62.4 °F)  | Maripasoula | 23 January 1964[290]
Paraguay | −7.5 °C (18.5 °F)  | Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department | 13 July 2000[291]
Peru | −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F)  | Mazo Cruz, Puno Region | 30 June 1966[292]
Uruguay | −11.0 °C (12.2 °F)  | Melo, Cerro Largo Department | 14 June 1967[187][188]
Oceania
Australia | −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)  | Charlotte Pass, New South Wales | 29 June 1994[293][294]
United States
( Hawaii)  | −11.1 °C (12.0 °F)  | Mauna Kea, Hawaii | 17 May 1979[295]
Nauru | 20.0 °C (68.0 °F)  | Yaren District | ?[citation needed]
New Zealand | −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) | Ranfurly, Central Otago | 18 July 1903[296]
Samoa | 11.1 °C (52.0 °F)  | Afiamalu | 29 September 1971[176]
Solomon Islands | 17.0 °C (62.6 °F)  | Tigoa, Rennell | June 2016[297]

#### Other low-temperature records

[edit]

* Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F); Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[298]
* Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F); Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.[200]
* Coldest average monthly temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −54.1 °C (−65.4 °F); Oymyakon, Russia for the month of January 1931.[299]
* Coldest temperature in the tropics: −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F); Mazocruz, Peru on 30 June 1966.[292]

### Record extreme temperature differences

[edit]

* Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[217]
* Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F); Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.[300]
* Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[217]
* Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020; Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia[301][302][303][203]

## Precipitation

[edit]

* Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.008 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.[304]

### Rain

[edit]

* Most in 60 seconds (1 minute): 38 mm (1.5 in). Barot, Sainte-Anne, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, France 11:03–11:04 am on 26 November 1970.[305]
* Most in 180 seconds (3 minutes): 62 mm (2.4 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911[306][307]
* Most in 300 seconds (5 minutes): 106 mm (4.2 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911[306][307]
* Most in 60 minutes (1 hour): 305 mm (12.0 in). Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.[110]
* Most in 12 hours (1⁄2-day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[110]
* Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[110]
* Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.[110]
* Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.[110]
* Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.[110]
* Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.[110]
* Most from a single tropical cyclone: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.[308][309]
* Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.[110][310]
* Most consecutive days with measurable rain a day with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of rainfall: 331 days in Oahu, Hawaii, 1939–1940[311]

### Snow

[edit]

* Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[312]
* Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California, in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[313][314]
* Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[313]
* Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[217]
* Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[315]
* Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city of Tampico, Mexico, in February 1895 during the Great Freeze.[316][317]

## Wind speeds

[edit]

* Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (301±20 mph) (3-second gust); calculated by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma, USA, 3 May 1999. Recently, the wind speeds were re-examined and adjusted to a maximum official wind speed of 321 mph (516.6 km/h).[318] A DOW calculation of a subvortice of the 2013 El Reno tornado was estimated in a range of 257–336 mph (414–541 km/h) in 2024.[319]
* Fastest non-tornadic winds: 408 km/h (254 mph) (3-second gust); recorded by anemometer in Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia passing over Barrow Island, Western Australia, 10 April 1996.[320][321]
* Fastest non-cyclonic winds: 372 km/h (231 mph) (1-minute average); recorded by anemometer on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA, 12 April 1934.[320][321]
* Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.[217]

## Tornadoes

[edit]

Main article: Tornado records

The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside of Bangladesh.

### Deadliest in history

[edit]

* On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.[322]
* In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.[217]
* In Europe: 600 or more deaths (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).[323]
* In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.[324]
* In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.[325]

### Outbreaks

[edit]

* Largest: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours on April 27, 2011, with a total of 367 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.[326]
* Most severe: The 1974 Super Outbreak produced 7 F5, 23 F4, 34 F3, and 34 F2 tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974. It received a score on expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score of 578, surpassing the 2011 outbreak's score of 378.[327]

## Tropical cyclones

[edit]

Main article: List of tropical cyclone records

### Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

[edit]

* Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.[217]
* Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.[328]
* Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.[329]
* Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated that Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.[330] A reading of 880hPa (26inHg) from Bathurst Bay, Queensland, Australia, during Cyclone Mahina, on 4 March 1899 is disputed to have been recorded by Captain William Porter, the same person who recorded the currently established mark of 914hPa (27inHg). [331] Further evidence to back up this claim comes in the form of an eyewitness estimate for the storm surge at Ninian Bay, 30km from Bathurst Bay, which was said to be approximately 13m. This figure would be consistent with the pressure of 880hPa allegedly recorded by Capt. Porter. [332]

### Most precipitation

[edit]

Main article: List of the wettest tropical cyclones

* Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.

## Other severe weather

[edit]

A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumferenceSatellite loop of the record-breaking supercell near Chicago producing intense lightning on June 13, 2022

### Hail

[edit]

Main article: List of costly or deadly hailstorms

* Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.[333]
* Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, USA, 23 July 2010.[334]
* Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, USA, 22 June 2003.[333][335]

### Lightning

[edit]

* Longest lightning bolt: 768 km (477 mi) on 29 April 2020 in the southern United States.[336]
* Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 in Uruguay and northern Argentina.[336]

### Ultraviolet index

[edit]

* Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.[337]

### Thunderstorm cloud height

[edit]

* Tallest non-tropical thunderstorm The official confirmed tallest thunderstorm was a supercell that occurred on May 24, 2016 near Nueva Rosita, in rural areas of the Mexican state of Coahuila, in the Big Bend area of the Rio Grande basin. This storm had a cloud top height of 68,000 ft (21 km; 12.9 mi). Lightning from this storm was detected as far as 50–60 mi (80–97 km) away from the center of the storm.[338] A supercell thunderstorm that struck Chicago, Illinois and surrounding areas on June 13, 2022 may have surpassed its height, being at least over 60,000 ft (18 km; 11 mi) and potentially reaching as high as 65,000–70,000 ft (20–21 km; 12.3–13.3 mi) above the ground.[339]

## Other categories

[edit]

See also: List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe

* Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[340] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.

The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenkiyskiy, Russia (66°53′N 93°28′E﻿ / ﻿66.883°N 93.467°E﻿ / 66.883; 93.467, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[341]
The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[340][341]

## See also

[edit]

* Weather portal

* Weather of 2013
* Extremes on Earth
* List of extreme temperatures in Canada
* List of snowiest places in the United States by state
* U.S. state and territory temperature extremes
* United Kingdom weather records
* Weather extremes in Canada
* Climate change

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The guide highlights Bizë as the coldest area within Tirana County, noting the −34.7 °C minimum as a defining climatic feature of the region’s high-altitude terrain. Rather than treating the value as exceptional, it is presented as a distinguishing trait of Bizë’s geography within the county’s climatic profile.
2. ^ The recorded low of −34.7 °C at Bizë is the lowest well-documented temperature in an inhabited area in Albania, though the source explicitly states Bizë is one of the country's coldest villages rather than the absolute coldest. Temperatures of this level are relatively typical for Albania’s continental mountain regions, notably the higher elevations like Mount Korab and the Northern Alps, which annually experience −25 °C temperatures, often approach −35 °C, and occasionally experience exceptional lows near −40 °C, although rarely with formal documentation due to the limited presence of weather stations in those regions.

1. ^ A reading of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) in Vioolsdrif on 28 November 2019 was declared invalid by the South African Weather Service.[42]
2. ^ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[44] This value was surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria.[24]
3. ^ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.[63]
4. ^ a b c d Part of the July 2019 European heat wave
5. ^ A disputed record temperature of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) was measured on 24 July 2019 in Deelen, Gelderland.[127]
6. ^ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[131]
7. ^ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[44] Another record, of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), registered in Villa de María del Río Seco, Córdoba Province, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious.
8. ^ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
9. ^ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
10. ^ The former world record was 43.3 °C (110 °F) set on 5 July 1918, in Death Valley, California.[196]
11. ^ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
12. ^ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures Mount Pulag which is 2,926 meters above sea level plunges to as low as −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) although it was not verifiable.[242]
13. ^ A reading of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) in Čakovec on 3 February 1929 and −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) in Gospić were not measured under standard conditions and are not considered to be official record lows in Croatia.[257]
14. ^ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
15. ^ The records of −34.1 °C (−29.4 °F) of Clot del Tuc de la Llança, Catalonia, and −35.4 °C (−31.7 °F) of Vega de Liordes, León, both registered in January 2021, are not recognized by AEMET.
16. ^ the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina's national meteorological organization, reports a record low of −39 °C (−38 °F) in a high mountain valley of Río de los Patos, but this is not recognized by the World Meteorological Organization.[44]

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## External links

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