List of writing systems

Predominant national and selected regional or minority scripts

| Abjad| Abugida| Alphabetic|

[L]ogographic
and [S]yllabic

|
|
|

Arabic

Hebrew

Canadian syllabics

Ethiopic

North Indic

South Indic

Thaana

Armenian

Cyrillic

Georgian

Greek

Hangul

Latin

Mongolian

Neo-Tifinagh

Osage

Cherokee [S]

Hanzi [L]

Kana [S] / Kanji [L]

Writing systems of the world

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

Writing systems are used to record human language, and may be classified according to certain common features.

The usual name of the script is given first; the name of the languages in which the script is written follows (in brackets), particularly in the case where the language name differs from the script name. Other informative or qualifying annotations for the script may also be provided.

## Proto-writing and ideographic systems

[edit]

Ideographic scripts (in which graphemes are ideograms representing concepts or ideas rather than a specific word in a language) and pictographic scripts (in which the graphemes are iconic pictures) are not thought to be able to express all that can be communicated by language, as argued by the linguists John DeFrancis and J. Marshall Unger. Essentially, they postulate that no true writing system can be completely pictographic or ideographic; it must be able to refer directly to a language in order to have the full expressive capacity of a language. Unger disputes claims made on behalf of Blissymbols in his 2004 book Ideogram.

Although a few pictographic or ideographic scripts exist today, there is no single way to read them because there is no one-to-one correspondence between symbol and language. Hieroglyphs were commonly thought to be ideographic before they were translated, and to this day, Chinese is often erroneously said to be ideographic.[1] In some cases of ideographic scripts, only the author of a text can read it with any certainty, and it may be said that they are interpreted rather than read. Such scripts often work best as mnemonic aids for oral texts or as outlines that will be fleshed out in speech.

* Adinkra
* Aztec script - Nahuatl (includes syllabic and logographic elements)
* Birch-bark glyphs - Anishinaabemowin
* Dongba - Naxi - Although this is often supplemented with syllabic Geba script.
* Emoji – used in electronic messages and web pages.
* Ersu Shaba script – Ersu
* Kaidā glyphs
* Lusona
* Nsibidi - Ekoi, Efik, Igbo
* Siglas poveiras
* Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing - Mi'kmawi'sit
* Testerian – used for missionary work in Mexico.

There are also symbol systems used to represent things other than language, or to represent constructed languages:

* Blissymbols – A constructed ideographic script used primarily in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).
* iConji – A constructed ideographic script used primarily in social networking
* Isotype (picture language)
* A wide variety of notations

Linear B also incorporates syllables and ideograms.

## Logographic systems

[edit]

In logographic writing systems, glyphs represent words or morphemes (meaningful components of words, as in mean-ing-ful) rather than phonetic elements.

No logographic script is composed solely of logograms. All contain graphemes that represent phonetic (sound-based) elements as well. These phonetic elements may be used on their own (to represent, for example, grammatical inflections or foreign words), or may serve as phonetic complements to a logogram (used to specify the sound of a logogram that might otherwise represent more than one word). In the case of Chinese, the phonetic element is built into the logogram itself; in Egyptian and Mayan, many glyphs are purely phonetic, whereas others function as either logograms or phonetic elements, depending on context. For this reason, many such scripts may be more properly referred to as logosyllabic or complex scripts; the terminology used is largely a product of custom in the field, and is to an extent arbitrary.

### Consonant-based logographies

[edit]

* Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic – the writing systems of Ancient Egypt
* Egyptian hieroglyphs

### Syllable-based logographies

[edit]

* Anatolian hieroglyphs – Luwian
* Cuneiform – Sumerian, Akkadian, other Semitic languages, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian
* Chinese characters – Chinese, Japanese (called Kanji), Korean (called Hanja), Vietnamese (called Chu Han, obsolete)
* Sawndip – Zhuang
* Chu Nom \- Vietnamese
* Khitan large script – Khitan
* Khitan small script – Khitan
* Jurchen script – Jurchen
* Tangut script – Tangut
* Eghap (or Bagam) script
* Maya script – Chorti, Yucatec, and other Classic Maya languages
* Pau Cin Hau logographic script – Tedim
* Sui script – Sui language
* Yi (classical) – various Yi/Lolo languages

## Syllabaries

[edit]

In a syllabary, graphemes represent syllables or moras. (The 19th-century term syllabics usually referred to abugidas rather than true syllabaries.)

* Afaka - Ndyuka
* Alaska or Yugtun script - Central Yup'ik
* Bété
* Cherokee - Cherokee
* Cypriot - Arcadocypriot Greek
* Geba - Naxi
* Iban or Dunging script - Iban
* Kana - Japanese (although primarily based on moras rather than syllables)
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Kikakui – Mende
* Kpelle - Kpelle
* Linear B - Mycenean Greek
* Lisu Bamboo script
* Loma - Loma
* Masaba – Bambara
* Nüshu - Chinese
* Nwagu Aneke script - Igbo
* Vai - Vai
* Woleaian - Woleaian (a likely syllabary)
* Yi (modern) - various Yi/Lolo languages

### Semi-syllabaries

[edit]

In most of these systems, some consonant-vowel combinations are written as syllables, but others are written as consonant plus vowel. In the case of Old Persian, all vowels were written regardless, so it was effectively a true alphabet despite its syllabic component. In Japanese a similar system plays a minor role in foreign borrowings; for example, [tu] is written [to]+[u], and [ti] as [te]+[i]. Paleohispanic semi-syllabaries behaved as a syllabary for the stop consonants and as an alphabet for the rest of consonants and vowels.

The Tartessian or Southwestern script is typologically intermediate between a pure alphabet and the Paleohispanic full semi-syllabaries. Although the letter used to write a stop consonant was determined by the following vowel, as in a full semi-syllabary, the following vowel was also written, as in an alphabet. Some scholars treat Tartessian as a redundant semi-syllabary, others treat it as a redundant alphabet. Other scripts, such as Bopomofo, are semi-syllabic in a different sense: they transcribe half syllables. That is, they have letters for syllable onsets and rimes (kan = "k-an") rather than for consonants and vowels (kan = "k-a-n").

#### Consonant-vowel semi-syllabaries

[edit]

* Bamum script - Bamum (a defective syllabary, with alphabetic principles used to fill the gaps)
* Eskayan - Bohol, Philippines (a syllabary apparently based on an alphabet; some alphabetic characteristics remain)
* Linear Elamite - Elamite language
* Paleohispanic semi-syllabaries - Paleo-Hispanic languages
* Celtiberian script - Celtiberian language
* Northeastern Iberian script - Iberian language
* Southeastern Iberian script - Iberian language
* Southwest Paleohispanic script - Tartessian
* Old Persian cuneiform - Old Persian

#### Onset-rime semi-syllabaries

[edit]

* Bopomofo - phonetic script for different varieties of Chinese.
* Khom script - Bahnaric languages, including Alak and Jru'.
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự - Vietnamese

## Segmental systems

[edit]

A segmental script has graphemes which represent the phonemes (basic unit of sound) of a language.

Note that there need not be (and rarely is) a one-to-one correspondence between the graphemes of the script and the phonemes of a language. A phoneme may be represented only by some combination or string of graphemes, the same phoneme may be represented by more than one distinct grapheme, the same grapheme may stand for more than one phoneme, or some combination of all of the above.

Segmental scripts may be further divided according to the types of phonemes they typically record:

### Abjads

[edit]

An abjad is a segmental script containing symbols for consonants only, or where vowels are optionally written with diacritics ("pointing") or only written word-initially.

* Ancient North Arabian - Dadanitic, Dumaitic, Hasaitic, Hismaic, Safaitic, Taymanitic, and Thamudic
* Ancient South Arabian - Old South Arabian languages including Himyaritic, Hadhramautic, Minaean, Sabaean and Qatabanic; also the Ethiopic language Geʽez.
* Aramaic, including Khwarezmian (AKA Chorasmian), Elymaic, Palmyrene, and Hatran
* Arabic - Arabic, Azeri, Chittagonian (historically), Punjabi, Baluchi, Kashmiri, Pashto, Persian, Kurdish (vowels obligatory), Sindhi, Uighur (vowels obligatory), Urdu, Malay (as Jawi) and many other languages spoken in Africa and Western, Central, and Southeast Asia,
* Hebrew - Hebrew and other Jewish languages
* Manichaean script
* Nabataean - the Nabataeans of Petra
* Pahlavi script - Middle Persian
* Parthian
* Psalter
* Phoenician - Phoenician and other Canaanite languages
* Proto-Canaanite
* Sogdian
* Samaritan (Old Hebrew) - Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew
* Syriac - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Syriac, Turoyo and other Neo-Aramaic languages
* Tifinagh - Tuareg
* Ugaritic - Ugaritic, Hurrian

### True alphabets

[edit]

A true alphabet contains separate letters (not diacritic marks) for both consonants and vowels.

#### Linear nonfeatural alphabets

[edit]

Writing systems used in countries of Europe.[note 1]

Greek

Greek & Latin (Cyprus)

Latin

Latin & Cyrillic (Bosnia, Serbia, Moldova)

Cyrillic

Georgian

Latin & Armenian (Azerbaijan)

Armenian

Linear alphabets are composed of lines on a surface, such as ink on paper.

* Adlam - Fula
* Armenian - Armenian
* Ariyaka script - Pali, Isan, Lao
* Avestan - Avestan
* Avoiuli - Raga
* Borama - Somali
* Bosančica – Bosnian
* Carian - Carian
* Caucasian Albanian - Caucasian Albanian
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet - Kodava
* Coptic - Egyptian
* Cyrillic - Eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian and Macedonian), the Western South Slavic Serbian, Eastern Slavic languages (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian), the other languages of Russia, Kazakh language, Kyrgyz language, Tajik language, Mongolian language. Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are changing to the Latin alphabet but still have considerable use of Cyrillic. See Languages using Cyrillic.
* Deseret alphabet – proposed for English but never adopted
* Eclectic shorthand - English
* Elbasan - Albanian
* Fraser - Lisu
* Gabelsberger shorthand - German
* Garay - Wolof and Mandinka
* Georgian - Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
* Gjirokastër (also called Veso Bey) - Albanian
* Glagolitic - Old Church Slavonic
* Gothic - Gothic
* Greek - Greek, historically a variety of other languages
* Hanifi - Rohingya
* International Phonetic Alphabet
* Kaddare - Somali
* Latin AKA Roman - originally Latin language; most current western and central European languages, Turkic languages, sub-Saharan African languages, indigenous languages of the Americas, languages of maritime Southeast Asia and languages of Oceania use developments of it. Languages using a non-Latin writing system are generally also equipped with Romanization for transliteration or secondary use.
* Lycian - Lycian
* Lydian - Lydian
* Manchu - Manchu
* Mandaic - Mandaic dialect of Aramaic
* Medefaidrin - also called Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ; used for the religious language of the same name
* Mongolian - Mongolian
* Mundari Bani - Mundari
* Mru script - Mru
* Neo-Tifinagh - Tamazight
* Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong - Hmong
* N'Ko - Maninka language, Bambara, Dyula language
* Oduduwa script - Yoruba
* Ogham - Gaelic, Britannic, Pictish
* Ol Chiki AKA Ol Cemet' or Ol Chemet' - Santali
* Old Hungarian (in Hungarian magyar rovásírás or székely-magyar rovásírás) - Hungarian
* Old Italic - a family of connected alphabets for the Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian, South Picene, Raetic, Venetic, Lepontic, Camunic languages
* Old Permic (also called Abur) - Komi
* Old Turkic - Old Turkic
* Old Uyghur - Old Uyghur
* Ol Onal - Bhumij Language
* Osmanya - Somali
* Pau Cin Hau alphabetic script - Zomi and other Northern Kuki-Chin languages
* Runes - Germanic languages
* Sayaboury (also called Eebee Hmong or Ntawv Puaj Txwm) - Hmong Daw
* Sorang Sompeng - Sora
* Tai Lue - Lue
* Tangsa - Tangsa language
* Todhri - Albanian
* Tolong Siki - Kurukh
* Toto - Toto
* Unifon – proposed for English, never adopted
* Vah - Bassa
* Vellara - Albanian
* Vithkuqi AKA Beitha Kukju - Albanian
* Wancho - Wancho
* Yezidi - Kurmanji
* Zaghawa - Zaghawa
* Zoulai - Zou (also has alphasyllabic characteristics)

#### Featural linear alphabets

[edit]

A featural script has elements that indicate the components of articulation, such as bilabial consonants, fricatives, or back vowels. Scripts differ in how many features they indicate.

* ASL-phabet
* Ditema tsa Dinoko AKA IsiBheqe SoHlamvu for Southern Bantu languages
* Duployan Shorthand
* Gregg Shorthand
* Hangul - Korean
* Osage - Osage
* Shavian alphabet – proposed for English, never adopted
* SignWriting and its descendants si5s and ASLwrite for sign languages
* Stokoe notation for American Sign Language, and its descendant, the Hamburg Notation System or HamNoSys
* Tengwar (a fictional script)
* Visible Speech (a phonetic script)

#### Linear alphabets arranged into syllabic blocks

[edit]

* Hangul - Korean
* Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics - Fox, Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Ojibwe
* IsiBheqe SoHlamvu - Southern Bantu languages
* ʼPhags-pa script - Mongolian, Chinese, Persian, Sanskrit

#### Manual alphabets

[edit]

Manual alphabets are frequently found as parts of sign languages. They are not used for writing per se, but for spelling out words while signing.

* American manual alphabet (used with slight modification in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Paraguay, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand)
* British manual alphabet (used in some of the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Australia and New Zealand)
* Catalan manual alphabet
* Chilean manual alphabet
* Chinese manual alphabet
* Dutch manual alphabet
* Ethiopian manual alphabet (an abugida)
* French manual alphabet
* Greek manual alphabet
* Icelandic manual alphabet (also used in Denmark)
* Indian manual alphabet (a true alphabet?; used in Devanagari and Gujarati areas)
* International manual alphabet (used in Germany, Austria, Norway, Finland)
* Iranian manual alphabet (an abjad; also used in Egypt)
* Israeli manual alphabet (an abjad)
* Italian manual alphabet
* Korean manual alphabet
* Latin American manual alphabets
* Polish manual alphabet
* Portuguese manual alphabet
* Romanian manual alphabet
* Russian manual alphabet (also used in Bulgaria and ex-Soviet states)
* Spanish manual alphabet (Madrid)
* Swedish manual alphabet
* Yugoslav manual alphabet

#### Other non-linear alphabets

[edit]

These are other alphabets composed of something other than lines on a surface.

* Braille (Unified) - an embossed alphabet for the visually impaired, used with some extra letters to transcribe the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets, as well as Chinese
* Braille (Korean)
* Braille (American) (defunct)
* New York Point - a defunct alternative to Braille
* International maritime signal flags (both alphabetic and ideographic)
* Morse code (International) - a trinary code of dashes, dots, and silence, whether transmitted by electricity, light, or sound) representing characters in the Latin alphabet.
* American Morse code (defunct)
* Optical telegraphy (defunct)
* Flag semaphore - (made by moving hand-held flags)

### Abugidas

[edit]

An abugida, or alphasyllabary, is a segmental script in which vowel sounds are denoted by diacritical marks or other systematic modification of the consonants. Generally, however, if a single letter is understood to have an inherent unwritten vowel, and only vowels other than this are written, then the system is classified as an abugida regardless of whether the vowels look like diacritics or full letters. The vast majority of abugidas are found from India to Southeast Asia and belong historically to the Brāhmī family, however the term is derived from the first characters of the abugida in Ge'ez: አ (A) ቡ (bu) ጊ (gi) ዳ (da) — (compare with alphabet). Unlike abjads, the diacritical marks and systemic modifications of the consonants are not optional.

#### Brahmi family

[edit]

A Palaung manuscript written in a Brahmic abugida

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak - Toba and other Batak languages
* Baybayin - Formerly used for Ilokano, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Bikol languages, Visayan languages, and possibly other Philippine languages
* Bengali and Assamese — Bengali, Assamese, Meithei, Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Bhaiksuki
* Brahmi - Sanskrit, Prakrit
* Buda - Old Sundanese and Old Javanese
* Buhid
* Burmese - Burmese, Karen languages, Mon, and Shan
* Cham
* Chakma
* Devanagari - Hindi, Sanskrit, Marathi, Nepali, and many other languages of northern India
* Dhives Akuru
* Grantha - Sanskrit
* Gujarati - Gujarati, Kutchi, Vasavi, Sanskrit, Avestan
* Gurmukhi script - Punjabi
* Hanuno’o
* Javanese
* Kaithi
* Kannada - Kannada, Tulu, Konkani, Kodava
* Kawi
* Khema script - Gurung
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Khmer
* Kirat Rai AKA Khambu Rai - Bantawa
* Kulitan alphabet
* Lai Tay - Tai Yo
* Lampung
* Lao
* Leke - Eastern Pwo, Western Pwo, and Karen
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Lontara’ - Buginese, Makassar, and Mandar
* Mahajani
* Makasar - Formerly used for Makassar
* Malayalam
* Marchen – Zhang-Zhung
* Meitei Mayek – Meitei
* Modi - Marathi
* Multani – Saraiki
* Nandinagari – Sanskrit
* Naoriya Phulo script – Meitei
* New Tai Lue
* Odia
* Pracalit script AKA Newa - Nepal Bhasa, Sanskrit, Pali
* Pyu - Pyu
* Ranjana - Nepal Bhasa, Sanskrit
* Rejang
* Rencong
* Saurashtra
* Sharada - Sanskrit, Kashmiri
* Siddham - Sanskrit
* Sinhala
* Sirmauri
* Soyombo
* Sundanese
* Sylheti Nagri – Sylheti
* Tagbanwa - Languages of Palawan
* Tai Le AKA Dehong Dai - Tai Nuea
* Tai Tham - Khün, and Northern Thai
* Tai Viet
* Takri
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Tigalari - Sanskrit, Tulu
* Tirhuta - used to write Maithili
* Tocharian
* Vatteluttu
* Zanabazar Square
* Zhang zhung scripts

#### Other abugidas

[edit]

* Canadian Aboriginal syllabics - Cree syllabics (for Cree), Inuktitut syllabics (for Inuktitut), Ojibwe syllabics (for Ojibwe), and various systems for other languages of Canada. Derived scripts with identical operating principles but divergent character repertoires include Carrier and Blackfoot syllabics.
* Dham - Dhimal
* Ge'ez - Amharic, Ge’ez, Tigrigna
* Kharoṣṭhī - Gandhari, Sanskrit
* Kurukh Banna - Kurukh
* Lontara Bilang-bilang script - Buginese
* Mandombe
* Meroitic - Meroë
* Mwangwego - Chewa and other Bantu languages of Malawi
* Pitman Shorthand
* Pollard script - Miao
* Sapalo script - Oromo
* Rma script - Qiang
* Sunuwar AKA Jenticha
* Thaana - Dhivehi
* Tikamuli - Sunuwar
* Thomas Natural Shorthand

#### Final consonant-diacritic abugidas

[edit]

In at least one abugida, not only the vowel but any syllable-final consonant is written with a diacritic. That is, if representing [o] with an under-ring, and final [k] with an over-cross, [sok] would be written as s̥̽.

* Róng - Lepcha

#### Vowel-based abugidas

[edit]

In a few abugidas, the vowels are basic, and the consonants secondary. If no consonant is written in Pahawh Hmong, it is understood to be /k/; consonants are written after the vowel they precede in speech. In Japanese Braille, the vowels but not the consonants have independent status, and it is the vowels which are modified when the consonant is y or w.

* Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand
* Japanese Braille - Japanese
* Pahawh Hmong - Hmong

## List of writing systems by adoption

[edit]

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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The following list contains writing systems that are in active use by a population of at least 50,000.

Name of script  | Type  | Population actively using (in millions)  | Languages associated with  | Regions using script de facto

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Latin
Latin  | Alphabet | 4900+[2][note 2] | Latin[note 3] and Romance languages (languages that evolved from Latin: Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Romanian)
Germanic languages (English, Dutch, German, Nordic languages)[note 4]
Celtic languages (Welsh, Irish and Scottish Gaelic)[note 5]
Baltic languages (Latvian and Lithuanian)
Some Slavic languages (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian)
Albanian
Uralic languages (Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian)
Malayo-Polynesian languages (Malaysian,[note 6] Indonesian, Filipino, etc.)
Turkic languages (Turkish,[note 7] Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Turkmen)
Some Cushitic languages (Somali, Afar, Oromo)
Bantu languages (for example: Swahili)
Vietnamese (an Austroasiatic language)[note 8]
others  | Worldwide
Chinese

漢字  | Logographic | 1541[3] | Sinitic languages (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka and others)
Japanese (Kanji)
Korean (Hanja)[note 9]
Vietnamese (Chu Nom obsolete)
Zhuang (Sawndip)  | Eastern Asia, Singapore
Arabic
العربية  | Abjad or Abugida (when diacritics are used)  | 828[3] | Arabic (a Semitic language)
Several Indo-Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, Punjabi (Shahmukhi in Pakistan), Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Kashmiri)
Some Turkic languages (Uyghur, Kazakh (in China), Azeri (in Iran))

Malay (in Brunei)
others

| Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Brunei, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
Devanagari
देवनागरी  | Abugida | 480.5  | Sanskrit, Hindi, Nepali, Marathi, Bhojpuri, and many more  | India, Nepal and Fiji
Cyrillic
Кирилица  | Alphabet | 289[3] | The majority of the Slavic languages (Bulgarian and Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, others). Non-Slavic languages of the former Soviet Union, such as West- and East Caucasian languages (Abkhaz, Chechen, Avar, others), Uralic languages (Karelian, others), Iranian languages (Ossetic, Tajik, others) and Turkic language (Kyrgyz, Tatar, Azeri (formerly), and others).  | Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan and Ukraine
Bengali–Assamese
বাংলা-অসমীয়া  | Abugida | 234  | Some Indo-Iranian languages (Assamese, Bengali)  | Bangladesh and India
Kana

カナ  | Syllabary | 123  | Japanese, Ryukyuan languages, Hachijō, Ainu, Palauan[4] | Japan
Telugu
తెలుగు  | Abugida | 83  | Telugu | India
Hangul

조선글  | Alphabet, featural | 81.7  | Korean, Cia-Cia (an Austronesian language)  | North Korea and South Korea, Indonesia
Tamil
தமிழ்  | Abugida | 78.6  | Tamil | India, Sri Lanka, Singapore
Thai
ไทย  | Abugida | 70  | Thai | Thailand
Gujarati
ગુજરાતી  | Abugida | 57.1  | Gujarati | India
Kannada
ಕನ್ನಡ  | Abugida | 45[note 10] | Kannada (a Dravidian language)  | India
Geʽez
ግዕዝ  | Abugida | 41.85  | Amharic, Tigrinya | Ethiopia, Eritrea
Burmese
မြန်မာ  | Abugida | 39[note 11] | Burmese (a Lolo-Burmese language)  | Myanmar
Malayalam
മലയാളം  | Abugida | 38  | Malayalam | India
Odia
ଓଡ଼ିଆ  | Abugida | 35  | Odia | India
Gurmukhi
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ  | Abugida | 27.743  | Punjabi | India
Sinhala
සිංහල  | Abugida | 16  | Sinhalese | Sri Lanka
Khmer
ខ្មែរ  | Abugida | 16  | Khmer | Cambodia
Greek
Ελληνικά  | Alphabet | 13.5  | Greek | Greece, Cyprus
Ol Chiki
ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ  | Alphabet | 7.3  | Santali | India
Lao
ລາວ  | Abugida | 7  | Lao (a Tai language)  | Laos
Hebrew
עברית  | Abjad (or rarely Abugida when diacritics are used) or Alphabet when used for Yiddish | 6.5  | Hebrew, Yiddish | Israel
Tibetan
བོད་  | Abugida | 6.241  | Dzongkha, Tibetan and Sikkimese | China, Bhutan, India
Armenian
Հայոց  | Alphabet | 5.4  | Armenian | Armenia
Mongolian
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ | Alphabet | 5.2  | Mongolian | Mongolia, China
Georgian
ქართული  | Alphabet | 3.7  | Georgian | Georgia
Meitei
ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ | Abugida | 2[3] | Meitei (officially termed as "Manipuri") (a Sino-Tibetan language)  | India
Chakma
𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴  | Abugida | 0.8  | Chakma, Tongchangya & Pali | India, Myanmar & Bangladesh.
Thaana
ދިވެހި  | Abugida | 0.34  | Maldivian | Maldives
Canadian Syllabics
ᖃᓂᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ
ᒐᐦᑲᓯᓇᐦᐃᑫᐤ
ᑯᖾᖹ ᖿᐟᖻ ᓱᖽᐧᖿ
ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ  | Abugida | 0.07[3] | Inuktitut (an Inuit language), some Algonquian languages (Cree, Iyuw Iyimuun, Innu-aimun, Anishinaabemowin, Siksika), some Athabaskan languages (Dakelh, Dene K'e, Denesuline)  | Canada

## Undeciphered and possible writing systems

[edit]

Main article: Undeciphered writing systems

These systems have not been deciphered. In some cases, such as Meroitic, the sound values of the glyphs are known, but the texts still cannot be read because the language is not understood. Several of these systems, such as Isthmian script and Indus script, are claimed to have been deciphered, but these claims have not been confirmed by independent researchers. In many cases it is doubtful that they are actually writing. The Vinča symbols appear to be proto-writing, and quipu may have recorded only numerical information. There are doubts that the Indus script is writing, and the Phaistos Disc has so little content or context that its nature is undetermined.

* Byblos syllabary - the city of Byblos
* Cretan hieroglyphs
* Indus - Indus Valley civilization
* Isthmian (apparently logosyllabic)
* Linear A (a syllabary) - Minoan
* Lukasa - Kingdom of Luba (a memory device)
* Mixtec - Mixtec (perhaps pictographic)
* Neolithic signs in China, including:
* Banpo symbols - Yangshao culture (perhaps proto-writing)
* Jiahu symbols - Peiligang culture (perhaps proto-writing)
* Sawveh - Western Guangxi (disputed; perhaps proto-writing)
* Olmec - Olmec civilization (possibly the oldest Mesoamerican script)
* Para-Lydian script - Unknown language of Asia Minor; script appears related to the Lydian alphabet.
* Phaistos Disc (a unique text, very possibly not writing)
* Proto-Elamite - Elam (nearly as old as Sumerian)
* Proto-Sinaitic (likely an abjad)
* Quipu - Inca Empire (possibly numerical only)
* Rongorongo - Rapa Nui (perhaps a syllabary)
* Sidetic - Sidetic
* Trojan script - (possibly related to Linear B)
* Zapotec - Zapotec (another old Mesoamerican script)

## Undeciphered manuscripts

[edit]

Comparatively recent manuscripts and other texts written in undeciphered (and often unidentified) writing systems; some of these may represent ciphers of known languages or hoaxes.

* Voynich manuscript
* Rohonc Codex
* Hamptonese
* Dorabella cipher

## Phonetic alphabets

[edit]

This section lists alphabets used to transcribe phonetic or phonemic sound; not to be confused with spelling alphabets like the ICAO spelling alphabet. Some of these are used for transcription purposes by linguists; others are pedagogical in nature or intended as general orthographic reforms.

* International Phonetic Alphabet
* X-SAMPA (and original SAMPA while not covering all of IPA), is an encoding of a phonetic alphabet, i.e. IPA, using just ASCII.
* Americanist phonetic notation
* Uralic Phonetic Alphabet

## Special alphabets

[edit]

Alphabets may exist in forms other than visible symbols on a surface. Some of these are:

### Tactile alphabets

[edit]

* Braille
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing

### Manual alphabets

[edit]

* Fingerspelling
* American Sign Language
* American manual alphabet
* Korean manual alphabet
* Cued speech

### Long-distance signaling

[edit]

* International maritime signal flags
* Morse code
* Flag semaphore
* Optical telegraphy

## Alternative alphabets

[edit]

* Gregg Shorthand
* Initial Teaching Alphabet
* Pitman Shorthand
* Quikscript

## Fictional writing systems

[edit]

* Ath (alphabet)
* Aurebesh
* D'ni
* Hymmnos
* Klingon
* On Beyond Zebra!
* Scripts from The Lord of the Rings
* Cirth
* Sarati
* Tengwar
* Unown
* Utopian

## See also

[edit]

* Constructed script (artificial script)
* Grapheme
* List of creators of writing systems
* List of ISO 15924 codes
* List of languages by first written accounts
* Unicode
* Writing systems without word boundaries

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ This maps shows languages official in the respective countries; if a country has an independent breakaway republic, both languages are shown. Moldova's sole official language is Romanian (Latin-based), but the unrecognized de facto independent republic of Transnistria uses three Cyrillic-based languages: Ukrainian, Russian, and Moldovan. Georgia's official languages are Georgian and Abkhazian (in Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia), the sparsely recognized de facto independent republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia use Cyrillic-based languages: Both republics use Russian. Additionally, Abkhazia also uses Abkhaz, and South Ossetia uses Ossetian. Additionally, Serbia's sole official language is Cyrillic Serbian, but within the country, Latin script for Serbian is also widely used.
2. ^ Difficult to determine, as it is used to write a very large number of languages with varying literacy rates among them.
3. ^ alphabet originally created to this language
4. ^ replaced the runic alphabet
5. ^ replaced the Ogham
6. ^ replaced the Arabic alphabet
7. ^ replaced the Arabic script
8. ^ replaced the Chu Nom
9. ^ Hanja is increasingly being phased out in South Korea. It is mainly used in official documents, newspapers, books, and signs to identify Chinese roots to Korean words.
10. ^ Based on 46 million speakers of Kannada, Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Badaga in a state with a 75.6 literacy rate. url=http://updateox.com/india/26-populated-cities-karnataka-population-sex-ratio-literacy
11. ^ Based on 42 million speakers of Burmese in a country (Myanmar) with a 92% literacy rate.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Halliday, M.A.K., Spoken and written language, Deakin University Press, 1985, p.19
2. ^ Vaughan, Don (23 Nov 2020). "The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems". Britannica. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
3. ^ a b c d e Population using script where it is official, according to 100% alphabetization.
4. ^ Thomas E. McAuley, Language change in East Asia, 2001:90

## External links

[edit]

* Ancient Scripts: Home:(Site with some introduction to different writing systems and group them into origins/types/families/regions/timeline/A to Z)
* Michael Everson's Alphabets of Europe
* The World’s Writing Systems, catalogue of 294 writing systems, each with a typographic reference glyph and Unicode status
* Deseret Alphabet
* ScriptSource – a dynamic, collaborative reference to the writing systems of the world

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Elifba
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Elymaic
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Mandaic
* Manichaean
* Nabataean
* Ancient North Arabian
* Pahlavi
* Book
* Inscriptional
* Inscriptional Parthian
* Psalter
* Pegon
* Phoenician
* Paleo-Hebrew
* Pitman shorthand
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali–Assamese
* Bhaiksuki
* Brahmi script
* Devanagari
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhi
* Kaithi
* Kalinga
* Khema
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Mahajani
* Marchen
* Meitei
* Modi
* Multani
* Nagari
* Nandinagari
* Nepalese scripts
* Bhujimol
* Golmol
* Himmol
* Kummol
* Kvemmol
* Pachumol
* Pracalit
* Ranjana
* Tamyig
* Tirhuta
* Limbu
* Litumol
* Odia
* Karani
* ʼPhags-pa
* Sharada
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagri
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar square

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buda
* Buhid
* Chakma
* Cham
* Fakkham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunoo
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Langdi
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Bilang-bilang
* Makasar
* Malayalam
* Old Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Mon–Burmese
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Saurashtra
* Shan
* Sinhala
* Sukhothai
* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* New Tai Lue
* Tai Noi
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Lai Tay
* Tamil
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Tanchangya
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Bharati
* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Dham
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Sarati
* Jenticha
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Pahawh Hmong
* Sorang Sompeng
* Tengwar
* Thaana
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi
* Mwangwego
* Rma

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Adlam
* Ariyaka
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Pazend
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Cirth
* Coelbren
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Bosnian
* Early
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Enochian
* Etruscan
* Formosan
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Gadabuursi
* Garay alphabet
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Veso Bey
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek (Archaic)
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* Jenticha
* Kaddare
* Kayah Li
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* Interlac
* IPA
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mru
* Mundari Bani
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian
* Evenki
* Galik alphabet
* Manchu
* Oirat
* Vagindra
* Ol Onal
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Phrygian
* Pisidian
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Shavian
* Sidetic
* Sorang Sompeng
* Sunuwar
* Tifinagh
* Todhri
* Tolong Siki
* Vellara
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Warang Citi
* Yezidi
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbols
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Miꞌkmaw
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
* Olmec
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze scripts
* Seal script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Kanji
* Chữ Nôm
* Sawndip
* Bowen

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logosyllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Tenevil
* Yi (Classical)

Logoconsonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Other|

* Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Linear Elamite
* Celtiberian
* Northeastern Iberian
* Southeastern Iberian
* Khom
* Dunging

|

Redundant|

* Espanca script
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Bopomofo
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Idu
* Kana
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sōgana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered|

* Albanian
* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

Writing systems

Index of language articles

Overview|

* Language
* History of writing
* History of the alphabet
* Graphemes
* Scripts in Unicode

Lists|

* Writing systems
* Languages by writing system / by first written account
* Ancient languages corpuses by size
* Undeciphered writing systems
* Creators of writing systems

Types|

* Abjads
* Abugidas
* Alphabets
* Featural
* Ideogrammic
* Logographic
* Numeral
* Phonogrammic
* Pictographic
* Semi-syllabaries
* Shorthand
* Syllabaries

Current examples|

* Arabic
* Canadian syllabics
* Chinese
* Devanagari
* Hangul
* Kana
* Latin
* Mongolian

Related topics|

* In Africa
* In Southeast Asia

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