Lithuanian declension

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Lithuanian has a declension system that is similar to declension systems in ancient Indo-European languages, such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. It is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European and modern European languages.[citation needed]

Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian. However, at least one case is reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions and another is extinct in the modern language. So the official variant of Lithuanian has seven cases; moreover, the illative case can be replaced with the locative case. The main cases are:

* nominative (vardininkas); used to identify the inflection type
* genitive (kilmininkas); used to identify the inflection type
* dative (naudininkas)
* accusative (galininkas)
* instrumental (įnagininkas)
* locative (inessive; vietininkas) and with several subcases:
* illative (kryptininkas)
* allative (pašalys) (reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions)
* adessive (gretininkas) †[clarification needed]
* vocative (šauksmininkas)

Lithuanian has two main grammatical numbers: singular and plural. There is also a dual number, which is used in certain dialects, such as Samogitian. Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms (for example du ("two") and abu ("both"), an indefinite number and super-plural words (Lithuanian: dauginiai žodžiai). Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional. Although grammatically the dual number can be applied to any word, in practice it was used quite sporadically during the last century. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Singular, plural and dual inflections of the same case always differ among themselves; no rule dictates how to form, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case.

## Nouns

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Lithuanian nouns have five declensions, which are defined by the inflection in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only a few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, tabù – taboo, kupė̃ – compartment (in a train), coupé, are not subject to declension.

Declension | Inflection in singular cases | Examples | Notes

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Nominative | Genitive | Nominative | Genitive | Meaning
I  | -as, -is, -ys, -ias | -o |

* výras
* mẽdis
* traukinỹs
* svẽčias

* výro
* mẽdžio
* tráukinio
* svẽčio

* man; husband
* tree
* train
* guest

| Main pattern for masculine nouns.
II  | -a, -i[a], -ė | -os, -ės |

* žmonà
* šviesà
* várna
* pradžià
* sáulė

* žmonõs
* šviesõs
* várnos
* pradžiõs
* sáulės

* wife
* light
* crow
* beginning
* sun

| Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine exceptions.
III  | -is[b] | -ies |

* móteris[c]
* pilìs
* avìs
* dantìs

* móteries
* piliẽs
* aviẽs
* dantiẽs

* woman
* castle
* sheep
* tooth

| Rarer; feminine nouns; fewer masculine exceptions.
IV  | -us | -aus |

* žmogùs
* sūnùs
* medùs
* skaĩčius

* žmogaũs
* sūnaũs
* medaũs
* skaĩčiaus

* human
* son
* honey
* number; digit

| Rare; masculine nouns.
V  | -uo, -ė[c] | -en-s, -er-s |

* vanduõ
* akmuõ
* skaitmuõ
* sesuõ
* duktė̃

* vandeñs
* akmeñs
* skaitmeñs
* seser̃s
* dukter̃s

* water
* stone
* digit
* sister
* daughter

| Very rare; masculine nouns; four[c] feminine; suffixed by -en- m and -er- f.

1. ^ There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. The noun pati is the same to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself f; itself (for feminine nouns)'
2. ^ Exception: petys m – shoulder, peties, etc. after this declensional pattern. This declension is very similar to the fifth declension.
3. ^ a b c Duktė 'daughter' is the only word of the fifth declension not having the ending "uo". A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų (not palatalized -ių); it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two (the main is -ių) for the third. The other two words, obelis f – apple tree and dieveris m – (older) brother-in-law, are the same declensional case as moteris, but dieveris, being masculine possibly has a sg. inst. -iu. Dieveris is also the only -er- masculine case. There was also possibly a word broteris – brother (modern brolis) in Old Lithuanian.

Table of noun and adjective declension suffixes  Case | first declension | second declension | third declension | fourth declension | fifth declension |  | adjectives

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masculine | feminine | feminine | masculine | masculine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine
-ǎ- | -i- | -o- | -ė- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -o-
Singular
Nominative | -as | -is | -ys | -ias | -a | -ia | -ė | -is | -us | -ius | -uo |  | -as | -a
Genitive | -o | -io | -os | -ios | -ės | -ies | -aus | -iaus | -en-s | -er-s | -o | -os
Dative | -ui | -iui | -ai | -iai | -ei | -iai | -iui | -ui | -iui | -en-iui | -er-iai | -am | -ai
Accusative | -ą | -į | -ią | -ą | -ią | -ę | -į | -ų | -ių | -en-į | -er-į | -ą
Instrumental | -u | -iu | -a | -ia | -e | -imi | -umi | -iumi | -en-iu | -er-imi | -u | -a
Locative | -e | -yje | -oje | -ioje | -ėje | -yje | -uje | -iuje | -en-yje | -er-yje | -ame | -oje
Vocative | -e[a] | -ai | -i | -y | -y[b] | -a | -ia | -e | -ie | -au | -iau | -en-ie | -er-ie | -as | -a
Plural
Nominative | -ai | -iai | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys |  | -i | -os
Genitive | -ų | -ių | -ų | -ių | -ių | -ių[c] | -ų | -ių | -en-ų | -er-ų | -ų | -ų
Dative | -ams | -iams | -oms | -ioms | -ėms | -ims | -ums | -iams | -en-ims | -er-ims | -iems | -oms
Accusative | -us | -ius | -as | -ias | -es | -is | -us | -ius | -en-is | -er-is | -us | -as
Instrumental | -ais | -iais | -omis | -iomis | -ėmis | -imis | -umis | -iais | -en-imis | -er-imis | -ais | -omis
Locative | -uose | -iuose | -ose | -iose | -ėse | -yse | -uose | -iuose | -en-yse | -er-yse | -uose | -ose
Vocative | -ai | -iai | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | -i | -os

1. ^ Nouns having -j- before an ending -as, vėjas – wind, vertėjas – translator (versti – translate; convert; subvert etc.), naudotojas – user (naudoti – to use), vartotojas – consumer (vartoti – to consume) have vocative -au: vėjau, vertėjau, naudotojau, vartotojau. Feminine counterparts for agent's words are vertėja, naudotoja, vartotoja and their vocative is the same as the nominative. If naudotojas would have and ending -e for vocative it would sound same to feminine: naudotoja = *naudotoje (ja = *je, which is not used combination, because all vowels succeeding j are soft). The singular locative form of these words have -yje or -uje (-uje appears where it is needed for easier pronunciation): naudotojuje, vėjyje.
2. ^ There are only a few words with the ending -ias (sg. nom.), historically they are related with -ys words; -ias words have -y in vocative: svečias – svety (guest); kelias – kely (road); some can have fifth-declension-like ending -iau for vocative: velnias – velniau (devil). In dialects an inflection -iau in vocative can be used, for example, for names ending in -is: Algis – Algiau (dial.) instead of Algi. A word brolis besides a paradigmatic vocative broli has also a form brolaũ.
3. ^ Many nouns of this paradigm have -ų in pl. gen.: žąsis f – žąsų 'goose', naktis f – naktų 'night', debesis m – debesų 'cloud'.

Each Lithuanian consonant (except [j]) has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized ([bʲ]-[b], [dʲ]-[d], [ɡʲ]-[ɡ] and so on). The consonants preceding vowels [i] and [e] are always moderately palatalized.

The letter i represents either the sound similar to i in the English lit or is a palatalization marker – softens the preceding consonant (ia = like e, iu = ü, io = ö; all samples where i is a softening marker are ia (ią), iu (iū, ių), io). But ie is a diphthong and there are no combinations ię and iė. Other diphthongs are: uo, ai, ei, oi (this one is used only in foreign words; in Lithuanian-derivation it is present when a word kojinė 'sock, stocking' is pronounced shorter as koinė), ui, au (palatalized iuo, iai, iui, iau; there is no iei combination because ei is already soft and same to iai; a combination ie is only a diphthong and in use is succeeded by a consonant).

Feminine nouns ending in -a, and masculine ending in -us have their palatal forms: -ia, -ius (the latter is declined in the first paradigm in its plural). The nominative singular ending -ias (sg. nom.; the first paradigm) alone is a palatal variant of -as, but -ias pattern, differently from -ia, -ius, are not palatalized counterpart for -as (unpalatalized equivalent in sg. nominative) and there is no palatalized counterpart for -as type. The -ias pattern is a type of -ys pattern, its words are declined like -ys words, except sg. nom. -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. There are only a few words of -ias type.

There are two consonants in Lithuanian, d and t, that become respectively dž [dʒ] and č [tʃ] when they precede a palatalization marker i (so, this does not include the softer sounds: i, į, y, ie, ė, e, ę) and they still have to be pronounced softer, like all other consonants preceding the palatalization marker. Examples: masc. sg. nom. svẽčias 'guest', fem. sg. nom. valdžià 'power (on somebody); government', m. sg. nom. skaĩčius 'number'; pavyzdỹs 'example', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį; kėdė̃ 'chair', kėdžių̃ etc. (Compare how T in English is pronounced like "sh" when followed by -ion in words like "station", "revolution", or how "due", "dew", and "Jew" are pronounced identically by many English speakers).

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* I. Ending in -as (nom. sg.): rýtas – morning, var̃das – name. Ending in -is: brólis – brother, aũkštis – height. Ending in -ys: pavyzdỹs – example, dagỹs – thistle. Ending in -ias: kẽlias – road, élnias – deer. A word mė́nuo – month, moon, or mė́nesis, which uo ending form is of the V-th declension type, belongs to the first paradigm: nom. sg. mėnuo/mėnesis, gen. sg. mė́nesio etc.
* II. Ending in -a: várna – crow, líepa – linden; July, gijà – thread, ply; palatalized: valià – will, galià – power, pradžià – beginning. Lithuanian vowel o [oː] derives from an older ā [aː]: nom. sg. mótina (mother) < *mātina < *mātinā, gen. sg. mótinos < *mātinās. Ending in -ė: prẽkė – commodity, item, ẽglė – spruce.
* III. Examples: pilìs f – castle, vagìs m – thief. There are many nouns of this paradigm which have -ų in pl. gen.: žąsìs f – žąsų̃ 'goose', naktìs f – naktų̃ 'night', debesìs m – debesų̃ 'cloud'. This declension is very similar to the fifth, except the singular nominative, genitive, instrumental and plural genitive for a part of nouns.
* IV. Ending in -us: sūnùs – son, alùs – beer, rytojus – tomorrow; palatalized: karalius – king, procesorius – processor. The plural forms of the palatalized variant are of the first declension, the same to -is, -ys, -ias.
* V. Nouns of this paradigm has a sg. nom. ending -uo and a suffix -en- in the other cases. Examples: vanduõ – water, akmuõ – stone. Words made with a suffix -m-: duomuõ 'a single item of a data' ← duoti 'to give', skaitmuõ 'digit' ← skaičiuoti 'to count, calculate'. There are two feminine nouns of the fifth declension, sesuõ – sister and duktė̃ – daughter, the second with an irregular ending. A word moteris – woman, having the same suffix as duktė and sesuo is declined in the third declension.

### First declension

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-as, -is, -ys (masculine)  Case  | vaĩkas (child)  | brólis (brother)  | arklỹs (horse)

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singular  | plural  | singular  | plural  | singular  | plural
Nominative  | vaikas | vaikai | brolis | broliai | arklys | arkliai
Genitive  | vaiko | vaikų | brolio | brolių | arklio | arklių
Dative  | vaikui | vaikams | broliui | broliams | arkliui | arkliams
Accusative  | vaiką | vaikus | brolį | brolius | arklį | arklius
Instrumental  | vaiku | vaikais | broliu | broliais | arkliu | arkliais
Locative  | vaike | vaikuose | brolyje | broliuose | arklyje | arkliuose
Vocative  | vaike | vaikai | broli | broliai | arkly | arkliai

Note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = 'John' [nominative] and Jonai! = 'John!' [vocative]

### Second declension

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-a, -ė, -ti (feminine)  Case  | mótina (mother)  | katė̃ (cat)  | patì (wife)

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singular | plural  | singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nominative  | motina | motinos | katė | katės | pati | pačios
Genitive  | motinos | motinų | katės | kačių | pačios | pačių
Dative  | motinai | motinoms | katei | katėms | pačiai | pačioms
Accusative  | motiną | motinas | katę | kates | pačią | pačias
Instrumental  | motina | motinomis | kate | katėmis | pačia | pačiomis
Locative  | motinoje | motinose | katėje | katėse | pačioje | pačiose
Vocative  | motina | motinos | kate | katės | pati (or pačia) | pačios

Only two nouns end in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is same to the second adjective feminine declension.

The noun pati has the same form as the pronoun pati 'herself; myself (feminine); itself (for feminine nouns)'.

### Third declension

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-is (masculine and feminine)  Case  | vagìs (thief, masculine)  | akìs (eye, feminine)

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singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nominative  | vagis | vagys | akis | akys
Genitive  | vagies | vagių | akies | akių
Dative  | vagiui | vagims | akiai | akims
Accusative  | vagį | vagis | akį | akis
Instrumental  | vagimi | vagimis | akimi | akimis
Locative  | vagyje | vagyse | akyje | akyse
Vocative  | vagie | vagys | akie | akys

The only difference in masculine and feminine nouns of this declension is between the dative singular forms.

### Fourth declension

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-us, -ius (masculine)  Case  | sūnùs (son)  | profèsorius (professor)

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singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nominative  | sūnus | sūnūs | profesorius | profesoriai
Genitive  | sūnaus | sūnų | profesoriaus | profesorių
Dative  | sūnui | sūnums | profesoriui | profesoriams
Accusative  | sūnų | sūnus | profesorių | profesorius
Instrumental  | sūnumi | sūnumis | profesoriumi | profesoriais
Locative  | sūnuje | sūnuose | profesoriuje | profesoriuose
Vocative  | sūnau | sūnūs | profesoriau | profesoriai

The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension.

### Fifth declension

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-uo (masculine)  Case  | vanduõ (water)  | sesuõ (sister)  | duktė̃ (daughter)

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singular | plural  | singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nominative  | vanduo | vandenys | sesuo | seserys | duktė | dukterys
Genitive  | vandens | vandenų | sesers | seserų | dukters | dukterų
Dative  | vandeniui | vandenims | seseriai | seserims | dukteriai | dukterims
Accusative  | vandenį | vandenis | seserį | seseris | dukterį | dukteris
Instrumental  | vandeniu | vandenimis | seseria | seserimis | dukteria | dukterimis
Locative  | vandenyje | vandenyse | seseryje | seseryse | dukteryje | dukteryse
Vocative  | vandenie | vandenys | seserie | seserys | dukterie | dukterys

There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter).

## Adjectives

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In Lithuanian, adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. Adjectives agree with nouns in number, gender, and case. Unlike nouns, which have two genders – masculine and feminine – adjectives have three (except -is, -ė adjectives), but the neuter adjectives (the third example in the table) have only one uninflected form.

Declension  | Singular nominative  | Plural nominative  | Examples

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Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine
I  | -(i)as | -(i)a | -i | -(i)os |

* šáltas, šaltà, šálta – cold
* šlápias, šlapià, šlápia – wet, soppy

II  | -us | -i | -ūs | -ios |

* gražùs, gražì, gražù – pretty, beautiful
* malonùs, malonì, malonù – pleasant

III  | -is | -ė | -iai | -ės |

* varìnis, varìnė – copper
* laukìnis, laukìnė – wild;

-i |

* dìdelis, dìdelė – big
* dešinỹs, dešinė̃ – right
* kairỹs, kairė̃ – left.

* Most of the first type adjectives of the third declension are with the suffix -in-. These are easily made from nouns, adjectives, by adding the suffix -in-. When made from verbs, they are mostly made from a past passive participle: vìrti – to boil, vìrtas – boiled, virtìnis – which is boiled, made by boiling. Consequently, the suffix is -t-in- for such adjectives. These variants of verbal derivation easily become nouns, in this case it is a noun virtìnis – dumpling (with mushrooms; curd; etc.; but dumplings with meat are called koldūnai). There are also some other word types having certain suffixes or prefixes in this declensional group: (of the first accentuation pattern) pern-ykšt-is – of yesteryear (pernai \- in yesteryear); apy-geris – goodish, around good; po-geris – around good; prie-kurtis – somewhat deaf; (of the second accentuation pattern) ketvirt-ain-is, viln-on-is – woollen, graž-ut-ėl-is, rug-ien-is, maž-yl-is – tiny tot, ger-ul-is – goody, maž-ut-is – smally[clarification needed].
* Two adjectives of the third declension have long -ys: dešinỹs – right, kairỹs – left; plural nominative is dešinì, kairì; plural dative: dešiníems, kairíems. A short form of dìdelis, dìdelė is dìdis, didì (similar to pats, pati). Dešinys, kairys, didis have neutral gender of the u pattern: dešinu, kairu, didu. Pronominal forms: didỹsis, didžióji, dešinỹsis, dešinióji. An adjective didelis, didelė hasn't pronominal forms. The word didis has more mingled forms: nominative is sometimes didus; genitive masc.: didžio/didaus; accusative: didį (or didų); plural masc. nom. didūs; other forms are of the regular pattern.
* Adjectives, except -inis type and an adjective didelis, can have pronominal (definite) forms
* Some other forms have variations in the standard language: pė́sčias, pėsčià, pė́sčia – pedestrian, afoot; pėsčiàsis, pėsčióji and pėstỹsis, pėsčióji (adjectival and substantival meanings).

Table of adjective declension endings  Case | Masculine | Feminine

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I | II | III | I | II | III
-ǎ- | -u- | -i- | -ā- | -i- | -ē-
Singular
Nominative  | -as | -ias | -us | -is | -a | -ia | -i | -ė
Genitive  | -o | -io | -aus | -io | -os | -ios | -ės
Dative  | -am | -iam | -ai | -iai | -ei
Accusative  | -ą | -ią | -ų | -į | -ą | -ią | -ę
Instrumental  | -u | -iu | -a | -ia | -e
Locative  | -ame | -iame | -oje | -ioje | -ėje
Plural
Nominative  | -i | -ūs | -iai | -i | -os | -ios | -ės
Genitive  | -ų | -ių | -ų | -ių
Dative  | -iems | -iams | -iems | -oms | -ioms | -ėms
Accusative  | -us | -ius | -as | -ias | -es
Instrumental  | -ais | -iais | -omis | -iomis | -ėmis
Locative  | -uose | -iuose | -ose | -iose | -ėse

Masculine adjectives of the III paradigm are of two types, they differ in plural nominative and dative: varinis – copper, brazen, laukinis – wild have pl. nom. variniai, laukiniai and pl. dat. variniams, laukiniams; an example of the second type: didelis (big), dideli in pl. nom. and dideliems in pl. dat.

Pronominal forms  Case | Masculine | Feminine

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I | II | III | I | II | III
-ǎ- | -u- | -i- | -ā- | -i- | -ē-
Singular
Nominative  | -as-is | -ias-is | -us-is | -ys-is | -o-ji | -io-ji
Genitive  | -o-jo | -io-jo | -os-ios | -ios-ios
Dative  | -a-jam | -ia-jam | -a-jai | -ia-jai
Accusative  | -ą-jį | -ią-jį | -ų-jį | -į-jį | -ą-ją | -ią-ją
Instrumental  | -uo-ju | -iuo-ju
Locative  | -a-jame | -ia-jame | -o-joje | -io-joje
Plural
Nominative  | -ie-ji | -os-ios | -ios-sios
Genitive  | -ų-jų | -ių-jų | -ų-jų | -ių-jų
Dative  | -ies-iems | -os-ioms | -ios-ioms
Accusative  | -uos-ius | -iuos-ius | -as-ias | -ias-ias
Instrumental  | -ais-iais | -iais-iais | -os-iomis | -ios-iomis
Locative  | -uos-iuose | -iuos-iuose | -os-iose | -ios-iose

The pronominal, or definite, form of an adjective is formed by merging adjectives with third person personal pronouns: mažas 'small' + jis (is) 'he' = mažasis, maža \+ ji 'she' = mažoji. An example: mažasis princas 'the little prince' (the name of the novella is Mažasis princas – The Little Prince). And a normal form: mažas princas 'a little prince'.

Several forms have not only a pronoun added, but have different respective to non-pronominal adjectives ending syllable – longer sound retained: feminine singular nominative -o-ji, masculine singular instrumental and plural accusative, respectively -uo-ju, -uos-ius (the respective forms of a pronoun jis are juo, juos) and one with ogonek, feminine singular instrumental: -ą-ja, -ią-ja; or has a sound -m- not doubled: masculine singular dative and locative, masculine plural dative, feminine plural dative and instrumental, for example -a-jam, -a-jame, -ies-iems, not the non-existing -am-jam, -ame-jame, -iems-iems.

### Examples

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Case  | geras (good)  | gražus (beautiful)  | vidutinis (middle)

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masculine  | feminine  | masculine  | feminine  | masculine  | feminine
singular | plural  | singular | plural  | singular | plural  | singular | plural  | singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nominative  | geras | geri | gera | geros | gražus | gražūs | graži | gražios | vidutinis | vidutiniai | vidutinė | vidutinės
Genitive  | gero | gerų | geros | gerų | gražaus | gražių | gražios | gražių | vidutinio | vidutinių | vidutinės | vidutinių
Dative  | geram | geriems | gerai | geroms | gražiam | gražiems | gražiai | gražioms | vidutiniam | vidutiniams | vidutinei | vidutinėms
Accusative  | gerą | gerus | gerą | geras | gražų | gražius | gražią | gražias | vidutinį | vidutinius | vidutinę | vidutines
Instrumental  | geru | gerais | gera | geromis | gražiu | gražiais | gražia | gražiomis | vidutiniu | vidutiniais | vidutine | vidutinėmis
Locative  | gerame | geruose | geroje | gerose | gražiame | gražiuose | gražioje | gražiose | vidutiniame | vidutiniuose | vidutinėje | vidutinėse

## Pronouns

[edit]

The personal pronouns aš (I), tu (you) jis (he, it), ji (she, it) and the reflexive pronoun savęs are declined as follows:

| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental | Locative

|
|
|
|
|
|

Singular | 1st person  | aš | mane | manęs | man | manimi | manyje
2nd person  | tu | tave | tavęs | tau | tavimi | tavyje
3rd person | Masculine  | jis | jį | jo | jam | juo | jame
Feminine  | ji | ją | jos | jai | ja | joje
Reflexive  | – | save | savęs | sau | savimi | savyje
Dual  | 1st person | Masculine  | mudu | mudviejų | mudviem | mudviese
Feminine  | mudvi
2nd person | Masculine  | judu | judviejų | judviem | judviese
Feminine  | judvi
3rd person | Masculine  | juodu or jiedu | juodu | jiedviem | juodviese
Feminine  | jiedvi | jodviem | jiedviese
Plural  | 1st person  | mes | mus | mūsų | mums | mumis | mumyse
2nd person  | jūs | jus | jūsų | jums | jumis | jumyse
3rd person | Masculine  | jie | juos | jų | jiems | jais | juose
Feminine  | jos | jas | joms | jomis | jose

Note that the table contains only the objective genitive of pronouns aš, tu, savęs. The possessive genitives of these words are mano, tavo and savo respectively. Compare jis manęs laukia – 'he waits for me' and mano draugas – 'my friend' ('friend' is masculine), but in jis mūsų laukia – 'he waits for us' and mūsų draugas – 'our friend', the two genitives coincide as in almost any word.

## Irregular declension

[edit]

Duktė – daughter, and sesuo – sister, are the only two feminine words of the fifth declension, they have the suffix -er- in the other cases. One word, moteris – woman, female, is both of the fifth and the third declensions, because it has variant genitive singular, both variants of which (-s and -ies) are equally apt, and it has a gen. pl. -ų. Two more words, dieveris m (older) – brother-in-law, and obelis f – apple tree, are the same case as moteris. The word dieveris, -ies (-ers) m, having a more close meaning to a proper one, possibly has the fifth-type-like masculine singular instrumental (dieveriu), which is taken from the first declension, while the words of the third declension have -imi (dantimi, vagimi), without a gender distinction. But -imi is normal as well for the masculine nouns of the fifth declension, for example – akmenimi/akmeniu.

A word šuo – dog, differs from the other -uo words in that, that its stem is mixed with the suffix -uo and it consequently does not have the suffix -en- in the other cases (š-uo, akm-uo; šu-n-į, akm-en-į), its singular instrumental normal ending is of the third type (šunimi; that can be understood as a part of a meaning: more like an indefinite gender) and its accentuation paradigm is fourth, the sole case for the -uo words.

Mėnuo – month, moon, is of the first declension -is type, the only fifth type form is one of the two equal variants of singular nominative: mėnuo (other is mėnesis); genitive is mėnesio etc.

The word žmogus – man (human), historically had the nominative singular žmuo (compare Latin homō). Today žmogus is declined in the fourth paradigm in singular (žmogus, žmogaus etc.) and in the third -ė paradigm in plural (žmonės, žmonių etc.).

The words pats m, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself (also noun meanings: husband and wife) have also peculiarities. The ending -i (f., sg. nom.) is present only in two words: pati and marti – daughter-in-law. Pats (< patis) is of the third adjectival declensional type, but the singular nominative is different (-s < -is), plural nominative is -ys and the singular genitive -ies, like in nouns of the third declension. Its sg. gen. is also often said pačio.

The words of the third declension (-is, -ies) have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. The dative singular, similarly to the fifth declensional type, differs depending on the gender (-iai f, -iui m), the instrumental singular, differently from the fifth type, is the same for both genders. One noun of the third type, petys, peties, has the sg. nom. ending with a long i: -ys. Some of the words having the suffix -uonis (there are few of such words) have parallel forms in the other declensions: palikuonis, -ies (common gender) and palikuonis, -io m, palikuonė, -ės f. Such change can happen after the change of an accent place: if the word is accented on the ending -is, then the change of declension (-is, -ies > -is, -io) does not occur in speech, and if the accent moves from the ending to the stem in singular nominative, then the change of declension sometimes occurs. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake.

### Shifts in declension

[edit]

There are few words which are sometimes declined mistakenly in other declensions. But some of the shifts are not rare: a word pats besides sg. gen. paties is often said pačio and these two forms of sg. gen. are equal. Some words have parallel forms from other declensions with a little change in a meaning: dukra, dukros; sesė, sesės; palikuonis, -io, palikuonė, -ės. The forms sesė and dukra are more like unformal, than duktė, -ers and sesuo, -ers. For the word moteris the form motera were existent in dialects, but it is, differently from dukra, sesė cases, only a formal shift of declension without a meaning variation and such word would be perceived as a vernacularism and obsolete.

The forms from the two more declensions sometimes occur in a speech for the masculine words of the fifth declension: of the third and of the first declensions. Similar case is with the masculine words of the third declension – they are sometimes declined in the first declension (because singular nominative is the same). Such a shift is a mistake of declension. For example, a word akmuo, akmens can have the forms (third d.) (sg. nom., sg. gen.) akmenis, akmenies – more like older dialectal not used widely and a little likely to be heard in a speech – and (first d.) akmenis, akmenio; akmenys, akmenio; akmenas, akmeno – sometimes said by speakers who don't know the fifth declension well, such as children. But these variants are possibly also present as dialectal forms. The other examples which are sometimes used by some, but not fit are: rudenio (rudens), šunio (šuns, šunies) etc. Examples of migrants from the third declension (-is, -ies) are, for example, dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Such use like akmenas, akmeno; dančio; šunio; rudenio; is a clear mistake and is not accepted. A case of petys, pečio instead of petys, peties is also a mistake, but petys is the only one -ys (instead of -is) form declined in the third declension and consequentely tends to be declined like all other -ys words (of the first declension).

For the word mėnuo/mėnesis the proper form is sg. gen. mėnesio etc. (sg. gen. mėnesies is known in dialects). The genitive of the word pats is paties, but it is also frequently said pačio. Some of the cases of the word pats are of the third adjectival declension, some – sg. nom. -s (< -is), sg. gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. nom. -ys – of the third noun declension.

Some of the nouns occur in another declensional type only in one case. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. For example, seseris can be said seseria in dialects, but the genitive remains sesers; (older) motė, moters, but also a migrant form: (older) motė, motės. The dialectal and older form sesuva (a type of sesuo), for example, can remain in the original paradigm with sg. gen. sesers or shift to the -a declension: sesuva, sesuvos.

### Tables

[edit]

In the tables below the words from the fifth and the third declensions are compared with the words from the other declensions. Table cells with the correct forms written are coloured (not white). In the right outside column the variant forms within the fifth and third declensions are given. They are older, dialectal and not used or used only in small areas. For example, among the variant forms of singular nominative sesuo within the fifth declension are archaic sesuoj, sesuon, sesuva. The first column is for the words of the fifth (-uo, -ens/-ers) declension and the second for the third (-is, -ies). These declensions are very similar. The words are given in the same column, when the forms are same. The column to the right from these, are for the forms of the first (-as, -is, -ys, -ias) and second (-a (-ia), -ė) declensions; one word, žmogus, is of the fourth in singular.

The proper forms of the word mėnuo/mėnesis is not of the fifth-third declension and the same is with the word žmogus, which historically had the form žmuo. A word judesys – move, is included for comparison with mėnesis (they have the same suffix -es- and are declined in the same declension, except sg. nom. of mėnuo/mėnesis).

Dukra and sesė are variants of duktė, sesuo of a different declension and meaning – dukra and sesė are more like informal.

A word palikuonis has two forms of different declensions: one of the third (original) – palikuonis, and other shifted to the first declension – palikuonis, -io palikuonė, -ės. There are few of -uonis words and only several of them have forms other than the original declension, but in a speech some of them are also sometimes declined in the first declension, for example, geluonis, -ies c – sting, can be understood as geluonis, -io m.

For the -uo words (except mėnuo) and the -is words (like dantis) the shift to the other declensions would be a mistake. When the shift is from the fifth to the third declension it can be understood as minor variation, but the shift to the first declension would be a clear mistake (however, some of the cases are the same, and that is one of the reasons why the shift can occur). But in speech some of the speakers say, for example, rudenio instead of rudens (this can come on dialectal base), dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties (the original variants are not used less). A word šuo can also be said šuva (one of dialectal variants).

The words rūgštìs f 3 (1) – acid, and rū̃gštis 2 – sourness; acidity, are two words of different declensions, their meanings are different, but related.

Nominative  III and V declensions | I, II, IV declensions | other forms of words of III and V

|
|

| obelìs f 3a |
| móteris 1 | móterà 1, 3a |
duktė̃ 3b | dukterìs 3b | dukrà 4 (2) |
sesuõ 3b | seserìs 3b (1) | seserià 3b, sẽsė 2 (4) | sesuõj, sesuõn, sesuvà
| dieverìs 3a, 1 | díeveris, dieverỹs 3a |
mė́nuo 1 (3a) | mė́nesis 1 | mė́nesis 1, mėnesỹs 3a | mė́nuoj
|  | judesỹs 3b |
žmuo |  | žmogùs 4 | žmuõj
vanduõ 3a | vandenìs | vandenỹs, vándenis | vanduõj, vanduõn, vanduvà, vandvà
akmuõ 3b | akmenìs | akmenỹs, ãkmenis, ãkmenas | akmuõj, ãkmuo, akmuvà
šuõ 4 | šunìs | šùnis | šuõj, šuõn, šuvà
| dantìs m 4 | dañtis
| pàts m 4 |  | patis
|  | patì f 4, pačià |
| palikuonìs 34b | palikuõnis m, ė f 2 |
| rūgštìs f 3 (1) | rū̃gštis 2; rū́gštė 1 (3) |

| Genitive

III-V declensions | I, II, IV declensions | other forms
obel̃s | obeliẽs |  | obelès
móters | móteries |  | moterès
dukter̃s | dukteriẽs | dukrõs |
seser̃s | seseriẽs | sẽsės | seserès, -erė̃s
diever̃s | dieveriẽs | díeverio |
mėnaũs | mė́nesies | mė́nesio |
|  | jùdesio |
|  | žmogaũs |
vandeñs | vandeniẽs, *vandiniẽs | vándenio, -inio,* vándnio | vandenès
akmeñs | akmeniẽs, | ãkmenio, ãkmeno | akmenès
šuñs | šuniẽs | šùnio | šunès
| dantiẽs | dañčio |
| patiẽs | pãčio |
|  | pačiõs |
| palikuoniẽs | palikuõnio, ės |
| rūgštiẽs | rū̃gščio; rū́gštės |
| Dative

III-V d. | I, II, IV d. | other
óbeliai |  |
móteriai | moterai |
dùkteriai | dùkrai |
sẽseriai | sẽsei | sẽser, -i, -ie (-iẽ)
díeveriui | díeveriui |
mė́nesiui | mė́nesiui |
| jùdesiui |
| žmõgui |
vándeniui*  |  |
ãkmeniui | ãkmenui |
šùniui | šùniui | šùni
dañčiui | dañčiui |
pačiám | pãčiui |
| pãčiai / pačiái |
pãlikuoniui | palikuõniui, ei |
rū́gščiai | rū̃gščiui; rū́gštei |
| Accusative

III-V d. | I, II, IV d.
óbelį |
móterį |
dùkterį | dùkrą
sẽserį | sẽsę
díeverį | díeverį
mė́nesį | mė́nesį
| jùdesį
žmunį | žmõgų
vándenį |
ãkmenį | akmeną
šùnį |
dañtį |
pãtį |
| pãčią
pãlikuonį | palikuõnį, ę
rū́gštį | rū̃gštį; rū́gštę

| Instrumental

III-V d. | I, II, IV d.
obelimì | óbelia |
móterimi | móteria | mótera
dukterimì | dùkteria | dukrà
seserimì | sẽseria | sesè
dieverimì | díeveriu | díeveriu
mė́nesimi | mė́nesiu | mė́nesiu
|  | jùdesiu
|  | žmogumì
vandenimì | vándeniu | vándeniu
akmenimì | ãkmeniu | ãkmenu
šunimì |  | šuniù
dantimì |  | dančiù
| pačiù | pačiù
| pačià |
palikuonimì |  | palikuõniu, e
rūgštimì | rū́gščia | rūgščiù; rū́gšte
| Locative

III-V d. | I, II, IV d.
obelyje |
móteryje |
dukteryjè | dukrojè
seseryjè | sẽsėje
dieveryjè | díeveryje
| mė́nesyje
| judesyjè
| žmogujè
vandenyjè |
akmenyjè |
šunyjè |
dantyjè |
| pačiamè
| pačiojè
palikuonyjè | palikuõnyje, ėje
rūgštyjè | rū̃gštyje; rū́gštėje
| Vocative

III-V d. | I, II, IV d.
obeliẽ |
móterie |
dukteriẽ | dùkra
seseriẽ | sẽse
dieveriẽ | díeveri
mė́nesie | mė́nesi, -iẽ
| judesỹ
| žmogaũ
vandeniẽ | vándeni, -ỹ
akmeniẽ | akmenỹ, -i, ãkmenai
šuniẽ | šùniau, šùni
dantiẽ | dañčiau, dañti
patiẽ |
| pãčia, patì
palikuoniẽ | palikuõni, e
rūgštiẽ | rū̃gšti; rū́gšte

| Nominative

III-V d. | I-II d.
óbelys |  |
móterys |  |
dùkterys | dùkros |
sẽserys | sẽsės | sẽsers, -eres, -erės
díeverys | díeveriai |
mė́nesys | mė́nesiai |
| judesiaĩ |
žmónys | žmónės | žmónes, žmónies
vándenys | vandeniaĩ, -enaĩ*vandiniaĩ, -inaĩ | vándens, -enes, -enės
ãkmenys | akmeniaĩ, akmenaĩ | ãkmenes, -ens, -enie
šùnys | šuniai | šùnes, šùnės
dañtys | dañčiai |
pãtys |  |
| pãčios |
pãlikuonys | palikuõniai, ės |
rū́gštys | rū̃gščiai; rū́gštės |
| Genitive

III-V d. | I-II d.
obelų̃ | obelių̃ |
móterų |  |
dukterų̃ |  | dukrų̃
seserų̃ | seserių̃ | sẽsių
dieverų̃ | dieverių̃ | díeverių
| mė́nesių | mė́nesių
|  | judesių̃
|  | žmonių̃
vandenų̃* | vandenių̃ | vándenų, -ų̃
akmenų̃ | akmenių̃ | akmenių̃
šunų̃ | šunių̃ | šunių̃
dantų̃ |  |
| pačių̃
|  | pačių̃
| palikuonių̃ | palikuõnių
| rūgščių̃ | rū̃gščių; rū́gščių
| Dative

III-V d. | I-II d.
obelìms |
móterims | móteroms
dukterìms | dukróms
seserìms | sẽsėms
dieverìms | díeveriams
mė́nesims | mė́nesiams
| judesiáms
| žmonė́ms
vandenìms* | vandenáms
akmenìms | akmenáms
šunìms | šùniams
dantìms | dañčiams
patíems |
| pačióms
palikuonìms | palikuõniams, ėms
rūgštìms | rū̃gščiams; rū́gštėms

| Accusative

III-V d. | I-II d.
óbelis |
móteris |
dùkteris | dukràs
sẽseris | sesès
díeveris | díeverius
mė́nesis | mė́nesius
| jùdesius
| žmónes
vándenis | vándenius
ãkmenis | ãkmenus
šunìs | šuniùs
dantìs | dančiùs
| pačiùs
| pačiàs
palikuonìs | palikuoniùs, ès
rū́gštis | rūgščiùs; rū́gštes
| Instrumental

III-V d. | I-II d.
obelimìs |
móterimis |
dukterimìs | dukróms
seserimìs | sẽsėms
dieverimìs | díeveriais
mė́nesimis | mė́nesiais
| judesiaĩs
| žmonėmìs
vandenimìs | vandenaĩs, -iaĩs
akmenimìs | akmenaĩs, -iaĩs
šunimìs | šùniais
dantimìs | dañčiais
| pačiaĩs
| pačiomìs
palikuonimìs | palikuõniais, ėmis
rūgštimìs | rū̃gščiais; rū́gštėmis
| Locative

III-V d. | I-II d.
obelysè |
móteryse |
dukterysè | dukrosè
seserysè | sẽsėse
dieverysè | díeveriuose
mė́nesyse | mė́nesiuose
| judesiuosè
| žmonėsè
vandenysè | vandenuosè
akmenysè | akmenuosè
šunysè | šuniuose
dantysè | dančiuose
| pačiuosè
| pačiosè
palikuonysè | palikuõniuose, ėse
rūgštysè | rū̃gščiuose; rū́gštėse

## Declension by the paradigms

[edit]

### a-paradigm

[edit]

The a-paradigm is used to decline:

* nouns of the first declension
* adjectives of the first declension (masculine forms)
* adjectives of the third declension (masculine forms, palatalized sub-paradigm)
* all pronouns (masculine forms), except the pronoun pats – 'own, self'
* all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradigm) participles (masculine, - active participles have their specific nominatives)
* all ordinal numbers (masculine forms, adjective inflections)
* significant part of cardinal numbers (masculine, see the list below)

The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main paradigm. The second sub-paradigm is called "palatalized", which means that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. Note that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The a-paradigm is masculine.

Also note that inflection in the a-paradigm is different for nouns, adjectives, and pronouns in some cases. However, not every pronoun's declension uses the inflections from the "pronoun" column in the table below. Some pronouns, as well as every numeral of the a-paradigm, use the inflections from the "adjective" column.

#### The main sub-paradigm

[edit]

* Tas \- 'that', rudas \- 'brown', namas \- 'house'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

| pronoun  | adjective  | noun  | pronoun  | adjective  | noun
Nominative | tas | rudas | namas | tie | rudi | namai
Genitive | to | rudo | namo | tų | rudų | namų
Dative | tam | rudam | namui | tiems | rudiems | namams
Accusative | tą | rudą | namą | tuos | rudus | namus
Instrumental | tuo | rudu | namu | tais | rudais | namais
Locative | tame | rudame | name | tuose | ruduose | namuose
Illative | tan | rudan | naman | tuosna | ruduosna | namuosna
Vocative |  |  | name |  |  | namai

Other features:

* the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = John [nominative] and Jonai! = John! [vocative])

#### The palatalized sub-paradigm

[edit]

* Šis \- 'this', žalias \- 'green', uosis \- 'ash' (a tree).

| singular  | plural

|
|

| pronoun  | adjective  | noun  | pronoun  | adjective  | noun
Nominative | šis | žalias | uosis | šie | žali | uosiai
Genitive | šio | žalio | uosio | šių | žalių | uosių
Dative | šiam | žaliam | uosiui | šiems | žaliems | uosiams
Accusative | šį | žalią | uosį | šiuos | žalius | uosius
Instrumental | šiuo | žaliu | uosiu | šiais | žaliais | uosiais
Locative | šiame | žaliame | uosyje | šiuose | žaliuose | uosiuose
Illative | šian | žalian | uosin | šiuosna | žaliuosna | uosiuosna
Vocative |  |  | uosi |  |  | uosiai

Other features:

* The inflection of noun for singular nominative can be -is, -ys or -ias, depending on word. Pronouns however always have the inflection -is, but adjectives never have -ys in this case.
* The inflection in singular accusative depends on the inflection in singular nominative. If the singular nominative ends with -ias, a word has -ią in singular accusative, otherwise it has the inflection -į.
* Significant part of adjectives, that end with -is in the singular nominative (adjectives of the third declension), have noun inflections in plural.
* The inflection in singular vocative follows the inflection of the singular nominative too:

nominative  | vocative

|

-is | -i
-ys | -y
-ias | -e or -iau

#### Pronouns

[edit]

* Part of pronouns (kas \- 'who, what', kažkas \- 'somebody, something', tas \- 'that', šitas - 'this' etc.) use the main sub-paradigm, but others (jis \- 'he', šis \- 'this', kuris\- 'which' etc.) the palatalized.
* Pronouns koks \- 'what' (quality), kažkoks \- 'somewhat', toks \- 'such', šitoks \- 'such'(demonstrative), kitoks \- 'different, other' have the inflection -s instead of the regular -is in the singular nominative.
* Pronoun kitas \- 'another, other' is declined using adjectival inflections.
* There are few pronouns, that don't use the a-paradigm:
* Personal pronouns aš \- 'I', tu \- 'you, thou', mes \- 'we', jūs \- 'you' (plural), that formally are of the indefinite gender, each has its own specific paradigm.
* Pronoun pats \- 'own, self' uses the i-paradigm.
* Note, that pronouns kas \- 'who, what' or kažkas \- 'somebody, something', that have the indefinite gender only, do use the a-paradigm.

#### Numbers

[edit]

* The a-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in masculine and with all collective numbers.
* The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in masculine.
* Cardinal numbers that use the adjectival a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in plural (as they're plural only) are:

keturi - 'four'
penki - 'five'
šeši - 'six'
septyni - 'seven'
aštuoni - 'eight'
devyni - 'nine'

* Cardinal numbers that use inflections of nouns of the a-paradigm both in singular and in plural are:

šimtas - 'a hundred'
tūkstantis - 'a thousand'
milijonas - 'a million'
milijardas - 'a billion'
...
and other internationally accepted words for big numbers.

* Some cardinal numbers have their own specific paradigms:
* a number du \- 'two' uses a paradigm of the dual number.
* a number trys \- 'three' uses a specific paradigm, similar to the i-paradigm.
* a number dešimt \- 'ten' is undeclinable (however it's a shortened word from dešimtis \- 'ten', which is of the i-paradigm).

#### List of numbers that don't use the a-paradigm

[edit]

Here is a list of numerals that don't use the a-paradigm in the masculine. See the o-paradigm for feminine numbers.

du - 'two' (dual number, has a special paradigm)
trys - 'three' (the i-paradigm)
vienuolika - '11'
dvylika - '12'
trylika - '13'
keturiolika - '14'
penkiolika - '15'
šešiolika - '16'
septyniolika - '17'
aštuoniolika - '18'
devyniolika - '19' (numbers 'vienuolika' - 'devyniolika' are singular words of the o-paradigm)
dešimt - 'ten' (undeclinable, sometimes "dešimtis" as a word of the i-paradigm)

#### Nominatives of the active participles

[edit]

| singular  | plural

|
|

| short  | long  | short  | long
Present tense | -ąs | -antis | -ą | -antys
Present tense*(palatalized)  | -iąs | -iantis | -ią | -iantys
Past tense | -ęs |  | -ę |
Future tense | -siąs | -siantis | -sią | -siantys

Notes:

1. Short forms of the nominatives skip the active participle suffix -(i)ant-, e. g. * miegantis 'sleeping' (masculine singular, the long form) - miegąs (idem, the short form), * sakantys 'saying' (masculine plural, the long form) - saką (idem, the short form). * This is valid in the masculine nominative only.
2. The past tense doesn't have the long forms.

### u-paradigm

[edit]

The u-paradigm is used to decline:

* nouns of the fourth declension
* adjectives of the second declension (their masculine forms)

The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The u-paradigm is masculine.

Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases.

#### The main sub-paradigm

[edit]

* Drąsus \- 'brave', sūnus \- 'son'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

| adjective  | noun  | adjective  | noun
Nominative | drąsus | sūnus | drąsūs | sūnūs
Genitive | drąsaus | sūnaus | drąsių | sūnų
Dative | drąsiam | sūnui | drąsiems | sūnums
Accusative | drąsų | sūnų | drąsius | sūnus
Instrumental | drąsiu | sūnumi | drąsiais | sūnumis
Locative | drąsiame | sūnuje | drąsiuose | sūnuose
Illative | drąsian | sūnun | drąsiuosna | sūnuosna
Vocative |  | sūnau |  | sūnūs

#### The palatalized sub-paradigm

[edit]

* Narsus \- 'brave, hardy', karalius \- 'king'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

| adjective  | noun  | adjective  | noun
Nominative | narsus | karalius | narsūs | karaliai
Genitive | narsaus | karaliaus | narsių | karalių
Dative | narsiam | karaliui | narsiems | karaliams
Accusative | narsų | karalių | narsius | karalius
Instrumental | narsiu | karaliumi | narsiais | karaliais
Locative | narsiame | karaliuje | narsiuose | karaliuose
Illative | narsian | karaliun | narsiuosna | karaliuosna
Vocative |  | karaliau |  | karaliai

Note that:

* The sub-paradigm for adjectives is fully identical with the main sub-paradigm and is mixed-type, with some inflections palatalized and others not.
* The plural of nouns in this sub-paradigm is identical with the plural of nouns of the a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm).

### o-paradigm

[edit]

The o-paradigm is used to decline:

* part of nouns of the second declension (whose singular nominative ends with -a or -i)
* adjectives of the first declension (their feminine forms)
* adjectives of the second declension (their feminine forms, the palatalized sub-paradigm)
* all pronouns (their feminine forms)
* all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradigm) participles (feminine)
* all ordinal numbers (feminine forms, the main sub-paradigm)
* cardinal numbers from vienuolika \- 'eleven', dvylika \- 'twelve' to devyniolika \- 'nineteen' (in singular)
* (feminine) cardinal numbers, that are used in plural, except a number trys \- 'three'.

#### The main sub-paradigm

[edit]

* Ta \- 'that', ruda \- 'brown', meška \- 'bear'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

Nominative | ta ruda meška | tos rudos meškos
Genitive | tos rudos meškos | tų rudų meškų
Dative | tai rudai meškai | toms rudoms meškoms
Accusative | tą rudą mešką | tas rudas meškas
Instrumental | ta ruda meška | tomis rudomis meškomis
Locative | toje rudoje meškoje | tose rudose meškose
Illative | ton rudon meškon | tosna rudosna meškosna
Vocative | meška | meškos

#### The palatalized sub-paradigm

[edit]

* Ši \- 'this', stipri \- 'strong, potent', galia \- 'power'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

Nominative | ši stipri galia | šios stiprios galios
Genitive | šios stiprios galios | šių stiprių galių
Dative | šiai stipriai galiai | šioms stiprioms galioms
Accusative | šią stiprią galią | šias stiprias galias
Instrumental | šia stipria galia | šiomis stipriomis galiomis
Locative | šioje stiprioje galioje | šiose stipriose galiose
Illative | šion stiprion galion | šiosna stipriosna galiosna
Vocative | galia | galios

Other features:

* Words of the palatalized sub-paradigm may have -i or -ia in the singular nominative. This doesn't affect other inflections.
* Adjectives of the first declension have -ia, but adjectives of the second declension have -i in the singular nominative.

#### Pronouns

[edit]

* Part of pronouns (ta \- 'that', šita - 'this' etc.) use the main sub-paradigm, but others (ji \- 'he', ši \- 'this', kuri\- 'which' etc.) the palatalized.
* There are few pronouns, that don't use the o-paradigm:
* Personal pronouns aš \- 'I', tu \- 'you, thou', mes \- 'we', jūs \- 'you' (plural), that are of the indefinite gender, each has its own specific paradigm.
* Pronouns kas \- 'who, what' or kažkas \- 'somebody, something', that have the indefinite gender only, use the a-paradigm.

#### Numbers

[edit]

* The i-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in feminine.
* The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine.
* Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine plural (as they're plural only) are:

keturios - 'four'
penkios - 'five'
šešios - 'six'
septynios - 'seven'
aštuonios - 'eight'
devynios - 'nine'

* Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine singular are:

vienuolika - '11'
dvylika - '12'
trylika - '13'
keturiolika - '14'
penkiolika - '15'
šešiolika - '16'
septyniolika - '17'
aštuoniolika - '18'
devyniolika - '19'

*     * Numbers vienuolika to devyniolika have the inflexion -a instead of -ą in the (singular) accusative.
* Some cardinal numbers have their specific paradigms:
* a number dvi \- 'two' (feminine) uses a paradigm of the dual number.
* a number trys \- 'three' uses a specific paradigm, similar to the i-paradigm.

### ė-paradigm

[edit]

The ė-paradigm is used to decline:

* part of nouns of the second declension (that end with -ė in the singular nominative)
* adjectives of the third declension (their feminine forms)

The words in the table:

* Didelė \- 'big', upė \- 'river'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

Nominative | didelė upė | didelės upės
Genitive | didelės upės | didelių upių
Dative | didelei upei | didelėms upėms
Accusative | didelę upę | dideles upes
Instrumental | didele upe | didelėmis upėmis
Locative | didelėje upėje | didelėse upėse
Illative | didelėn upėn | didelėsna upėsna
Vocative | upe | upės

Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių).

### i-paradigm

[edit]

The i-paradigm is used to decline:

* nouns of the third declension, which are mostly feminine (masculine exceptions are: dantis \- 'tooth', debesis \- 'cloud', vagis \- thief as well as a few nouns that end with -uonis in the singular nominative)
* nouns of the fifth declension, which are mostly masculine (duktė \- 'daughter', sesuo \- 'sister' are feminine exceptions)
* pronoun pats \- 'own, self' (masculine form)
* number trys \- 'three' (has the plural only)

All these words use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except the nouns of the first declension, which apply the suffixed sub-paradigm

#### Unsuffixed sub-paradigm

[edit]

The words in the table:

* pilis \- 'castle', vagis \- 'thief'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

| feminine  | masculine  | feminine  | masculine
Nominative | pilis | vagis  | pilys | vagys
Genitive | pilies | vagies  | pilių | vagių
Dative | piliai | vagiui | pilims | vagims
Accusative | pilį | vagį  | pilis | vagis
Instrumental | pilimi | vagimi  | pilimis | vagimis
Locative | pilyje | vagyje  | pilyse | vagyse
Illative | pilin | vagin  | pilysna | vagysna
Vocative | pilie | vagie  | pilys | vagys

Other features:

* Many words have -ų instead of -ių in the plural genitive, for example, žąsis \- žąsų 'goose', naktis-naktų 'night', debesis \- debesų 'cloud'.

Irregularities:

* Words pats \- 'own, self' and trys \- 'three' are declined as following:

| singular  | plural

|
|

| pronoun  | number  | pronoun
Nominative | pats | trys | patys
Genitive | paties  | trijų | pačių
Dative | pačiam | trims | patiems
Accusative | patį  | tris | pačius
Instrumental | pačiu | trimis | pačiais
Locative | pačiame | m. trijuose / f. trijose | pačiuose
Illative | pačian | m. trijuosna / f. trijosna | pačiuosna

Note, that the word pats is declined only in masculine in this table. Its feminine form pati is declined with the o-paradigm regularly.

#### Suffixed sub-paradigm

[edit]

The words in the table:

* akmuo \- 'stone', sesuo \- 'sister'.

| singular  | plural

|
|

| masculine  | feminine  | masculine  | feminine
Nominative | akmuo | sesuo  | akmenys | seserys
Genitive | akmens | sesers  | akmenų | seserų
Dative | akmeniui | seseriai | akmenims | seserims
Accusative | akmenį | seserį  | akmenis | seseris
Instrumental | akmeniu | seserimi | akmenimis | seserimis
Locative | akmenyje | seseryje  | akmenyse | seseryse
Illative | akmenin | seserin  | akmenysna | seserysna
Vocative | akmenie | seserie  | akmenys | seserys

Other features:

* Other cases than the singular nominative always have a suffix -en- for masculine words and -er- for feminine words. There are only two feminine words using the suffixed subparadigm, duktė \- 'daughter' and sesuo \- 'sister'.

Irregularities:

* A word duktė \- 'daughter' has the inflexion -ė instead of -uo in singular nominative.
* A word šuo \- 'dog' has a suffix -un- instead of -en-. The root of this word formally is a single š-, but historically it was šu-, that subsequently amalgamated with the suffix, and the further cases are šuns, šuniui, šunį and so on.

Other:

* A word sesuo \- 'sister' has a synonym sesė, that's used in vocative ('sese!') more often than the first ('seserie!'). The synonym sesė is of the ė-paradigm.

### Dual number

[edit]

The dual number has its specific inflections, that are similar with plural inflections with some specific differences:

* Nominative, accusative or vocative: masculine words end with -(i)u, feminine with -i
* Genitive and locatives are the same as in the plural.
* Dative has the inflection of the plural dative, but without the final -s, so -(i)ams, -iems, -(i)oms, -ėms, -ims in the plural give -(i)am, -iem, -(i)om, -ėm, -im in the dual respectively
* Instrumental has the same inflections as the dual dative, but they are pronounced in different intonation.

Other features:

* It depends on the paradigm, whether -(i) in the brackets is used or not. The masculine i-paradigm always has -iu as the nominative inflection.

Irregularities:

* A word du \- 'two' has three modifications of the stem, d- (in nominative and accusative), dv- (in dative and instrumental) and dviej- (in genitive and locatives)
* Words mudu \- 'we (both)', judu \- 'you (both)', juodu \- 'they (both)' (masculine), jiedvi \- 'they (both)' (feminine), as well as šiuodu \- 'these (both)', tuodu \- 'that (both)', abudu \- 'both' and their feminine counterparts have a specific paradigm, based on declension of a word du \- 'two' (see an example in the paragraph about pronouns).

### Shortened inflections

[edit]

Inflections, that have two or more syllables, are often shortened in Lithuanian, eliding the final short vowel. Shortened inflections are especially used in the spoken language, while in the written language full inflections are preferred. The elision occur in:

* Singular locative. Inflections -ame, -yje, -oje, -ėje may be shortened to -am, -y(j), -oj, -ėj. Note, that a one-syllable inflection -e of the a-paradigm isn't a subject of the rule.
* Plural instrumental. Feminine inflections -omis, -ėmis, -imis may be shortened to -om, -ėm, -im. These inflections coincide with respective inflections of the dual number.
* Plural dative has one-syllable inflections, but sometimes they are shortened, skipping the final -s, to -am, -iem, -om, -ėm, -im. These inflections coincide with respective inflections of the dual number too.
* Plural locative. A masculine inflections -uose may be shortened to -uos. What however doesn't pertain to inflections -yse, -ose, -ėse, whose shortened variants would coincide with inflections of other cases.

Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. This may be done with feminine active participles of the past tense (or of the past iterative tense) in the singular nominative. So a word dariusi \- 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense.

## History

[edit]

### Noun declension inter-linguistic comparison

[edit]

The declension of Lithuanian nouns of the different declensional patterns are given compared with Latin, Sanskrit, Latvian (in a separate section), Old Prussian, Gothic,  Ancient Greek and Russian. Because Old Prussian has left a limited literature with not all the cases of all the stems employed, the Prussian samples are not full in the tables (the cases which existed are most probably already reconstructed from various data by linguists). At the same time there were fewer cases in Prussian than in modern common Lithuanian and mixing the declension patterns was more common, what could develop in a context of a slow decline in the use of Old Prussian, as the Prussians adopted the languages of the others, particularly German. Lithuanian declension varied in dialects.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
| wolf |  |  | father | day | man | wolf

|
|
|
|
|
|

vil̃kas | vṛ́kas | lupus | tavs | dags | ἄνθρωπος | волк
vil̃ko | vṛ́kasya | lupī | tavas | dagis | ἀνθρώπου | во́лка
vil̃kui | vṛ́kāya | lupō | tavu | daga | ἀνθρώπῳ | во́лку
vil̃ką | vṛ́kam | lupum | tavan | dag | ἄνθρωπον | во́лка
vilkù | vṛ́keṇa | (lupō) |  |  |  | во́лком
vilkè | vṛ́ke | (in lupō /-ī) |  |  |  | в во́лке
vil̃ke | vṛ́ka | lupe |  | dag | ἄνθρωπε | (во́лче)

vilkaĩ |  | lupī | tavai | dagōs | ἄνθρωποι | во́лки
vilkų̃ | vṛ́kāṇām | lupōrum | tavan | dagē | ἀνθρώπων | волко́в
vilkáms | vṛ́kebhyas | lupīs | tavamans | dagam | ἀνθρώποις | волка́м
vilkùs | vṛ́kān | lupōs | tavans | dagans | ἀνθρώπους | волко́в
vilkaĩs | vṛ́kais | (lupīs) |  |  |  | волка́ми
vilkuosè | vṛ́keṣu | (in lupīs) |  |  |  | в волка́х
| language |  | star | gift | army | country

|
|
|
|
|

kalbà | lingua | lauksno | giba | στρατιά | страна́
kalbõs | linguae /-ās | lauksnos | gibōs | στρατιᾶς | страны́
kal̃bai | linguae | lauksnai | gibái | στρατιᾷ | стране́
kal̃bą | linguam | lauksnan | giba | στρατιάν | страну́
kalbà | linguā |  |  |  | страно́й
kalbojè | in linguā /-ae |  |  |  | в стране́
kal̃ba | lingua |  |  | στρατιά | (стра́нo)

kal̃bos | linguae /-ās | lauksnos | gibōs | στρατιαί | стра́ны
kalbų̃ | linguārum | lauksnun | gibō | στρατιῶν | стран
kalbóms | linguīs /-ābus | lauksnomans | gibōm | στρατιαῖς | стра́нам
kalbàs | linguās | lauksnans | gibōs | στρατιάς | стра́ны
kalbomìs | linguīs /-ābus |  |  |  | стра́нами
kalbosè | in linguīs |  |  |  | в стра́нах

The first declension. Sg. nom. ends in -as, sg. acc. – in -ą. Latin words of this stem ends in -us in sg. nom., and -um in sg. acc. When these Latin endings succeeded a labial sound, their vowel was originally ŏ: equos – horse, equom; servos – slave, serf, servom. Sg. nom. in Prussian and Gothic is shortened: tavs, dags. Such shortening is present in western and northern Lithuanian dialects: tėvas, -o – father, and tėvs, -o; dagas, -o – heat of the sun (from degti – to burn), and dags, -o. In Prussian there existed only a shortened form, and it developed one step further in a part of the nouns: kaimis / kaimⁱs – village < kaims < kaimas (Lith. kaimas – village, kiemas – yard). There are no neuter nouns in Lithuanian and Latvian, differently from the other given here: Lith. butas – flat, living place, Prus. butan – the same meaning, Lat. aedificium – building. Lithuanian instrumental -u derives from an older -uo, what is seen, for example, in pronominal (definite) adjective forms, pronouns: gerù (nom. sg. gẽras – good) and gerúo-ju (nom. sg. geràsis – that good one), juõ (nom. sg. jis / is – he). Lithuanian diphthong uo corresponds to Latin ō. For dat. sg., an ending -uo is also known in dialects. Lithuanian acc. sg. and gen. pl. are written in the letters with an ogonek: ą and ų. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. Historically these sounds were nasal: vilką < vilkan, vilkų < vilkun. The form with a sound -n is used in some places in north-west Samogitia today. Latin pl. dat.-abl. -īs corresponds to Ancient Greek pl. dat. -ois and Lithuanian pl. instr. -ais. Lithuanian sg. gen. corresponds to Slavic, for example, Lithuanian: vilko (also dial. vilkā) and Russian во́лка. Prussian sg. loc. was probably -ai, -ei: bītai (adverb) – in the evening, kvei – where;[1] compare Lith. namiẽ – at home (namè – in the house).

The second declension. Lithuanian and Prussian o denotes a long ō. Narrowed more, it becomes ū. When more open, it is ā; ā was used in Catechisms in Prussian, o – in Elbing vocabulary. The ą, ę correspond to ų, į in dialects of eastern Lithuania and acc. sg. is kalbų (kalbą), gėlį (gėlę) in these dialects. The case of -ų corresponds to Latvian and Slavic languages: nom. sg. liepa (Lith.) – linden, liepa (Latv.), ли́па / lipa (Rus.) and acc. sg. liepą and liepų (Lith.), liepu (Latv.), ли́пу / lipu (Rus.).

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
| stone |  | man m | sharp point n | name m | man m | heart n | shepherd m | name n

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

akmuõ | aśmā | homō | acūmen | emen | guma | haírtō | ποιμήν | и́мя
akmeñs | aśmanas | hominis | acūminis | emnis | gumins | haírtins | ποιμένος | и́мени
ãkmeniui | aśmane | hominī | acūminī | emnei | gumin | haírtin | ποιμένι | и́мени
ãkmenį | aśmānam | hominem | acūmen | emnin | guman | haírtō | ποιμένα | и́мя
akmenimì | aśmanā | homine | acūmine |  |  |  |  | и́менем
akmenyjè | aśmani | in homine /-ī | in acūmine /-ī |  |  |  |  | и́мени
akmeniẽ | aśman | homō | acūmen |  |  |  | ποιμήν | и́мя

ãkmenys | aśmānas | hominēs | acūmina |  | gumans | haírtōna | ποιμένες | имена́
akmenų̃ | aśmanām | hominum | acūminum |  | gumanē | haírtanē | ποιμένων | имён
akmenìms | aśmabhyas | hominibus | acūminibus |  | gumam | haírtam | ποιμέσι(ν) | имена́м
ãkmenis | aśmanas | hominēs | acūmina | emnins | gumans | haírtōna | ποιμένας | имена́
akmenimìs | aśmabhis | hominibus | acūminibus |  |  |  |  | имена́ми
akmenysè | aśmasu | in hominibus | in acūminibus |  |  |  |  | в имена́х

Fifth declension. Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. dat. -i, -ie: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie. Sg. gen. akmenes, pl. nom. akmenes, akmens. In a case of Old Prussian emen – name, e is dropped in other than sg. nom. cases (sg. acc. emnin instead of emenin). A drop can similarly occur in other languages, for example: Lith. vanduo – water, sg. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. Gothic wato n – water: pl. forms, for example, nom.-acc. watna.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
| castle f | tower f | trouble f | wife f | guest m | city  | part f

|
|
|
|
|
|

pilìs | turris | nautis | qēns | gasts | πόλις | часть
piliẽs | turris | nauteis | qēnáis | gasts | πόλεως | ча́сти
pìliai | turrī | nautei | qēnái | gasta | πόλει | ча́сти
pìlį | turrim | nautin | qēn | gast | πόλιν | часть
pilimì | turrī |  |  |  |  | ча́стью
pilyjè | in turrī |  |  |  |  | в части́
piliẽ | turris |  | qēn | gast | πόλι | (ча́сти)

pìlys | turrēs | nautis | qēneis | gasteis | πόλεις | ча́сти
pilių̃ | turrium |  | qēnē | gastē | πόλεων | часте́й
pilìms | turribus | nautimans | qēnim | gastim | πόλεσι | частя́м
pilìs | turrēs /-īs | nautins | qēnins | gastins | πόλεις | ча́сти
pilimìs | turribus |  |  |  |  | частя́ми
pilysè | in turribus |  |  |  |  | в частя́х
| night f |

|

naktìs | náktis | nox
naktiẽs | náktyās | noctis
nãkčiai | náktyai | noctī
nãktį | náktim | noctem
naktimì | náktyā | (nocte)
naktyjè | náktau | (in nocte)
naktiẽ | nákte | nox

nãktys | náktayas | noctēs
naktų̃ | náktīnām | noctium
naktìms | náktibhyas | noctibus
naktìs | náktīs | noctēs
naktimìs | náktibhis | (noctibus)

The third declension.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
| top* | lake* | fount* | son |  | fish | son

|
|
|
|
|
|

viršùs | lacus | apus | sunus | sūnús | ἰχθύς | сынъ
viršaũs | lacūs | apus | sunáus | sūnós, sūnvàs | ἰχθύος | сыноу
vir̃šui | lacuī | apu | sunáu | sūnáve / sūnvè | ἰχθύϊ | сынови
vir̃šų | lacum | apun | sunu | sūnúm | ἰχθύν | сынъ
viršumì | lacū |  |  | sūnúnā |  | сынъмъ
viršujè | in lacū /-i |  |  | sūnaú |  | сыноу
viršaũ | lacus |  | sunu | sū́no | ἰχθύ | сыноу

vir̃šūs | lacūs |  | sunjus | sūnávas | ἰχθύες | сынове
viršų̃ | lacuum |  | suniwē | sūnūnā́m (cf. dual sūnvóḥ) | ἰχθύων | сыновъ
viršùms | lacubus |  | sunum | sūnúbhyas | ἰχθύσι | сынъмъ
viršùs | lacūs | apuns | sununs | sūnū́n | ἰχθῦς | сыны
viršumìs | lacubus |  |  | sūnúbhis |  | сынъми
viršuosè | in lacubus |  |  | sūnúṣu |  | сынъхъ
| flower | thing |  | earth | technique

|
|
|
|

gėlė̃ | rayís | rēs | zemē | τέχνη
gėlė̃s | rayés / rayyàs | reī | zemēs | τέχνης
gė̃lei | rayáye / rayyè | reī | zemei | τέχνῃ
gė̃lę | rayím | rem | zemen | τέχνην
gėlè | rayyā̀ | (rē) |  |
gėlėjè | rayaú | (in rē /-eis) |  |
gė̃le | ráye | rēs |  | τέχνη

gė̃lės | rayáyas | rēs | zemēs | τέχναι
gėlių̃ | rayīṇā́m | rērum |  | τεχνῶν
gėlė́ms | rayíbhyas | rēbus | zemēmans | τέχναις
gėlès | rayī́s, rayī́n | rēs | zemens | τέχνᾱς
gėlėmìs | rayíbhis | (rēbus) |  |
gėlėsè | rayíṣu | (in rēbus) |  |

The fourth declension. Prussian sg. nom. -us is known from Elbing vocabulary, it was shortened to -s in Catechisms. Sg. gen. -us is an innovative form, known from Catechisms, the older form was -aus. A word сынъ is given in Old Slavonic cases.

The second declension, -ė type. Prussian -ē stems became -i in an unaccented position.

#### Lithuanian and Latvian

[edit]

Lithuanian declensional endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings in the table below.

| first declension |  | second declension |  | third d. |  | fourth d. |  | fifth d. |  | adjectives

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

masculine | feminine | f | m | m | m | f | m | f
-ǎ- | -i- | -o- | -ė- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -o-
sg.
Nom. |  | -as | -is | -ys | -ias |  | -a | -ia | -ė |  | -is |  | -us | -ius |  | -uo |  | -as | -a
Gen. | -o | -io | -os | -ios | -ės | -ies | -aus | -iaus | -en-s | -er-s | -o | -os
Dat. | -ui | -iui | -ai | -iai | -ei | -iai | -iui | -ui | -iui | -en-iui | -er-iai | -am | -ai
Acc. | -ą | -į | -ią | -ą | -ią | -ę | -į | -ų | -ių | -en-į | -er-į | -ą | -ą
Ins. | -u | -iu | -a | -ia | -e | -imi | -umi | -iumi | -en-iu | -er-imi | -u | -a
Loc. | -e | -yje | -oje | -ioje | -ėje | -yje | -uje | -iuje | -en-yje | -er-yje | -ame | -oje
Voc. | -e | -i | -y | -a | -ia | -e | -ie | -au | -iau | -en-ie | -er-ie | -as | -a
pl.
Nom. |  | -ai | -iai |  | -os | -ios | -ės |  | -ys |  | -ūs | -iai |  | -en-ys | -er-ys |  | -i | -os
Gen. | -ų | -ių | -ų | -ių | -ių | -ių | -ų | -ių | -en-ų | -er-ų | -ų | -ų
Dat. | -ams | -iams | -oms | -ioms | -ėms | -ims | -ums | -iams | -en-ims | -er-ims | -iems | -oms
Acc. | -us | -ius | -as | -ias | -es | -is | -us | -ius | -en-is | -er-is | -us | -as
Ins. | -ais | -iais | -omis | -iomis | -ėmis | -imis | -umis | -iais | -en-imis | -er-imis | -ais | -omis
Loc. | -uose | -iuose | -ose | -iose | -ėse | -yse | -uose | -iuose | -en-yse | -er-yse | -uose | -ose
Latvian:
| I (m) | II (m) |  | IV (f) | V (f) |  | VI (f) |  | III (m) |  | II (m) |  | m | f
-ǎ- | -i- | -ā- | -ē- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -ā-
sg.
Nom. |  | -s, -š | -is |  | -a | -e |  | -s |  | -us |  | -en-s |  | -s, -š | -a
Gen. | -a | -a* | -as | -es | -s | -us | -en-s | -a | -as
Dat. | -am | -im | -ai | -ei | -ij | -um | -en-im | -am | -ai
Acc. | -u | -i | -u | -i | -i | -u | -en-i | -u | -u
Ins. | -u | -i | -u | -i | -i | -u | -en-i | -u | -u
Loc. | -ā | -ī | -ā | -ē | -ī | -ū | -en-ī | -ā | -ā
pl.
Nom. |  | -i | -i* |  | -as | -es |  | -is |  | -i |  | -eņ-i* |  | -i | -as
Gen. | -u | -u* | -u | -u* | -u | -u | -eņ-u* | -u | -u
Dat. | -iem | -iem* | -ām | -ēm | -īm | -iem | -eņ-iem* | -iem | -ām
Acc. | -us | -us* | -as | -es | -is | -us | -eņ-us* | -us | -as
Ins. | -iem | -iem* | -ām | -ēm | -īm | -iem | -eņ-iem* | -iem | -ām
Loc. | -os | -os* | -ās | -ēs | -īs | -os | -eņ-os* | -os | -ās

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (2004), Prūsų kalbos istorinė gramatika (in Lithuanian), p. 39

* J. Marvan. Modern Lithuanian declension: a study of its infrastructure. University of Michigan. 1979
* Lituanus. Lithuanian in the 21st century. Retrieved 2007.04.28
* (in Lithuanian) I. Savickienė, A. Kazlauskienė, L. Kamandulytė. Naujas požiūris į lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžio linksniavimo tipus pagal natūraliosios morfologijos teoriją. Retrieved 2007.04.28

## See also

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Grammatical cases

* List of cases
* Declension
* Morphosyntactic alignment

Cases|

| Morphosyntactic alignment|

* Absolutive
* Accusative
* Direct
* Ergative
* Intransitive
* Nominative
* Oblique
* Partitive
* Pegative

|

Location, time, direction|

* Ablative
* Adessive
* Allative
* Antessive
* Apudessive
* Approximative
* Delative
* Distributive
* -temporal
* Egressive
* Elative
* Illative
* Inelative
* Inessive
* Intrative
* Lative
* Limitative
* Locative
* -qualitative
* Medial
* Perlative
* Pertingent
* Postdirective
* Postelative
* Postessive
* Prolative
* Subdirective
* Subelative
* Subessive
* Sublative
* Superdirective
* Superelative
* Superessive
* Superlative
* Temporal
* Terminative

Possession, companion, instrument|

* Abessive
* Caritive
* Comitative
* Dative
* Genitive
* Instrumental
* -comitative
* Ornative
* Possessed
* Possessive
* Privative
* Sociative

State, manner|

* Adverbial
* Comparative
* Equative
* Essive
* -formal
* -modal
* Exessive
* Formal
* Instructive
* Modal
* Multiplicative
* Orientative
* Revertive
* Semblative
* Translative

Cause, purpose|

* Aversive
* Benefactive
* Causal
* -final
* Final

Other|

* Postpositional/Prepositional
* Vocative

Declensions|

* Classical Arabic
* Czech
* Archaic Dutch
* English
* Middle English
* Old English
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Old High German
* Gothic
* Hindi
* Hungarian
* Irish
* Latin
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Russian
* Serbo-Croatian
* Slovak

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