Livestock guardian dog

Dog type bred for the purpose of protecting livestock from predators

Not to be confused with Herding dog.

A Maremma Sheepdog guarding a flock of sheep in Australia

A livestock guardian dog (LGD) is a dog type bred for the purpose of protecting livestock from predators.

Livestock guardian dogs stay with the group of animals they protect as a full-time member of the flock or herd.[1] Their ability to guard their herd is mainly instinctive, as the dog is bonded to the herd from an early age.[2] Unlike herding dogs which control the movement of livestock, LGDs blend in with them, watching for intruders within the flock. The mere presence of a guardian dog is usually enough to ward off some predators, and LGDs confront predators by vocal intimidation, barking, and displaying very aggressive behavior. The dog may attack or fight with a predator if it cannot drive it away.[3]

## History

[edit]

Relief from a Roman sarcophagus depicting a herdsman and his dog, 2nd or 3rd century AD

Herding dogs originated in Western Asia, on the territory of modern Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan in association with the beginning of livestock breeding. Domestication of sheep and goats began there in the 8-7th millennium BC.[4] Back then shepherding was a difficult job: the first shepherds did not have horses and managed livestock on foot, as mules, horses and donkeys were not yet fully domesticated and obedient enough. Dogs that previously were helping humans to hunt became assistants in farming. The main task of dogs in the early period was to protect herds from a variety of wild predators, which were very numerous at that time.[5][page needed]

This function predetermined the type of herding dogs: they had to be strong, vicious, courageous, decisive, able to stand alone against a large predator and, most importantly, ready to defend their herd. The ancestors of livestock guarding dogs can be traced back to six thousand years ago,[4] with archaeological findings of joint remains of sheep and dogs dated back to 3685 BC. The land of their origin is considered to be the territories of modern Turkey, Iraqi Kurdistan and Syria.[5][page needed]

Livestock dogs are mentioned in the Old Testament, the works of Cato the Elder and Varro. Images are found on works of art created more than two thousand years ago.[6]

Their use being recorded as early as 150 BC in Rome.[7] Both Aristotle's History of Animals and Virgil's Georgics mention the use of livestock guardian dogs by the Molossians in the ancient region of Epirus.[8][9]

## Purpose and working features

[edit]

A Great Pyrenees with a herd of goats

Livestock guardian dogs specialise in protection of small farm animals, mainly sheep. Unlike herds of cattle or horses, which are able to withstand even large predators on their own, herds of sheep and goats need the protection that LGDs are designed to provide. In large farms, sheep are managed mainly by using the distant-pasture method. In winter the flocks are kept in low-lying pastures or in paddocks, and in the summer they are moved to remote regions, often to the mountains, where there is enough grass during the summer drought. LGDs guard livestock on pastures throughout the year, and also protect sheep from attacks of predators during seasonal migrations.[10]

The dogs are introduced to livestock as puppies so they "imprint" on the animals. Experts recommend that the pups begin living with the herd at 4 to 5 weeks of age.[1] This imprinting is thought to be largely olfactory and occurs between 3 and 16 weeks of age. Training requires regular daily handling and management, preferably from birth. A guardian dog is not considered reliable until it is at least 2 years of age. Until that time, supervision, guidance, and correction are needed to teach the dog the skills and rules it needs to do its job. Having older dogs that assist in training younger dogs streamlines this process considerably. Trials are underway to protect penguins with LGDs.[11]

A "wolf-collar", commonly used as a neck-protection by LGDs against predators

In Namibia in Southwest Africa, Anatolians are used to guard goat herds from cheetahs, and are typically imprinted between 7 and 8 weeks of age. Before use of dogs was implemented, impoverished Namibian farmers often came into conflict with predatory cheetahs; now, Anatolians usually are able to drive off cheetahs with their barking and displays of aggression.[12]

The experiments of Lorna and Raymond Coppinger and the studies of other specialists have shown the effectiveness of protecting flocks with the help of dogs. After the reintroduction of wolves, that were eliminated in the United States in the 1930s, American farmers were losing about a million sheep annually to wolf attacks. 76 farmers took part in the Coppingers program, which introduced European livestock guardian dogs into the US sheep breeding (in their project they used Anatolian Shepherd Dogs). In all farms, where, in the absence of dogs, up to two hundred attacks of wolves per year happened, not a single sheep was lost under the protection of LGDs. At the same time, none of the predators protected by law got killed: the dogs simply did not allow them to approach the herd.[10][13]

For the protection of flocks, on average, five dogs are used per 350 heads of sheep, but the need for LGDs depends on many conditions, such as the landscape and size of the territory, vegetation available in the pasture area, the species, breed and number of animals in the herd, the presence of a shepherd, the presence or absence of fences and other means of protection, the number and species composition of predators, as well as the breed, age, health status of LGDs and their experience.[14]

For example, sheep breeders of the Rocky Mountains in the United States breed predominantly white-headed Rambouillet sheep with a strong herd instinct. During the day, the sheep scatter over the pasture that is about one square mile, and at night they gather in a denser flock. In an ordinary flock of a thousand ewes and their lambs, two to five guard dogs live constantly. The number of dogs in a herd can change with their death or the birth of puppies. When the herds gather together for the winter, some dogs can move to another herd and spend the next summer guarding other sheep.[15] When large predators appear near pastures, the number of dogs in the flock usually increases. Protection is more reliable if the herd is guarded by dogs of different breeds, for example, powerful Pyrenean mastiffs, who prefer to lie close to livestock, in cooperation with more mobile Maremmas or Kangals, who control the perimeter of the pasture.[14]

## Traits

[edit]

### Temperament and working ethic

[edit]

A Kazakh shepherd with his horse and guardian dogs

The three qualities most sought after in LGDs are trustworthiness, attentiveness, and protectiveness; trustworthy in that they do not roam off and are not aggressive with the livestock, attentive in that they are situationally aware of threats by predators, and protective in that they attempt to drive off predators. Dogs, being social creatures with differing personalities, take on different roles with the herd and among themselves; most stick close to the livestock, others tend to follow the shepherd or rancher when one is present, and some drift away from the livestock. These differing roles are often complementary in terms of protecting livestock, and experienced ranchers and shepherds sometimes encourage these differences by adjustments in socialization technique so as to increase the effectiveness of their group of dogs in meeting specific predator threats. LGDs that follow the livestock closest assure that a guard dog is on hand if a predator attacks, while LGDs that patrol at the edges of a flock or herd are in a position to keep would-be attackers at a safe distance from livestock. Those dogs that are more attentive tend to alert those that are more passive, but perhaps also more trustworthy or less aggressive with the livestock.[citation needed]

At least two dogs may be placed with a flock or herd, depending on its size, the type of predators, their number, and the intensity of predation. If predators are scarce, one dog may be adequate, though most operations usually require at least two dogs. Large operations (particularly range operations) and heavy predator loads require more dogs. Male and female LGDs have proved to be equally effective in protecting of livestock.[citation needed]

While LGDs have been known to fight to the death with predators, in most cases, predator attacks are prevented by a display of aggressiveness. LGDs are known to drive off predators for which physically they would be no match, such as bears and even lions. With the reintroduction of predators into natural habitats in Europe and North America, environmentalists have come to appreciate LGDs because they allow sheep and cattle farming to coexist with predators in the same or nearby habitats. Unlike trapping and poisoning, LGDs seldom kill predators; instead, their aggressive behaviors tend to condition predators to seek unguarded (thus, nonfarm animal) prey. For instance, in Italy's Gran Sasso National Park, where LGDs and wolves have coexisted for centuries, older, more experienced wolves seem to "know" the LGDs and leave their flocks alone.[citation needed]

### Physical traits

[edit]

LGDs are large, powerful dogs, although smaller dogs drive wild animals away from the herd just as effectively. The large size provides guardian dogs with a number of advantages: they retain heat longer, carry more fat reserves and can go without food for longer, are less likely to get bone fractures and tolerate illnesses better. Their stride is longer, so they are more efficient at long distances. However, dogs that are too large suffer more from the heat, therefore they are used exclusively in the northern regions and in mountain pastures. Livestock guardian dogs working with the herds in hot areas are lighter in bone and shorter.[10][16]

All LGDs have similar physical traits. Differences in appearance reflect the peculiarities of the climate in which these dogs live and work. All LGDs have a dense water-repellent coat, strong build, and independent disposition. Differences in the colour are determined by local traditions: puppies of a typical colour were given preference for breeding in different regions. Rigg notes that often the color of dogs is chosen according to the main color of the livestock: in flocks of white sheep, the dogs are white, with coloured sheep, goats or yaks, the dogs are usually grey or brown. It is assumed that animals are calmer about being in a presence of dogs of a similar color. In addition, the color of the dog corresponding to the color of the herd reduces the risk of accidental death of the dog when shooting wolves.[13][16]

## Livestock guardian dogs in the modern world

[edit]

LGDs are generally large, independent, and protective, which can make them less than ideal for urban or even suburban living. Nonetheless, despite their size, they can be gentle, make good companion dogs, and are often protective towards children. If introduced to a family as a pup, most LGDs are as protective of their family as a working guard dog is of its flock. In fact, in some communities where LGDs are a tradition, the runt of a litter often was kept or given as a household pet or simply kept as a village dog without a single owner[citation needed].

For various reasons, including the decline in livestock and the transition to other methods of livestock breeding and management, in many regions, the number of LGDs has critically declined. Instead of their original purpose, livestock guardian dogs are more often used to guard property, bred as show dogs with a spectacular appearance, and sometimes used in dog fight business. The breed standards used by canine organisations in purebred breeding and their selection process are mainly focused on physical characteristics and not on their ability to protect the herd. In the absence of a traditional guarding purpose and selection associated with it, hereditary guarding skills and key working qualities of LGDs get lost.[16][17]

Kuchi dog in Afghanistan

Some breeds of LGDs are kept mainly as pets (Pyrenean mountain dog). Some working breeds (the Karakachan dog in Bulgaria, the Portuguese LGD breeds) are on the verge of extinction, others (Kuchi dog in Afghanistan, the Mazandarani saga dog in Iran) are considered completely lost.[18]

Nonetheless, livestock breeding remains an important part of agriculture, and livestock guardian dogs are still the most efficient and sustainable way of protecting the herds. LGDs invariably remain an integral part of the industry in places of traditional sheep breeding where large carnivores have survived, such as the Carpathian and Balkan regions, in central Italy, on the Iberian Peninsula, in the mountain regions of the Middle East and Central Asia.[16]

In Western and Northern Europe, where large predators were reintroduced in the end of the 20th century, shepherds are going back to using LGDs as the only way to protect farm animals from harm in a way that is not lethal to legally protected predators. Thanks to this advantage, LGDs are now used to protect herds in the US, Scandinavia, and a number of African countries, even despite the absence of such a tradition in these regions. The use of livestock guardian dogs for the protection of herds reduces losses of animals between 11% and 100%, without requiring significant investments, special technologies and government assistance. Attempts to return the LGDs into agriculture are supported by government programs and public organisations in a number of countries.[13][16][17]

## List of breeds

[edit]

Many breeds of LGDs are little known outside of the regions where they are still worked. Nevertheless, some breeds are known to display traits advantageous to guarding livestock. Some specialist LGD breeds include:

### Extant breeds

[edit]

Breed | Alternate name(s) | Country of origin | Image

|
|
|

Aidi[19] | Aïdi,
Atlas Mountain Dog,
Atlas Shepherd Dog,
Berber Dog,
Chien de l'Atlas &
Chien de Montagne de l'Atlas | Morocco |
Akbash dog[20] | Akbaş Çoban Köpeği | Turkey |
Aksaray Malaklisi | Turkish mastiff &
Central Anatolian shepherd | Turkey |
Armenian Gampr | Gampr | Armenia |
Ashayeri Dog | – | Iran | –
Azawakh[21] | idii n' illeli | Mali, Niger, & Burkina Faso |
Azerbaijani Shepherd Dog | – | Azerbaijan | –
Bakharwal dog | Kashmir Shepherd | India |
Bucovina Shepherd | Bucovina Sheepdog &
Southeastern European Shepherd | Romania (in the Bukovina region) |
Buryat-Mongolian Wolfhound | – | Russia | –
Cane di Mannara | Cane da pastore siciliano,
Mastino siciliano | Italy (Sicily) |
Cane Pastore della Sila  | Cane da Pastore Calabrese,

Sila Shepherd

| Italy (Calabria)  |
Cão de Castro Laboreiro | Dog of Castro Laboreiro,
Portuguese Cattle Dog &
Portuguese Watchdog | Portugal |
Cão de Gado Transmontano | Transmontano Mastiff &
Transmontano Cattle Dog | Portugal |
Carpathian Shepherd Dog | Ciobănesc Românesc Carpatin,
Romanian Shepherd,
Romanian Carpathian Shepherd,
Câine Ciobănesc Carpatin,
Carpathian Sheepdog,
Carpatin &
Romanian Carpatin Herder | Romania |
Caucasian Shepherd Dog[22] | Caucasian Mountain Dog &
Nagazi | Georgia,
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,

Central Asian Shepherd Dog[23] | Alabai,
Central Asian Ovtcharka &
Aziat | Afghanistan,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan &
Russia |
Estrela Mountain Dog[24] | Portuguese Shepherd &
Cão da Serra da Estrela | Portugal |
Georgian Shepherd | Georgian Mountain Dog
& Nagazi | Georgia |
Ghadrejani dog | Central Iranian Shepherd | Iran |
Great Pyrenees[25] | Pyrenean Mountain Dog,
Patou,
Montañés del Pirineo,
Perro de Montaña de los Pirineos,
Can de Montaña de os Perinés,
Chien des Pyrénées &
Chien de Montagne des Pyrénées | France &
Spain |
Greek Shepherd | – | Greece |
Gurdbasar | Azerbaijani wolfhound  | Azerbaijan |
Himalayan Sheepdog | Himalayan Shepherd &
Himalayan Shepherd Dog | China,
India &
Nepal |
Kurdish Mastiff | Kurdish Dog or Pshdar Dog  | Iraqi Kurdistan, Iranian Kurdistan |
Kangal | Sivas Kangal &
Turkish Kangal | Turkey |
Karakachan | Karakachansko Kuche &
Karakachanska Ovcharka | Bulgaria |
Kars | – | Turkey |
Karst Shepherd | Kraski Ovcar | Slovenia |
Komondor[26] | Hungarian Komondor,
Hungarian Sheepdog | Hungary |
Koyun dog | Bayburt Kelpi | Turkey | –
Kuchi | Sage Kuchi,
Sage Jangi,
De Kochyano Spai,
Jangi Spai &
Afghan Shepherd | Afghanistan |
Kuvasz[27] | Hungarian Kuvasz | Hungary |
Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog[28] | Maremma Sheepdog,
Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese,
Pastore Abruzzese,
Pastore Maremmano,
Abruzzo Sheepdog &
Abruzzese Sheepdog | Italy |
Mazandrani dog | – | Iran |
Mioritic Shepherd | Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog,
Romanian Mioritic,
Ciobănesc Românesc Mioritic,
Mioritic | Romania |
Mongolian banhar | – | Mongolia | –
Mucuchies[29] | – | Venezuela |
Persian Mastiff | Sarabi Mastiff | Iran |
Polish Tatra Sheepdog | Tatra Mountain Sheepdog,
Owczarek Tatrzański,
Owczarek Podhalański &
Polski Owczarek | Poland |
Pshdar dog | Kurdish Shepherd Dog,
Peshdar Dog,
Kurdish Dog &
Kurdish Mastiff | Iran,
Iraq &
Kurdistan |
Pyrenean Mastiff[30] | Mastín del Pirineo,
Mostín d'o Pireneu,

Mastin d'Aragon

| Spain |
Rafeiro do Alentejo | Alentejo Mastiff,
Portuguese Mastiff &
Mutt of Alentejo | Portugal |
Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog | Ciobanesc Romanesc Corb | Romania |
Sardinian Shepherd Dog | Sardinian Shepherd Dog,
Fonni's dog,
Pastore fonnese,
Cane fonnesu,
Cani sardu antigu | Italy (Sardinia) |
Šarplaninac | Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog | Serbia
Albania
North Macedonia
Kosovo |  |
Shirak Sheepdog | – | Iran | –
Slovak Cuvac[27] | Slovak Chuvach,
Tatransky Cuvac &
Slovak tschuvatsch | Slovakia |
South Russian Ovcharka | Youjnorousskaïa Ovtcharka, South Russian Sheepdog, Ukrainian Ovcharka, Yuzhak, South Russian Shepherd  | Russia, Ukraine  |
Spanish Mastiff[31] | Mastín español de campo y trabajo,
Mastín ganadero,
Mastín Leonés &
Mastín Extremeño | Spain |
Tibetan kyi apso[32] | Apso Do-Kyi | Tibet | –
Tibetan Mastiff[32] | – | Tibet |
Tobet | Kazakhstan mountain dog | Kazakhstan | –
Torkuz[33] | Sarkangik | Uzbekistan | –
Tornjak | Bosnian and Herzegovinian Shepherd Dog,
Bosnian Shepherd Dog,
Croatian Mountain Dog &
Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Croatian Shepherd Dog | Bosnia and Herzegovina &
Croatia |
Vikhan Sheepdog | Chitral Watchdog &
Pakistani Vikhan Dog | Pakistan | –

### List of extinct breeds

[edit]

Breed  | Alternate name(s)  | Country or region of origin  | Era  | Use  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Alpine Mastiff | —  | Alps | Before 5th century BC to 19th century AD  | Livestock guardian  |

## See also

[edit]

* Guard dog

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b Suzanne Asha Stone (2016). Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts, 2nd Edition (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
2. ^ Barnes, Elizabeth (1998). "Working like a dog". Mother Earth News. No. 168\. p. 30.
3. ^ Green, Jeffrey S.; Woodruff, Roger A. (1990). Livestock Guarding Dogs: Protecting Sheep From Predators (Report). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. p. 26\. hdl:2027/umn.31951d012181083. Agricultural Information Bulletin Number 588.
4. ^ a b Rigg, R. (2001). "Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide" (PDF). Canid Specialist Group. S2CID 73756111.
5. ^ a b Hancock 2014.
6. ^ Grandin, Temple (2007). Livestock Handling and Transport. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-220-6.
7. ^ Gehring, Thomas M.; VerCauteren, Kurt C.; Landry, Jean-Marc (2010). "Livestock Protection Dogs in the 21st Century: Is an Ancient Tool Relevant to Modern Conservation Challenges?". BioScience. 60 (4): 299–308\. doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.4.8. S2CID 8806156. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
8. ^ Virgil, The Georgics, Book III line 404-413
9. ^ Aristotle, History of Animals
10. ^ a b c Hancock (2014), p. [page needed].
11. ^ "Penguin numbers up after world-first maremma trial". Warrnambool City Council. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16.
12. ^ About the cheetah
13. ^ a b c Urbigkit, C.; Urbigkit, J. (2010). "A Review: The Use of Livestock Protection Dogs in Association with Large Carnivores in the Rocky Mountains". Sheep & Goat Research Journal. 25. ISSN 1535-2587.
14. ^ a b Contributor, Author : Countryside Magazine (March 14, 2019). "LGD Pack Size Affects Success". Countryside. Retrieved 2021-11-30. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
15. ^ Urbigkit, C.; Urbigkit, J. (2010). "A review: the use of livestock protection dogs in association with large carnivores in the rocky mountains". S2CID 13801493. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
16. ^ a b c d e Rigg, R. (2001). Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide (PDF) (paper). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. S2CID 73756111. Occasional Paper No. 1.
17. ^ a b Linnell, J. D. C.; Lescureux, Nicolas (2015). Livestock guarding dogs: cultural heritage icons with a new relevance for mitigating conservation conflicts. Trondheim: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). ISBN 978-82-426-3500-6.
18. ^ Gompper, Matthew E. (2014). Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-164011-7.
19. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 353.
20. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 351.
21. ^ "Azawakh - Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
22. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 350.
23. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 349.
24. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 324.
25. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 347.
26. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 316.
27. ^ a b Fogle (2009), p. 317.
28. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 332.
29. ^ Morris (2001), p. 707.
30. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 387.
31. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 335.
32. ^ a b Fogle (2009), p. 343.
33. ^ Hancock (2014), p. 32.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Fogle, Bruce (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Dog. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8.
* Hancock, David (2014). Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-808-0.
* Morris, Desmond (2001). Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing. ISBN 1-57076-219-8.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Dohner, Janet Vorwald (December 12, 2007). Livestock Guardians: Using Dogs, Donkeys, and Llamas to Protect Your Herd. North Adams, MA: Storey Books. pp. 122–123\. ISBN 9781580176958. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
* Dohner, Janet Vorwald (October 4, 2016). Farm Dogs: A Comprehensive Breed Guide to 93 Guardians, Herders, Terriers and other canine working partners. North Adams, MA: Storey Books. p. 117\. ISBN 9781612125923. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
* Kojima, Toyoharu (August 28, 2005). Legacy of the Dog: The Ultimate Illustrated Guide (Revised and Updated, 2nd ed.). Chronicle Books LLC. ISBN 9780811851138.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Livestock guardian dogs.

* Livestock Guardian Dog Association
* Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts, 2nd Edition Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Guarding Dogs: from the Transhumance to Pre-Zygotic Selection by Raymond Coppinger and Lorna Coppinger
* Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide by Robin Rigg, a comprehensive review of current livestock guarding dog use
* Livestock Guarding Dogs: Protecting Sheep from Predators, a USDA publication
* Attention, Sheep Grazing in this Area: Livestock Protection Dogs in Use, a USDA warning sign
* in-depth video about LGD use by shepherds Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine from OPB
* Guardian Dogs: Best Practice Manual for the use of Livestock Guardian Dogs from Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre of Australia
* Livestock Guardian Dogs at Work: Another Side of The Great Pyrenees Mountain Dog
* German Shepherd Dog

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Livestock guardian dogs

* Afghan Shepherd
* Aidi
* Akbash
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