Local elections in New Zealand

For the upcoming local elections, see 2025 New Zealand local elections.

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Local elections in New Zealand are held every three years to elect local government politicians across the country. Voting occurs from early September until the second Saturday in October via post. Citizens or permanent residents over the age of 18 can vote in the place they live or in a council area they pay rates in. Mayors and local councillors are elected in the cities and districts, while regional councillors are elected in the regions.

Councils run their own elections, determining the number of councillors, number of wards, whether to have Māori wards, and various other aspects of the elections. Councils choose which voting system to use, either first-past-the-post or single transferable vote. Councils choose their own rules regarding campaigning and advertisements, though it is required that before the final day these must be taken down.

In 1989, the Fourth Labour Government launched a series of reforms to local government that meant the number of local bodies (and thus local elections) was greatly reduced. The provinces of New Zealand held elections from 1853 until they were abolished in 1876.

## Background

[edit]

Elections for the district and city councils and regional councils of New Zealand have a fixed election date, unlike general elections. Under section 10 of the Local Electoral Act 2001,[1] elections must be held on the "second Saturday in October in every third year" from the date the Act came into effect in 2001. The latest local body elections were held on 8 October 2022. The next elections will be held on 11 October 2025.

Local elections are mostly organised by the councils themselves, with other organisations (for example the Electoral Commission, and the Department of Internal Affairs) having peripheral roles. The elections determine the membership of district, city, and regional councils. In some places, licensing trusts, community boards and local boards are also voted for.[2] Elections are held by postal voting.[2]

Under New Zealand law, those who are eligible to enrol (18 year of age, lived in New Zealand continuously for at least one year at some time, and are either a New Zealand citizen or a permanent resident) must do so. People can vote in the area where they live, and it is up to voters to decide which address they consider their home (e.g. a student may choose to enrol where they live during term time, or their parents' place if they go home during the holidays).[3] If a person owns property in which they do not live, they can also apply to be put onto the ratepayer roll for local elections. That is, an individual may be eligible to vote in more than one voting area for local elections.[2]

Electors of territorial authorities directly elect their city or district's own mayor. Regional councils do not have a directly elected mayor; instead, a chairperson is chosen from within the ranks of the elected councillors by the council at its first meeting following the elections.

Due to the primary revenue stream of many territorial authorities being property taxes (rates), electors are entitled to register and vote in the local elections of cities, districts and regions where they pay rates but do not reside. About 12,700 such ratepayer votes were cast in 2016.[4]

## Representation arrangements

[edit]

The Local Electoral Act 2001 sets out a common framework for election management and allows each council to determine its own rules with regards to voting method (postal or booth), electoral system (first-past-the-post or single transferable vote), number of councillors,[a] number of wards,[b] Māori wards,[c] and the order of names on the ballot.

The Local Electoral Act 2001 requires councils to review their representation arrangements every six years; councils decide for themselves based on community feedback what the boundaries will be (unlike parliament). Councils are also allowed to review representation arrangements in the year prior to an election. Councils are required to give consideration to "fair and effective representation" when making their decisions.

Appeals on council decisions for general representation arrangements may be appealed to the Local Government Commission. If a council's decision does not meet the statutory definitions of fair and effective representation then it is automatically appealed.

For the regional councils, wards are known as constituencies. There is a legislative requirement for each regional council to have at least two constituencies, due to the large area and population they each govern. Territorial authorities[d] may also choose whether or not to establish community boards, which form the lowest and weakest level of local government.[5]

### Māori representation

[edit]

Main article: Māori wards and constituencies

Councils can decide to have Māori wards and constituencies, which are seats on the council specifically set aside for Māori. Like Māori electorates in parliament, their purpose is to ensure that Māori are represented in local government.[6][7] Whether to have them has been a polarising issue; the Labour, Green, and Māori parties have supported them in order to boost Māori participation in the political process, while National, ACT, and New Zealand First have opposed them on the grounds that they promote ethnic division and alleged separatism.[8][9]

They were first introduced by the Bay of Plenty Regional Council in 2001.[8] Efforts to introduce them to other councils in New Zealand were complicated by the legal requirement to hold referendums on the issue of introducing them..[10] As a result, attempts to introduce Māori wards and constituencies were defeated at several polls in New Plymouth, Palmerston North, the Western Bay of Plenty, Whakatāne, Manawatu, and Kaikōura.[11][12][13][14][15]

In February 2021, the Sixth Labour Government passed the Local Electoral (Māori Wards and Māori Constituencies) Amendment Act 2021, which eliminated the requirement to hold a referendum.[16][9] This was changed in July 2024, the Sixth National Government passed legislation reinstating the requirement.[17][18]

As part of this policy reversal, councils that have already established a Māori ward without a referendum were now required to hold a binding poll alongside the that year's nation-wide local elections or to disestablish them.[17]

### Term of office

[edit]

Successful candidates take office the day after the official final results are announced.[19] However, they cannot make any official decisions until they have sworn an oath of office. The swearing-in is held at the first meeting of the council or board, which is usually within two weeks from the announcement of the final results.[20] As chairpersons of regional councils and mayors cannot make official decisions between taking office and being sworn in, they cannot declare a state of local emergency in this period, and it can only be done by the Minister for Emergency Management.[21] Elected members leave office at the end of the day on which the final results of the next election are announced.[22]

## Electoral systems

[edit]

Local authorities in New Zealand can opt to hold local elections using either the first past the post (FPP) system[e] or single transferable vote (STV) system.[f] FPP had been used for local authority elections up until the 2004 local elections,[g] when 10 local authorities adopted the use of STV.

STV was introduced as an option by the Local Electoral Act 2001 following advocacy from Green Party co-leader Rod Donald.[25][26] When using STV, New Zealand uses a modified Meek method to count the votes.[26][27][28] The district health boards used STV for their election until they were abolished in 2022.[23]

For the upcoming 2025 local elections, 15 councils will hold their votes using STV: Dunedin City Council, Far North District Council, Gisborne District Council, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Hamilton City Council, Kapiti Coast District Council, Marlborough District Council, Nelson City Council, New Plymouth District Council, Otago Regional Council, Palmerston North City Council, Porirua City Council, Ruapehu District Council, Wellington City Council and Whangarei District Council.[24][29]

## Campaigning and advertisements

[edit]

Campaign advertisements for a local election

Rules restricting the use of campaign advertisements are legislated by council by-laws and thus vary wildly across the country. In Wellington, for example, billboards were seen across the city weeks before candidate nominations had even opened for the 2025 elections, as the bylaws allowed signs on private property whenever.[30]

In Auckland and other places, signs could only be displayed up to nine weeks before the final election day. In Dunedin it is two months before election day, in Christchurch it is nine weeks from the start of voting, and in Hamilton it is three months before election day but only on private property.[30]

In all cases, signs must be removed before the final election day.[30]

### Candidate affiliations

[edit]

When running for a local office, a candidate can indicate on their nomination form if they are running with an affiliation or as an independent.[31] The Local Electoral Act 2001 defines an affiliation as "an endorsement by any organisation or group (whether incorporated or unincorporated)", such as an iwi, hapū or political party,[32] and the electoral officer can require the candidate to provide evidence that they are eligible to claim such affiliation.[33]

The majority of local government candidates run as independents.[34] In the 2019 elections, 60% of winning candidates did not declare any affiliation on their nomination forms, 18% declared themselves as "independent", 4% declared affiliation with a local ticket and only 3% declared affiliation with a registered political party.[35]

Party affiliation for candidates is more common in the main centres of Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington.[34] In 2019, 38% of winning candidates for those councils declared affiliation with a local ticket, 22% declared affiliation with a registered political party, and no candidates left the affiliation section of their nomination forms blank.[35]

National-level political parties Labour, the Greens and Te Pāti Māori each run or endorse candidates for local elections.[36] Local ticket City Vision in Auckland is jointly affiliated with both Labour and the Greens,[37][38] and People's Choice in Christchurch is also a Labour-affiliate.[39][40][41][34]

In 2025, the ACT Party announced their intention to run or endorse candidates in that year's local elections, which would be the first time a modern right-wing party has run in local elections.[36] Party leader David Seymour stated that ACT does not intend to stand mayoral candidates for the 2025 elections, but may do so for the 2028 elections.[42]

The National Party does not run or officially endorse candidates in local elections.[40] However, they have been associated with local party tickets such as Communities and Residents in Auckland,[35][37][38][34] and Independent Citizens in Christchurch.[39][42]

While affiliation with a political party has been associated with increased electoral success, at least in Auckland,[38][35] many councillors who are elected as independent candidates claim there is "no place for party politics" in local government. In response, candidates openly associated with political parties have accused some so-called "independent" candidates of being disingenuous and hiding their political affiliations.[42]

## Voter participation

[edit]

Voter turnout for local elections declined from a national average of 57% in 1989 to a historical low of 38% in 2019.[43]

Reasons given for the low turnout have included "rational choice" theory (whether people think the election matters), "youth footprint" theory (a young voter's experience of their first three elections), "social group" theory (demographic factors) and "first- and second-order elections" theory (where an election is perceived to be within the importance hierarchy of elections).[44] The timing of elections with respect to school holidays was also pointed to as a reason for lower turnout.[45] People cited being "too busy" or "running out of time" as factors in not voting.[45]

Youth turnout has not declined each election, so youth footprint theory is likely not the explanation.[45] The New Zealand literature would seem to support the social group theory;[45] groups with particularly low turnout included young people, non-white people, rural people, and unemployed people, amongst others.[44] The local elections are seen as second-order elections, as the issues at hand are purely local rather than national. This ties into rational choice theory as voters perceive the elections as mattering less.[45]

## Local elections since 1989

[edit]

In 1989, local government in New Zealand was significantly reformed and re-organised from around 850 local body entities into just 86 local authorities (regional councils and territorial authorities).[46]

### Territorial authorities

[edit]

Territorial authority elections[h] City/district  | 1989 | 1992 | 1995 | 1998 | 2001 | 2004 | 2007 | 2010 | 2013 | 2016 | 2019 | 2022 | 2025 | By-elections

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Far North District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Whangārei District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * |
Kaipara District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Auckland City | Council | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | merged into Auckland Council | List
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1990
Manukau City | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Waitakere City | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
North Shore City | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Papakura District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Rodney District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Franklin District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Auckland | Council | did not exist | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | List
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Thames-Coromandel District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hauraki District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * |
Waikato District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Matamata-Piako District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hamilton | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Waipā District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Ōtorohanga District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
South Waikato District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Waitomo District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Taupō District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Western Bay of Plenty District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Tauranga | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | [i] | ●[j] |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ●[j] |
Rotorua Lakes District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  |
Whakatāne District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Kawerau District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Ōpōtiki District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Gisborne District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | * |
Wairoa District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hastings District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 2017
Napier | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * |
Central Hawke's Bay District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
New Plymouth District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * |
Stratford District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
South Taranaki District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Ruapehu District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Whanganui District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * |
Rangitikei District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | ● | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Manawatū District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Palmerston North | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * |
Tararua District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Horowhenua District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Kāpiti Coast District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | * |
Porirua | Council | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | ● |
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Upper Hutt | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | * |
Lower Hutt | Council | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | List
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ |
Wellington | Council | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | List
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Masterton District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | ○  |
Carterton District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | ○  |
South Wairarapa District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Tasman District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | ○  |
Nelson | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | * | * |
Marlborough District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | ○  |
Buller District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Grey District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Westland District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Kaikōura District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hurunui District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Waimakariri District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Christchurch | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Banks Peninsula District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | merged with Christchurch City Council |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Selwyn District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Ashburton District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Timaru District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mackenzie District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Waimate District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Waitaki District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Central Otago District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Queenstown-Lakes District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | * |
Dunedin | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● |
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Clutha District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Southland District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Gore District | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Invercargill | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | List
Mayor | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○  | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○  | 1993
Chatham Islands | Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Mayor | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ○  |

### Regional councils

[edit]

Regional council elections[h] Regional council  | 1989  | 1992  | 1995  | 1998  | 2001  | 2004  | 2007  | 2010  | 2013  | 2016  | 2019  | 2022  | 2025

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Northland Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○
Auckland Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | merged into Auckland Council
Waikato Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Bay of Plenty Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Hawke's Bay Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ● | ●
Taranaki Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Horizons Regional Council
(Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council) | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Greater Wellington Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  | ● | ● | ● | ●
Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council | ○  | disestablished[k]
West Coast Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Environment Canterbury
(Canterbury Regional Council) | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | commission | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Otago Regional Council | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ●
Environment Southland
(Southland Regional Council) | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○

## Local elections before 1989

[edit]

### Mayoral elections

[edit]

Municipal mayoral elections (19th century)[h][l] Mayor  | 1842  | 1865  | 1866  | 1867  | 1868  | 1869  | 1870  | 1871  | 1872  | 1873  | 1874  | 1875  | 1876  | 1877  | 1878  | 1879  | 1880  | 1881  | 1882  | 1883  | 1884  | 1885  | 1886  | 1887  | 1888  | 1889  | 1890  | 1891  | 1892  | 1893  | 1894  | 1895  | 1896  | 1897  | 1898  | 1899  | By-elections

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Auckland |  | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Hamilton |  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Napier |  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hastings |  | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ?  | * | ?  | * | * |
Lower Hutt |  | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Wellington | ● |  | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1879
Christchurch |  | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Dunedin |  | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Invercargill |  | ● | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ● | 1887

Municipal mayoral elections (1901–1950)[h][l] Mayor  | 1901[m] | 1902  | 1903  | 1904  | 1905  | 1906  | 1907  | 1908  | 1909  | 1910  | 1911  | 1912  | 1913  | 1914  | 1915[n] | 1917  | 1919  | 1921  | 1923  | 1925  | 1927  | 1929  | 1931  | 1933  | 1935[o] | 1938  | 1941  | 1944  | 1947  | 1950  | By-elections

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Auckland | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Hamilton | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Napier | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ● | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | [p] | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hastings | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | [p] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Lower Hutt | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1921
1949
Wellington | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Christchurch | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1936
Dunedin | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Invercargill | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ○ | 1938
1942

Municipal mayoral elections (1951–1988)[h][l] Mayor  | 1953  | 1956  | 1959  | 1962  | 1965  | 1968  | 1971  | 1974  | 1977  | 1980  | 1983  | 1986  | By-elections

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Auckland | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1957
Hamilton | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | 1976
Napier | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Hastings | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Porirua |  | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Lower Hutt | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Wellington | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Christchurch | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1958
Dunedin | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Invercargill | ● | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● |

### Council elections

[edit]

#### Auckland

[edit]

1986

#### Wellington

[edit]

1986

#### Porirua

[edit]

1983 • 1986

## Provincial elections

[edit]

The provinces of New Zealand had responsible government from 1853 until 1876 when they were abolished. Under the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, elections were held for the councils and superintendents of the provinces every four years.[48]

The New Provinces Act 1858 allowed for the creation of new provinces other than the original six. These provinces would not directly elect their superintendents.[49]

Map of provinces (1852) Provincial elections[h] Province  | 1853 | 1857 | –  | 1861 | 1865 | 1869 | 1873 | –

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Auckland Province | Council  | * | ○  |  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Superintendent  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
New Plymouth Province (1853–1859)
Taranaki Province (1859–1876) | Council  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Superintendent  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Hawke's Bay Province | Council  |  | ○[q] | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Wellington Province | Council  | * | ○  |  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Superintendent  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Nelson Province | Council  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Superintendent  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Marlborough Province | Council  |  | ○[r] | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Westland Province | Council  |  | ○[s]
Canterbury Province | Council  | * | ○  |  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  |
Superintendent  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Otago Province | Council  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Superintendent  | * | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○  | ○
Southland Province | Council  |  | ○  | ○  | ○  | [t]

## See also

[edit]

* Politics of New Zealand
* Local government in New Zealand

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ With a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 29; Auckland is a special case as they are legislated to have 20.
2. ^ A council may decide for its members to be elected via one at-large ward, many single-member wards, several multi-member wards or a combination thereof.
3. ^ Following the passing of the Local Government (Electoral Legislation and Māori Wards and Māori Constituencies) Amendment Act 2024 councils are required to hold a poll of residents before instituting Māori wards or constituencies.
4. ^ Excluding Auckland Council, which has specifically legislated Local Boards
5. ^ Technically plurality block voting when applied to elections for multiple vacancies.[23]
6. ^ Technically preferential voting when applied to elections for a single vacancy.[23]
7. ^ Though STV had previously been used for Christchurch City Council elections in 1917, 1929, 1931 & 1933, and Woolston Borough Council elections in 1917 & 1919.[24]
8. ^ a b c d e f Solid dot (●) indicates a Wikipedia article exists; Hollow dot (○) indicates one does not exist. Asterisk (*) indicates a redirect to another article that covers that election.
9. ^ No election was held for the Tauranga City Council in 2022 due to the council being under a Crown commission.
10. ^ a b Election held in 2024
11. ^ Functions went to Nelson, Tasman & Marlborough District Councils.
12. ^ a b c This list is non-exhaustive; mayoral elections for other places took place during the period.
13. ^ Following the passage of the Municipal Corporations Act 1900, elections for mayor continued to take place annually while elections of councillors moved to take place every two years.[47]
14. ^ Starting from 1915, mayoral elections began taking place biennially.
15. ^ Starting from 1935, mayoral elections began taking place triennially.
16. ^ a b In 1931, a devastating earthquake hit Hawke's Bay. Elections in the region were not held that year because of this.
17. ^ Hawke's Bay Province was created in 1858; its first election was in 1859.
18. ^ Marlborough Province was created in 1859; its first election was in 1860.
19. ^ Westland Province was created in 1873 and had its first and only election in 1874.
20. ^ Merged back into Otago in 1870.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Local Electoral Act 2001 No 35 (as at 24 January 2009), Public Act". Parliamentary Counsel Office. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
2. ^ a b c "What are local elections?". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
3. ^ "Enrol and Vote for the First Time". Electoral Commission. 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
4. ^ "'Archaic' law allows multiple-property owners extra voting rights". RNZ. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
5. ^ "Glossary". localcouncils.govt.nz. Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
6. ^ "Māori Wards". Napier City Council. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
7. ^ "Māori constituencies for regional council". Northland Regional Council. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
8. ^ a b Janine Hayward (2002). The Treaty Challenge: Local Government and Maori (PDF) (Report). Crown Forestry Rental Trust. pp. 23–32\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
9. ^ a b Scotcher, Katie (24 February 2021). "Māori wards amendment bill passes final reading in Parliament". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
10. ^ "Voting and becoming a councillor". localcouncils.govt.nz. Department of Internal Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
11. ^ Utiger, Taryn (15 May 2015). "Resounding no to a Maori ward for New Plymouth district". Taranaki Daily News. Stuff. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
12. ^ Hurihanganui, Te Aniwa (22 May 2018). "Rejection of Māori wards: 'This is wrong'". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
13. ^ "Mayor 'gutted' after public votes against Māori wards". Radio New Zealand. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
14. ^ Kilmister, Sam; Rankin, Janine (15 May 2018). "Manawatū Māori wards vote a resounding 'no'". Stuff. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
15. ^ Lee, Moana Makapelu (21 May 2018). "Four districts reject Maori wards". Māori Television. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
16. ^ Wade, Amelia (24 February 2021). "Bill to abolish local veto on Māori wards passes despite National's marathon opposition". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
17. ^ a b "Māori wards bill passes third reading". RNZ. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
18. ^ Gabel, Julia (30 July 2024). "Legislation requiring local councils to hold polls on Māori wards passes in Parliament". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
19. ^ "Local Electoral Act 2001 (as at 1 April 2025), s 115 When members come into office". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
20. ^ "Candidates' Guide" (PDF). Local Government New Zealand. 2025. p. 35. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
21. ^ "Local government election governance arrangements: Guidance for Civil Defence Emergency Management Groups" (PDF). National Emergency Management Agency. 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
22. ^ "Local Electoral Act 2001 (as at 1 April 2025), s 116 When members leave office". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
23. ^ a b c Roberts, Nigel S. (20 June 2012). "Electoral systems – Local-authority electoral systems". teara.govt.nz. Te Ara: the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
24. ^ a b "STV legislation, background and further information". www.stv.govt.nz. Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
25. ^ "All you'll ever need to know about STV". The New Zealand Herald. 17 September 2004. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
26. ^ a b Todd, Stephen W. (1 February 2003). "World-first for Aotearoa – Meek's method implemented". Mahurangi Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
27. ^ "Choosing Electoral Systems in Local Government in New Zealand | A Resource Document" (PDF). www.dia.govt.nz. Department of Internal Affairs. May 2002. p. 16. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
28. ^ Local Electoral Regulations 2001 (NZ), reg Schedule 1A.
29. ^ "STV Information". www.stv.govt.nz. Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
30. ^ a b c Ricketts, Emma (3 June 2025). "Explained: The campaign signage rules for local body elections". Stuff.
31. ^ "Local Electoral Act 2001 No 35 (as at 01 April 2025), Public Act 55 Nomination of candidates". www.legislation.govt.nz. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
32. ^ "Information for Māori candidates". www.votelocal.co.nz. Vote 25 | Pōti 25. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
33. ^ "Local Electoral Act 2001 No 35 (as at 01 April 2025), Public Act 57 Affiliation of candidate". www.legislation.govt.nz. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
34. ^ a b c d Mathias, Shanti (13 September 2022). "Just the ticket: Why election candidates love to campaign with a team". The Spinoff. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
35. ^ a b c d Molineaux, Julienne (4 June 2025). "Just the ticket? The problem with local body candidates aligning with national political parties". The Conversation. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
36. ^ a b MacManus, Joel (19 March 2025). "Act enters the messy, at times unhinged world of local politics". The Spinoff. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
37. ^ a b Niall, Todd (20 June 2019). "Is National's survey an Auckland Council election play?". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
38. ^ a b c Niall, Todd (15 August 2019). "Party affiliation boosts Auckland local election success – research". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
39. ^ a b Gunn, Andrew (27 August 2022). "Local elections heating up, not in a good way". The Press. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
40. ^ a b Gourley, Erin (19 September 2022). "Why some local candidates are affiliated with political parties". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
41. ^ Law, Tina (15 January 2022). "Party politics: A blessing or a curse for local government?". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
42. ^ a b c "No room for 'pretendependence': Voters warned about party politics in Christchurch". The Press. 19 March 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
43. ^ Asquith, Webster & Cardow 2021, p. 80.
44. ^ a b Asquith, Webster & Cardow 2021, p. 81.
45. ^ a b c d e Asquith, Webster & Cardow 2021, p. 82.
46. ^ Derby, Mark (20 June 2012). "Local and regional government – Reforming local government". teara.govt.nz. Te Ara: the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
47. ^ "The municipal elections". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 11634\. 23 April 1901. p. 6. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
48. ^ "The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.
49. ^ "A Bill to provide for the Establishment of new Provinces in New Zealand". Hawke's Bay Herald. Vol. 1, no. 49\. 28 August 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 10 July 2010.

## Sources

[edit]

* Asquith, Andy; Webster, Karen; Cardow, Andrew (28 June 2021). "Voting in New Zealand local government elections: the need to encourage greater voter turnout". Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance (24): 79–97\. doi:10.5130/cjlg.vi24.7541. hdl:10292/14725.

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