Loneliness epidemic

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Global increase in social isolation

The loneliness epidemic is an ongoing trend of loneliness and social isolation experienced by people across the globe.[1][2] The increase may have begun in the 2010s and was exacerbated by the isolating effects of social distancing, stay-at-home orders, and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic.[1][3] Other factors credited for the increase include individualism, technology and social media, economic inequality, lack of social support, and lack of a college degree.

## History of the study of loneliness

[edit]

The concept of a "loneliness epidemic" began to gain attention before the COVID-19 pandemic, with researchers pointing to rising rates of social isolation in the 2000s. Robert D. Putnam’s 2000 study Bowling Alone was one of the first to identify loneliness as an epidemic, highlighting how decreased participation in civic life and community groups was weakening social bonds in the United States.[4]

In 2010, a systematic review and meta analysis by Holt-Lunstad, Smith, and Layton, stated that the "modern way of life in industrialized countries" is greatly reducing the quality of social relationships, partly due to people no longer living in close proximity with their extended families. The review notes that from 1990 to 2010, the number of Americans reporting no close confidants had tripled.[5]

A number of studies were published shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic by academics such as Claude S. Fischer and Eric Klinenberg. While it wasn't always clear to all scholars that loneliness was an "epidemic," the studies did conclude that loneliness is indeed a serious issue, having a severe health impact on millions of people.[6][7][8][9]

In early 2021, shortly after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Harvard’s Making Caring Common Project released its first Loneliness in America report, which linked the crisis to pandemic-driven isolation and identified significant loneliness, particularly among young adults and parents of young children.[10] That same year, Richard Weissbourd's follow-up study found that around 36% of American adults reported chronic loneliness, a trend mirrored across several countries where lockdowns and social distancing intensified social isolation.[10][11][1][3]

In Europe, a comparative overview of the prevalence and determinants of loneliness and social isolation in the pre-COVID period was conducted by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The findings indicated that 8.6% of the adult population in Europe experience frequent loneliness and 20.8% experience social isolation, with eastern Europe recording the highest prevalence of both phenomena.[12]

In Australia, the annual national Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey has reported a steady 8% rise in agreement with the statement "I often feel very lonely" between 2009 and 2021, responses indicating "strongly agree" rose steadily by over 20% in that same time period. This is a reversal of the trend seen from the start of the survey in 2001 until 2009, where these figures had both been steadily decreasing.[13]

Together, these studies have spurred more recent efforts to examine and address loneliness as a public health priority, in the U.S. and globally.

## Causes of loneliness

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Some authors identified individualism as a root cause of loneliness in Western societies, particularly in the U.S. Scholars like Robert N. Bellah, in Habits of the Heart, argue that American individualism weakens communal bonds, leading to social isolation and loneliness.[14] Similarly, Wendell Berry’s essays emphasize how modern, profit-oriented social structures undermine community connection.[15]

Technology use is another significant factor. According to Capita, an American think tank that specializes in the study of loneliness, the overuse of digital and social media, especially among young people, often reduces real-life interactions and deepens feelings of isolation.[16] In another essay titled The Good, The Bad & The Lonely, Capita highlighted that Gen Z experiences heightened loneliness, as they report lower engagement in community activities.[17] Richard Weissbourd's research supports these findings, linking social media and screen time to disconnection among U.S. youth.[10]

Economic challenges were also found to compound these issues. Low-wage workers and individuals in economically distressed areas experience higher levels of loneliness due to limited social mobility and access to community resources.[18] Chris Arnade’s book Dignity describes how economic inequality isolates individuals, especially in lower-income communities.[19]

Meanwhile, a 2021 survey on the impact of parenthood on loneliness indicates that although parents report slightly more social support than non-parents, single-person households and low social support environments face increased isolation risks.[20] Timothy P. Carney’s Family Unfriendly highlights policies that fail to support stay-at-home parents, contributing to isolation and mental health challenges.[21]

## Global responses to the loneliness epidemic

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Since the 2010s, large-scale initiatives have been launched in countries including the U.S., Australia and the U.K.[22]

In November 2023, the World Health Organization declared loneliness a "global public health concern" and launched an international commission to study the problem.[23][24]

### United States

[edit]

In the U.S., the loneliness epidemic has increasingly become a topic of public debate, particularly since May 2023, when the U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy published a United States Department of Health and Human Services advisory on the impact of the epidemic of loneliness and isolation.[25][3][26] The report outlined the health risks of loneliness, including heart disease, stroke, and dementia, and likened the dangers of loneliness to other public health threats such as smoking and obesity.[27][28][29]

Following Murthy's advisory, bipartisan legislative proposals emerged, notably the National Strategy for Social Connection Act led by Senator Chris Murphy. This proposed act aims to establish a federal office focused on addressing loneliness and promoting social connectedness through community and public health initiatives.[30]

The conversation around loneliness has since broadened to include state-level responses and greater public awareness, underscoring the need for systemic efforts to counteract this public health challenge.[11][16]

In September 2024, the New York Times reported that metrics indicative of loneliness were especially common among Americans who lack a college degree.[31]

## See also

[edit]

* Friendship recession

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Bellah, R. N. (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520053885.
* Putnam, R. D. (2001). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743203043.
* Holt-Lunstad, J.; Smith, T. B.; Layton, J. B. (2010). "Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review". PLOS Medicine.
* Berry, W. (2010). The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry. ReadHowYouWant. ISBN 9781458780645.
* DiJulio, B.; Hamel, L.; Muñana, C.; Brodie, M. (2018). "Loneliness and Social Isolation in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan: An International Survey". KFF.
* Arnade, C. (2019). Dignity: Seeking Respect in Back Row America. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9780525534730.
* Baarck, J; D'hombres, B; Tintori, G (2021). "Loneliness in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic". Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
* Capita. (2022). Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture. Capita.org.
* Surkalim, D. L.; Luo, M.; Eres, R.; Gebel, K.; van Buskirk, J.; Bauman, A; et al. (2022). "The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis". The BMJ.
* Carney, T. P. (2024). Family Unfriendly: How Our Culture Made Raising Kids Much Harder Than It Needs to Be. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780063236479.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Barth, Lila (April 20, 2022). "How Loneliness Is Damaging Our Health". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2024. "Even before the pandemic, there was an 'epidemic of loneliness,' and it was affecting physical health and life expectancy."
2. ^ Rodriguez, Adrianna (December 24, 2023). "Americans are lonely and it's killing them. How the US can combat this new epidemic". USA Today. Retrieved February 16, 2024. "America has a new epidemic. It can't be treated using traditional therapies even though it has debilitating and even deadly consequences. The problem seeping in at the corners of our communities is loneliness"
3. ^ a b c Nirappil, Fenit (May 2, 2023). "Loneliness poses profound public health threat, surgeon general says". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 16, 2024. "Loneliness presents a profound public health threat akin to smoking and obesity, U.S. Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy warned in an advisory issued Tuesday that aims to rally Americans to spend more time with each other in an increasingly divided and digital society."
4. ^ Putnam, Robert D. (2001). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743203043.
5. ^ Holt-Lunstad, Julianne; Smith, Timothy B.; Layton, J. Bradley (2010). "Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review". PLOS Medicine. 7 (7): e1000316. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316. PMC 2910600. PMID 20668659.
6. ^ Klinenberg, Eric (February 9, 2018). "Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2020. "But is loneliness, as many political officials and pundits are warning, a growing "health epidemic"?""
7. ^ "All the Lonely Americans?". United States Congress Joint Economic Committee. August 22, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
8. ^ "Loneliness is a serious public-health problem". The Economist. September 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
9. ^ "Is there a loneliness epidemic?". University of Oxford. December 11, 2019. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
10. ^ a b c Richard Weissbourd, Milena Batanova, Virginia Lovison, and Eric Torres (February 2021). "Loneliness in America: How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It". Making Caring Common | Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved January 16, 2025.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ^ a b Schumaker, Erin (November 5, 2023). "'I care about it': Sen. Chris Murphy's battle against loneliness". Politico. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
12. ^ Baarck, J; D'hombres, B; Tintori, G (November 16, 2021). "Loneliness in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic". Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
13. ^ "HILDA Data Dictionary - Cross wave information". hildaodd.app.unimelb.edu.au. University of Melbourne. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
14. ^ Bellah, Robert N. (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520053885.
15. ^ Berry, Wendell (July 2010). The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry. ReadHowYouWant. ISBN 9781458780645.
16. ^ a b "Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture". Capita.org. July 28, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
17. ^ Erickson, Elizabeth (September 8, 2022). "The Good, The Bad & The Lonely: What we need to know about Gen Z". Capita.org. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
18. ^ Corbin, Ian Marcus (July 24, 2024). "What's Behind America's Loneliness Crisis?". Commonweal Magazine. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
19. ^ Arnade, Chris (2019). Dignity: Seeking Respect in Back Row America. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9780525534730.
20. ^ Sprague-Jones, Jessica (December 10, 2021). "Survey: Parents feel more social support than non-parents". Capita.org. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
21. ^ Carney, Timothy P. (March 19, 2024). Family Unfriendly: How Our Culture Made Raising Kids Much Harder Than It Needs to Be. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780063236479.
22. ^ Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, Gebel K, van Buskirk J, Bauman A, et al. (2022). "The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis". The BMJ. 376: e067068. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067068. PMC 8826180. PMID 35140066. "Worldwide, initiatives have been launched to address "the epidemic of loneliness.""
23. ^ Johnson, Sarah (November 16, 2023). "WHO declares loneliness a 'global public health concern'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 16, 2024. "The World Health Organization has launched an international commission on loneliness, which can be as bad for people's health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day"
24. ^ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (November 16, 2023). "WHO declares loneliness as a pressing global health threat". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
25. ^ "Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation" (PDF). www.hhs.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2025.
26. ^ Murphy, Chris (December 13, 2022). "The Politics of Loneliness". The Bulwark. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
27. ^ "Social Isolation and Loneliness". www.who.int. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
28. ^ "Loneliness an epidemic?". The Times of India. March 1, 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
29. ^ Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (March 4, 2024). "Tackling the loneliness epidemic: A Q&A with Sen. Chris Murphy". YouTube. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
30. ^ "Murphy Introduces Legislation to Establish National Strategy to Combat Loneliness, Promote Social Connection". Senator Chris Murphy. July 18, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
31. ^ David French (September 1, 2024). "The Loneliness Epidemic Has a Cure". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2024. "Between 1990 and 2024, the percentage of college graduates who reported having zero close friends rose to 10 percent from 2 percent, which is upsetting enough. Among high school graduates, the percentage rose to a heartbreaking 24 percent from 3 percent.."

* v
* t
* e

Interpersonal relationships

Types|

| Romantic|

* Boyfriend
* Girlfriend
* Cohabitation
* Significant other
* Domestic partnership
* Same-sex relationship
* Monogamy
* Civil union
* Marriage
* Civil marriage
* Husband
* Wife
* Soulmate
* Widowhood

|

Non-monogamy|

* Open relationship
* Open marriage
* Polyamory
* Polyfidelity
* Polygamy
* Concubinage
* Mistress

Sexual|

* Casual sex
* Casual dating
* Friends with benefits
* Enjo kōsai
* Sexual partner
* One-night stand
* Courtesan
* Gigolo
* Queerplatonic relationship
* Sugar dating

Non-romantic, Non-sexual|

* Acquaintance
* Alliance
* Enemy
* Friendship
* Heterosociality
* Cross-sex
* Homosociality
* Bromance
* Female
* Male
* Womance
* Recession
* Kinship
* Family
* Siblings
* Platonic
* Stranger
* Familiar
* Consequential
* Rental
* Sycophancy

Historical|

* Cicisbeo
* Seraglio
* Plaçage
* Marriage à la façon du pays
* Royal mistress
* Royal favourite
* Maîtresse-en-titre
* Romantic friendship

Events|

* Initiation
* Flirting
* First date
* Matchmaking
* Meet market
* Singles event
* Bonding
* Courtship
* Dating
* Romance
* Mating
* Wedding
* Breakup
* Annulment
* Divorce
* Separation
* Legal
* Marital

Emotions|

* Affinity
* Attachment
* Compersion
* Fear of commitment
* Intimacy
* Jealousy
* Limerence
* Loneliness
* Love
* Passion
* Passionate and companionate love
* Unconditional love

Practices|

* Homogamy
* Hypergamy
* Bride price
* Mahr
* Dower
* Dowry
* Gold digging
* Infidelity
* Mésalliance
* Relationship anarchy
* Repression
* Sexual activity
* Transgression

Abuse|

* Child abuse
* Dating violence
* Domestic violence
* Elder abuse

See also|

* Agape
* Broken heart
* Free love
* Love addiction
* Lovesickness
* Obsessive love
* Single person
* Singleton (lifestyle)
* Unrequited love

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