Long Turkish War

1593–1606 Habsburg–Ottoman war

Not to be confused with the later Great Turkish War.

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Long War
Fifteen Years' War of Hungary

Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars & Ottoman wars in Europe

Allegory of the Turkish war – The declaration of war before Constantinople
| Date| 29 July 1593 – 11 November 1606
(13 years, 3 months, 1 week and 6 days)

|

Location|

Hungary, Wallachia, Balkans

Result|

* Inconclusive

* Peace of Zsitvatorok

Belligerents

Holy Roman Empire

* Habsburg monarchy
* Saxony
* Mantua
* Piedmont-Savoy
* Tuscany
* Ferrara
* Southern Netherlands

Hungary[1][2]
Principaliy Transylvania
Wallachia
Moldavia
Spain
Zaporozhian Cossacks
Serbian hajduks
Papal States
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth[3]

* * *

Supported by:

* Safavid Empire (from 1603)[3]

Ottoman Empire

* Khanate of Crimea
Nogai Horde[4]

Commanders and leaders
Rudolf II
Vincenzo I Gonzaga
Hermann Christof von Russwurm
Karl von Mansfeld (DOW)
Michael the Brave †
Ruprecht von Eggenberg
Giorgio Basta
István Bocskai
Starina Novak |  Murad III
Mehmed III
Ahmed I
Koca Sinan Pasha
Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
Lala Mehmed Pasha
Tiryaki Hasan Pasha
Damat Ibrahim Pasha
Telli Hasan Pasha †
Strength
More than 100,000 men[5][6][7]|  160,000–180,000[8][9]
Casualties and losses
Unknown, heavy|  Unknown, heavy

* v
* t
* e

Long Turkish War

* Sisak
* Veszprém
* Várpalota
* 1st Tata
* 1st Székesfehérvár
* Romhány
* Banat
* Hatvan
* 1st Győr
* Călugăreni
* Giurgiu
* Klis
* 1st Esztergom
* Brest
* Eger
* Keresztes
* Herzegovina
* 2nd Tata
* 2nd Győr
* 1st Buda
* Șelimbăr
* 1st Kanizsa
* 2nd Kanizsa
* Mirăslău
* Guruslău
* 2nd Székesfehérvár
* 3rd Székesfehérvár
* 2nd Buda
* Brașov
* 3rd Buda
* Bocskai uprising
* 2nd Esztergom

* v
* t
* e

Ottoman–Habsburg wars

Central Europe–Balkans

* Mohács (1526)
* Hungarian campaign (1527–28)
* Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1527–93)
* Hungary (1529)
* Vienna (1529)
* Little Wars in Hungary
* (1529–1533) (1540–1547) (1551–1562) (1565–1568)
* Győr (1577)
* Bicske (1578)
* Long War (1593–1606)
* Uprising in Banat (1594)
* Serb uprising of 1596–1597
* First Tarnovo Uprising (1598)
* Bocskai uprising (1604–06)
* Thirty Years' War (1614–48)
* Bohemian Revolt (1618–20)
* 1st Transylvanian intervention (1619–26)
* Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)
* 2nd Transylvanian intervention| (1644–46)
* Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)
* Great Turkish War (1683–99)
* Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)
* Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
* Second Tarnovo Uprising (1686)
* Mariovo and Prilep rebellion (1688–89)
* Chiprovtsi uprising (1688)
* Karposh's rebellion (1689)
* Austro-Turkish War (1716–18)
* Russo-Turkish War (1735–39)
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)
* Austro-Turkish War (1788–91)

Mediterranean

* Spanish–Ottoman wars (1492–1792)
* Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572
* Albanian revolt of 1566–1571
* Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)
* Himara Revolt of 1596
* Thessaly rebellion (1600)
* Epirus revolt of 1611
* Spanish-Barbary conflicts
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)
* Italian War of 1536–1538
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)
* Italian War of 1542–1546
* Italian War of 1551–1559
* Barbary–Portuguese conflicts (1554–1819)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
* Morean War (1684–99)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)

East Indies

* Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts
* Ottoman expeditions to Aceh (1562–66)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Castilian War (1578)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)

The Long Turkish War (German: Langer Türkenkrieg), Long War (Hungarian: Hosszú háború; Croatian: Dugi turski rat, Serbian: Дуги рат), or Thirteen Years' War was an indecisive land war between the Holy Roman Empire (primarily the Habsburg monarchy) and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia.[10] It was waged from 1593 to 1606, but in Europe, it is sometimes called the Fifteen Years' War (Hungarian: Tizenöt éves háború), reckoning from the 1591–1592 Turkish campaign that captured Bihać. In Turkey, it is called the Ottoman–Austrian War of 1593–1606 (Turkish: 1593–1606 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşı).[11]

In the series of Ottoman wars in Europe, it was the major test of force in the time period between the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) and the Cretan War (1645–1669). The next of the major Ottoman–Habsburg wars was that of 1663–1664. Though the conflict featured a large number of costly battles and sieges, it produced little gain for either side.

## Overview

[edit]

The major participants of the war were the Habsburg monarchy, the Principality of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia opposing the Ottoman Empire. Ferrara, Tuscany, Mantua, and the Papal State were also involved to a lesser extent.[12]

### War funding

[edit]

The Ottoman invasion rallied larger than usual support behind the Holy Roman Emperor, though still nowhere near representing the Empire's full strength and far from what Rudolf II had hoped for when he had petitioned the Reichstag. The Reichstag convened in 1594, declared a legal state of Türkenkriege, and voted a substantial tax grant, renewing this four years later and again in 1603. Some 20 million florins were promised and at least four-fifths actually reached the imperial treasury. A further 7 to 8 million florins were paid when Rudolf appealed to the Circle assemblies as well, giving a total of roughly 23 million florins yielded by the minor German princes. The Habsburg monarchy itself raised around 20 million florins. Another 7.1 million flowed in from Italy, including both Imperial Italy and Papal and Spanish territories outside of the Emperor's formal rule, as well as from Spain itself (including funds drawn from its territories inside the Empire). Thus the Austrian Habsburgs covered 40% of the imperial war effort, other imperial states covered around 50%, and around 10% came from outside the Empire (the Papal States and Castile).[13] The imperial contributions were vital as the Ottoman sultan ruled a population over three times larger than that held by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy alone.[14]

## Prelude

[edit]

Skirmishes along the Habsburg–Ottoman border intensified from 1591. In 1592, the fort of Bihać fell to the Ottomans following the siege of Bihać.

In the spring of 1593, Ottoman forces from the Eyalet of Bosnia laid siege to the city of Sisak in Croatia, starting the Battle of Sisak that eventually ended in a victory for the Christian forces on June 22, 1593. That victory marked the end of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493–1593).

## History

[edit]

### 1593

[edit]

The Long Turkish War started on July 29, 1593, when the Ottoman army under Sinan Pasha launched a campaign against the Habsburg monarchy. The first engagement of the war was the Siege of Veszprém (Turkish: Vesprim) followed by the Siege of Várpalota (Turkish: Polata) in October 1593; Győr (Turkish: Yanıkkale) and Komárom (Turkish: Komaron) were captured in 1594.[15]

### 1594

[edit]

In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against the Ottomans.[16] The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava.[17] The war banners were consecrated by Patriarch Jovan Kantul, and the uprising was aided by Serbian Orthodox metropolitans Rufim Njeguš of Cetinje and Visarion of Trebinje.[18] In response, Ottoman Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha demanded that the green flag of the Prophet Muhammed be brought from Damascus to counter the Serb flag and ordered that the sarcophagus containing the relics of Saint Sava be removed from the Mileševa monastery and transferred to Belgrade via military convoy.[17] Along the way, the Ottoman convoy killed all the people in its path as a warning to the rebels.[17] The Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava on a pyre atop the Vračar plateau on April 27 and had the ashes scattered.[17]

### 1595–96

[edit]

In 1595, an alliance of Christian European powers was organized by Pope Clement VIII to oppose the Ottoman Empire (the Holy League of Pope Clement VIII); a treaty of alliance was signed in Prague by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II and Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania. Aron Vodă of Moldavia and Michael the Brave of Wallachia joined the alliance later that year. The Spanish Habsburgs sent an army of 6,000 experienced infantry and 2,000 cavalry from the Netherlands under Karl von Mansfeld, commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army of Flanders, who took command of the operations in Hungary.[19] During the entire war, Cossack and Polish cavalry troops were present at the fronts of Hungary, Wallachia and Transylvania.[3] The papal auxiliaries were made up mainly of Walloon and Italian mercenaries, and to a small extent French and English mercenaries.[20] The Habsburg army also employed Walloon mercenaries.[21]

Persia indirectly supported the war against the Ottomans in Hungary and the Balkans.[3]

The Ottomans' objective in the war was to seize Vienna,[citation needed] while the Habsburg monarchy wanted to recapture the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Control of the Danube line and possession of the fortresses located there was crucial. The war was mainly fought in Royal Hungary (mostly present-day western Hungary and southern Slovakia), Transdanubia, Royal Croatia and Slavonia, the Ottoman Empire (Rumelia – present-day Bulgaria and Serbia), and Wallachia (in present-day southern Romania).

Habsburg troops take the Hatvan castle in 1596

In 1595, the Christians, led by Mansfeld, captured Esztergom and Visegrád, strategic fortresses on the Danube, but they did not lay siege to the key fortress of Buda. The Ottomans launched a siege of Eger (Turkish: Eğri), conquering it in 1596.

In 1595 in the Balkans, a Spanish fleet of galleys from the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily under Pedro de Toledo, marquis of Villafranca, sacked Patras, on the Rumelia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, in retaliation for Turkish raids against the Italian coasts.[22] The raid was so spectacular that Sultan Murad III discussed exterminating the Christians of Constantinople in revenge. He finally decided to order the expulsion of all unmarried Greeks from the city.[23] In the following years, Spanish fleets continued to raid the Levant waters, but large-scale naval warfare between Christians and Ottomans did not resume.[24] Instead, privateers such as Alonso de Contreras took on the role of harassing Ottoman ships.[22][24]

Battle of Giurgiu which ended with the victory of the united forces of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia over the retreating Ottoman army

On the eastern front of the war, Michael the Brave, prince of Wallachia, started a campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1594, conquering several castles near the Lower Danube, including Giurgiu, Brăila, Hârşova, and Silistra, while his Moldavian allies defeated the Ottoman armies in Iaşi and other parts of Moldova.[25] Michael continued his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of Nicopolis, Ribnice, and Chilia,[26] and even reaching as far as Adrianople.[27] At one point his forces were only 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the Ottoman capital, Constantinople.

Siege of Buda in 1598 The execution of mutinous Walloon mercenaries in 1600

He was however forced to fall back across the Danube, and the Ottomans in turn led a massive counter-offensive (100,000 strong) which aimed to not only take back their recently captured possessions but also conquer Wallachia once and for all. The push was initially successful, managing to capture not only Giurgiu but also Bucharest and Târgoviște, despite fierce opposition at Călugăreni (23 August 1595). At this point the Ottoman command grew complacent and stopped pursuing the retreating Wallachian army, focusing instead on fortifying Târgoviște and Bucharest and considering their task all but done. Michael had to wait almost two months for aid from his allies to arrive, but when it did his counter-offensive took the Ottomans by surprise, managing to sweep through the Ottoman defences on three successive battlefields, at Târgoviște (18 October), Bucharest (22 October), and Giurgiu (26 October). The Battle of Giurgiu in particular was devastating for the Ottoman forces, which had to retreat across the Danube in disarray.[28]

The war between Wallachia and the Ottomans continued until late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to poor support from his allies.

The turning point of the war was the Battle of Mezőkeresztes, which took place in the territory of Hungary on October 24–26, 1596. The combined Habsburg–Transylvanian force of 45–50,000 troops was defeated by the Ottoman army. The battle turned when Christian soldiers, thinking they had won the battle, stopped fighting in order to plunder the Ottoman camp.[citation needed] This battle was the first significant military encounter in Central Europe between a large Christian army and the Ottoman Turkish Army after the Battle of Mohács. Nevertheless, Austrians recaptured Győr and Komarom in 1598.

In 1599, the Turks and their Tatar allies attacked Prievidza, Topoľčany and other towns in the Nitra river valley in Upper Hungary, in what is now Slovakia, and took thousands of people into slavery.

### 1601–06

[edit]

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The siege of Buda in 1602 Hungarian Calvinist leader Stephen Bocskai and his hajduk warriors

In August 1601, at the Battle of Guruslău, Giorgio Basta and Michael the Brave defeated the Hungarian nobility led by Sigismund Báthory in Transylvania, who accepted Ottoman and Polish protection. After the assassination of Michael the Brave by mercenary soldiers under Basta's orders,[29] the Transylvanian nobility, led by Mózes Székely, was again defeated at the Battle of Braşov in 1603 by the Habsburg Empire and Wallachian troops led by the voivode of Wallachia, Radu Şerban. Hence, the Austrian Habsburgs seemed to be able to win a decisive victory.[clarification needed]

In September 1601, armies of the Holy Roman Empire laid siege to Nagykanizsa. Despite the numerical superiority, coalition armies had to abandon the siege two months later, due to heavy losses.

The last phase of the war (from 1604 to 1606) corresponds to the uprising of the Prince of Transylvania Stephen Bocskai. When Rudolf – mostly based on false charges[citation needed] – started prosecutions against a number of noble men in order to fill up the court's exhausted treasury, Bocskai, an educated strategist, resisted. He collected desperate Hungarians together with disappointed members of the nobility to start an uprising against the Habsburg ruler. The troops marched westwards, supported by the hajduk of Hungary, won some victories and regained the territories that had been lost to the Habsburg army until Bocskai was first declared the Prince of Transylvania (Marosvásárhely, February 21, 1605) and later also of Hungary (Szerencs, April 17, 1605[clarification needed]). The Ottoman Empire supported Bocskai with a crown that he refused (being Christian). As Prince of Hungary he accepted negotiations with Rudolf II and concluded the Treaty of Vienna (1606).

## Aftermath

[edit]

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The peace negotiations in Zsitvatorok in 1606

The Long War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok on November 11, 1606, with meagre territorial gains for the two main empires - the Ottomans won the fortresses of Eger, Esztergom, and Kanisza, but gave the region of Vác (which they had occupied since 1541) to Austria. The treaty confirmed the Ottomans' inability to penetrate further into Habsburg territories. It also demonstrated that Transylvania was beyond Habsburg power. Although Emperor Rudolf had failed in his war objectives, he nonetheless won some prestige thanks to this resistance to the Ottomans, by presenting the war as a victory. The treaty stabilized conditions on the Habsburg–Ottoman frontier. Also, Stephen Bocskai managed to retain his independence, but he also agreed to give up the title of "King of Hungary".

The participated Hungarian kingdom in the end of 16th century

Rudolf portrayed himself as victorious in the Long War, but this did not protect him from the Habsburg family's internal politics. Rudolf, by the end of the war, had massive debts to lenders, border troops and the field army, made concessions with the Hungarian nobility, and disappointed the princes of the Holy Roman Empire who had subsidized the Habsburg–Ottoman frontier. Once peace was concluded with the Ottomans, the Habsburgs turned on one another. This struggle forced the family to confront the unresolved matter of Rudolf's successor and culminated in the childless Emperor Rudolf being pitted against his brother Matthias in the Brothers' Quarrel.[30]

## Battles

[edit]

Siege of Buda Siege of Esztergom in 1595 Recapture of Pápa in 1597

* Siege of Veszprém (1593)
* Siege of Várpalota (1593)
* Battle of Székesfehérvár (1593)
* Battle of Romhány (1593)
* Uprising in Banat (1594)
* Siege of Győr (1594) (Turkish: Yanık Kala, burned place, as a reference to the enormous damages caused by the siege).[31]
* Battle of Călugăreni (1595)
* Battle of Giurgiu (1595)
* Siege of Esztergom (1596)
* Battle of Brest (1596)
* Siege of Eger (1596)
* Battle of Keresztes (1596)
* Serb Uprising of 1596–97
* Siege of Várpalota (1597)
* Siege of Győr (1598)
* Siege of Buda (1599)
* Battle of Mirăslău (1600)
* Siege of Nagykanizsa (1601)
* Battle of Guruslău (1601)
* Siege of Székesfehérvár (1601)
* Battle of Şelimbăr (1601)
* Battle of Braşov (1603)
* Siege of Buda (1603)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. pp. 62–64\. ISBN 963-548-961-7.
2. ^ Hungary-Croatia was part of the Habsburg monarchy, but formally outside of the Holy Roman Empire.
3. ^ a b c d Várkonyi R. 2001, p. 26.
4. ^ Várkonyi R. 1985, p. 660–662.
5. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Spencer C. Tucker, 2009, p. 547
6. ^ Attila Weiszhár – Balázs Weiszhár : Csaták kislexikona (Small lexicon of the Battles), Maecenas Publisher 2000. ISBN 963-645-080-3
7. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol. 6 Mahk-Mid p. 1030
8. ^ Ervin Liptai: Magyarország hadtörténete I. 1984. ISBN 963-326-337-9
9. ^ Zsigmond Pach: Magyarország története 1526–1686, 1985. ISBN 963-05-0929-6
10. ^ Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 846\. ISBN 978-0313337345. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
11. ^ "Türkçe Bilgi: 1593–1606 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşı". Türkçe Bilgi.
12. ^ "Great Turkish War (1683–1699)". Military History Books. Helion. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
13. ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2009). "Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War." Allen Lane. p. 98.
14. ^ Wilson 2009, p. 76.
15. ^ Somel, Selçuk A. [in Turkish] (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. XL. ISBN 9780810875791.
16. ^ Rajko L. Veselinović (1966). (1219–1766). Udžbenik za IV razred srpskih pravoslavnih bogoslovija. (Yu 68–1914). Sv. Arh. Sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. pp. 70–71.
17. ^ a b c d Nikolaj Velimirović (1989). The Life of St. Sava. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 159\. ISBN 978-0-88141-065-5.
18. ^ Editions speciales. Naučno delo. 1971 - via Google books.
19. ^ Mugnai, Bruno; Flaherty, Christopher (2014). Der Lange Türkenkrieg (1593–1606): The long Turkish War, Vol. 1 (ebook). Soldiershop Publishing. ISBN 978-889651991-2, p. 67
20. ^ Sahin-Tóth, Péter (2006). Oborni, Teréz (ed.). A vallon-francia katonaság sajátos szerepe a hadviselő felek közöti kapcsolatokban a tizenöt éves háború idején. Budapest: Ad astra. Sahin-Tóth Péter tanulmányai. Études de Péter Sahin-Tóth. pp. 103–112.
21. ^ Illik, Péter (2021). Kanász, Viktor; Nagy-L., István (eds.). A 15 ÉVES HÁBORÚ A KÖZÉPISKOLAI TANKÖNYVEKBEN, AVAGY „KANIZSA ELVESZETT.” Európa elfeledett hadszíntere. A tizenötéves háború és Magyarország (1591-1606).. Budapest: Magyarságkutató Intézet. p. 245\. ISBN 978-615-6117-45-8.
22. ^ a b Braudel, Fernand (1995). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-52020330-5, p. 1229
23. ^ Hutton, William Holden (1900): Constantinople: the story of the old capital of the empire. London: J.M. Dent & Co, p. 172.
24. ^ a b Teneti, Alberto (1967). Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580–1615. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 47
25. ^ Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor. Bucharest: Editura All, 2007 (Romanian), p. 183.
26. ^ Coln, Emporungen so sich in Konigereich Ungarn, auch in Siebenburgen Moldau, in der der bergischen Walachay und anderen Oerten zugetragen haben, 1596
27. ^ Marco Venier, correspondence with the Doge of Venice, 16 July 1595
28. ^ Florin Constantiniu, "O istorie sinceră a poporului român", ISBN 973-8240-67-0. Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2002 (Romanian), pp. 128–129.
29. ^ "Michael | prince of Walachia". Britannica. 27 March 2024.
30. ^ Peter Wilson, The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
31. ^ "Győr ostroma. | Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai | Kézikönyvtár". Arcanum (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2018-09-26.

## Sources

[edit]

* Finkel, Caroline (1988). The Administration of Warfare: The Ottoman Military Campaigns in Hungary, 1593–1606. Vienna: VWGÖ. ISBN 3-85369-708-9.
* Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-40514291-5.
* Várkonyi R., Ágnes (1985). Pach, Zsigmond Pál (ed.). Magyarország története 1526–1686. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-4098-3.
* Várkonyi R., Ágnes (2001). Ambrus, Éva; Révai, Gábor (eds.). Megújulások kora. Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 963-547-070-3.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Turkish War.

* v
* t
* e

Wars and battles involving Serbs

Medieval|

| Serbian–Bulgarian|

* Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)
* Bulgar–Serb War (853)
* Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
* Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt
* Bulgarian-Serb War (998)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)
* Battle of Velbazhd

|

Serbian–Ottoman|

* Early skirmishes
* Battle of Gallipoli
* Battle of Stephaniana
* Battle of Demotika in 1352
* Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364
* Fall of the Serbian Empire
* Battle of Maritsa in 1371
* Battle of Dubravnica in 1381
* Battle of Savra in 1385
* Battle of Pločnik in 1386
* Battle of Kosovo in 1389
* Serbian Despotate
* Battle of Karanovasa
* Battle of Tripolje in 1402
* Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412
* Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413
* Battle of Carmorlu
* First Scutari War
* Second Scutari War
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437
* Battle of Trnava (1430)
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)
* Crusade of Varna
* Battle of Nish (1443)
* Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443
* Battle of Kunovica in 1444
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)
* Battle of Kruševac in 1454
* Battle of Leskovac in 1454
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456
* Siege of Belgrade
* Siege of Smederevo
* Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459
* Battle of Breadfield in 1479
* Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499

Serbian–Byzantine|

* Serb Uprising of 1038–1042
* Battle of Bar
* Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje
* Battle of Zvečan (1094)
* Battle of Haram
* Siege of Ras (1127)
* Battle of Tara (1150)
* Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)
* Siege of Braničevo (1154)
* Battle of Pantina
* Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
* Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
* Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334)
* Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347

Other|

* Hungarian invasions of Europe
* Magyar–Serb conflict
* Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
* Battle of Sirmium
* Battle of Gacko
* Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde
* Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
* Mačva War
* Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)
* War of Hum (1326–1329)
* Serbian civil war of 1331
* Serbian nobility conflict (1369)
* Battle of Rovine
* Battle of Nicopolis
* Battle of Ankara
* Battle of Kosmidion
* Battle of Çamurlu
* Battle of Despotovac
* Siege of Belgrade (1440)
* Battle of Kosovo (1448)
* Fall of Constantinople

Foreign rule|

| Habsburgs|

* Jovan Nenad's uprising
* Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
* Battle of Gorjani
* Battle of Szőlős
* Battle of Sződfalva
* Battle of Keresztes
* Great Turkish War
* Siege of Belgrade (1688)
* Battle of Batočina
* Battle of Niš (1689)
* Siege of Belgrade (1690)
* Battle of Lugos
* Rákóczi's War of Independence
* Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)
* Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
* Siege of Belgrade (1717)
* Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
* Battle of Zsibó
* Battle of Trenčín
* Battle of Petrovaradin
* Battle of Banja Luka
* Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)

|

Ottomans|

* Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606)
* Banat Uprising (1594)
* Serb Uprising of 1596–1597
* Battle of Mohács (1687)
* Uprising in Vučitrn
* Serb uprising of 1737–1739
* Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion
* Battle of Martinići (1796)
* Battle of Krusi
* Battle of Lopate

Venice|

* Morean War
* Cretan War (1645–1669)
* Great Turkish War
* Battle on Vrtijeljka
* Battle of Slankamen
* Battle of Senta

Russia|

* Serbian Hussar Regiment
* Pruth River Campaign
* War of the Polish Succession
* Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
* Seven Years' War

19th century|

| Serbian Revolution|

* First Serbian Uprising
* Vračar
* Rudnik
* Svileuva
* Batočina and Jagodina
* Kragujevac
* Drlupa
* Čokešina
* Šabac
* Požarevac
* Karanovac
* Adakale
* Ivankovac
* Rudnik
* Vrbica
* Mišar
* Deligrad
* Belgrade (1806)
* Liberation of Belgrade
* Loznica
* Malajnica and Štubik
* Čegar
* Jasika
* Prahovo
* Suvodol
* Drina
* Varvarin
* Loznica
* Mačva
* Ravnje
* Hadži Prodan's Revolt
* Second Serbian Uprising
* Ljubić
* Čačak
* Palež
* Požarevac
* Rudnik
* Družetić
* Kragujevac
* Jagodina
* Karanovac
* Batočina
* Užice
* Valjevo
* Batočina

|

Ottoman|

* Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)
* Battle of Grahovac
* Battle of Kolašin
* Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)
* Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
* Battle of Vučji Do
* Battle of Fundina
* Battles for Plav and Gusinje
* Velika attacks
* Battle of Novšiće
* Battle of Murino

Other|

* Kumanovo uprising
* Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
* Jančić's rebellion
* Priest Jovica's Rebellion
* Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848
* Battle of Vršac (1849)
* Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
* Battle of Vranje
* Siege of Cattaro
* Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)
* Krivošije uprising (1869)
* Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
* AU-BiH War
* Battle of Jajce (1878)
* Battle of Vitez (1878)
* Battle of Sarajevo (1878)
* Serbo-Bulgarian War
* Battle of Pirot
* Battle of Slivnitsa

20th century|

| Macedonian Struggle|

* Fight on Šuplji Kamen
* Fight on Čelopek
* Fight in Tabanovce
* Fight in Velika Hoča
* Fight on Čelopek (1906)
* Battle of Pirot (1913)

|

Balkan Wars|

* First Balkan War
* Battle of Kumanovo
* Battle of Prilep
* Battle of Monastir
* Siege of Scutari
* Siege of Adrianople
* Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)
* Second Balkan War
* Battle of Bregalnica
* Battle of Kalimanci
* Battle of Knjaževac
* Siege of Vidin (1913)
* Ohrid–Debar uprising

World War I|

* Montenegrin campaign
* Battle of Mojkovac
* Battle of Lovćen
* Serbian campaign
* Battle of Cer
* Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)
* Battle of Bazargic
* Battle of Dobro Pole
* Battle of the Drina
* Battle of Florina
* Battle of Kaymakchalan
* Battle of Kolubara
* Kosovo offensive (1915)
* Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
* Battle of Malka Nidzhe
* Macedonian front
* Monastir offensive
* Morava Offensive
* Ovče Pole Offensive
* Vardar offensive
* Srem Offensive
* Toplica Uprising

Interwar|

* Carinthia War
* Uprising in Drenica
* Christmas Uprising
* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)
* Drenica-Junik Uprising

World War II|

* Invasion of Yugoslavia
* Uprising in Serbia (1941)
* Uprising in Montenegro (1941)
* June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina
* Battle of Novi Pazar
* Battle of Pljevlja
* Battle of Kozara
* Battle of Loznica (1941)
* Battle of Livno
* Battle of Neretva
* Battle of the Sutjeska
* Raid on Drvar
* Battle of Knin
* Battle of Mostar
* Battle of Lijevče Field
* 1942 Montenegro offensive
* Bihać Operation
* Battle of Batina
* Belgrade Offensive
* Capture of Banja Koviljača
* Case Black
* Case White
* Operation Draufgänger
* Kozara Offensive
* Battle of Kupres (1942)
* Battle of Višegrad
* Mostar operation
* Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive
* Niš operation
* Battle of Odžak
* Capture of Olovo (1941)
* Operation Alfa
* Operation Delphin
* Operation Kopaonik
* Operation Kugelblitz
* Operation Mihailovic
* Operation Southeast Croatia
* Operation Trio
* Operation Uzice
* Battle of Poljana
* Operation Prijedor
* Siege of Rogatica (1941)
* Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
* Kosovo Operation (1944)
* Operation Spring Awakening
* Srb uprising
* Stratsin-Kumanovo operation
* Syrmian Front
* Battle of Zvornik
* Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
* Battle of Zelengora

Croatian War|

* Pakrac clash
* Plitvice Lakes incident
* Battle of Borovo Selo
* Operation Stinger
* 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
* Battle of Osijek
* Battle of Vukovar
* Battle of Gospić
* Battle of Šibenik
* Battle of Zadar
* Battle of Kusonje
* Battle of the Barracks
* Siege of Varaždin Barracks
* Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
* Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
* Siege of Dubrovnik
* Operation Otkos 10
* Operation Orkan 91
* Operation Whirlwind
* Operation Baranja
* Operation Jackal
* Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
* Operation Tiger
* Operation Maslenica
* Operation Medak Pocket
* Operation Winter '94
* Operation Flash
* Operation Summer '95
* Operation Storm

Bosnian War|

* Battle of Bosanski Brod
* Battle of Kupres
* Siege of Sarajevo
* Siege of Srebrenica
* Siege of Goražde
* Siege of Doboj
* Operation Jackal
* Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
* Operation Vrbas '92
* Operation Corridor 92
* Operation Bura
* Kravica attack
* Siege of Mostar
* Operation Irma
* Operation Bøllebank
* Operation Tiger
* Battle of Kupres
* Operation Amanda
* Operation Spider
* Operation Winter '94
* Battle of Vlašić
* Operation Leap 1
* Battle of Orašje
* Operation Leap 2
* Operation Summer '95
* Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
* Battle of Vozuća
* Operation Miracle
* Operation Mistral 2
* Operation Sana
* Operation Una
* Operation Southern Move
* NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 1995 Pale air strikes
* Operation Deny Flight
* Operation Deliberate Force
* Operation Maritime Monitor

Kosovo War|

* Insurgency in Kosovo
* Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)
* Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
* April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
* Attack on Orahovac
* Attack on Prekaz
* Battle of Lođa
* Battle of Oraovica
* Battle of Belaćevac Mine
* Battle of Podujevo
* December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
* Battle of Glođane
* July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes
* Battle of Junik
* Battle of Košare
* Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
* Prizren incident (1999)
* NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
* Dubrava Prison bombings and executions
* 1999 F-117A shootdown

21st century|

| Peacekeeping|

* Central African Republic
* Cyprus
* DR Congo
* Ivory Coast
* Lebanon
* Liberia
* Mali
* Somalia

|

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

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