Long slow distance

Aerobic endurance training

For the song by NCT 127, see Awaken (NCT 127 album).

Long slow distance (LSD) is a form of aerobic endurance training used in sports including running,[1] rowing,[2] skiing [3] and cycling.[4][5] It is also known as aerobic endurance training, base training and Zone 2 training.[6] Physiological adaptations to LSD training include improved cardiovascular function, improved thermoregulatory function, improved mitochondrial energy production, increased oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, and increased utilization of fat for fuel.[4] Ernst van Aaken, a German physician and coach, is generally recognized as the founder of the LSD method of endurance training.[7][8][9]

LSD training is a form of continuous training performed at a constant pace at low to moderate intensity over an extended distance or duration.[10] The moderate training intensity of LSD is effective in improving endurance and maximum oxygen uptake in individuals who are undertrained or moderately trained.[10] Although LSD training is not effective when used in isolation by well-trained athletes,[10] there is substantial evidence that elite athletes spend 70% or more of their training time at LSD output levels, that LSD effort levels are a necessary part of the training of world class athletes,[11] and that LSD workouts are primary drivers of the lower resting heart rates seen in well conditioned athletes.[12]

## History

[edit]

Tim Noakes, a professor of exercise and sports science at the University of Cape Town, suggests that it was Arthur Newton who initially proposed that running longer distances at slower paces was the most effective training method for beginning runners.[13] Noakes asserts that after this method was rediscovered in the 1960s, Joe Henderson coined the term "long slow distance".[13]

## Joe Henderson

[edit]

Long slow distance running was promoted as a training method by Joe Henderson in 1969.[14] Henderson saw his approach as providing an alternative to the dominant school of training for distance running which he called “PTA school of running – the pain, torture, and agony” approach. He documented the success of six competitive runners who followed in one form or another an LSD training regime, sometimes combining a few more strenuous workouts with the regular LSD running with weekly mileages ranging from 50–60 miles (80–100 km) to 120–150 miles (190–240 km) per week, with marathon personal bests between 2:14 and 2:50 hours.[14] In addition, there are ultra-marathoners who use a similar method for training.[15] A typical 5k runner might consider 8 to 10 miles (13 to 16 km) of LSD, while a marathoner might run 20 miles (32 km) or more. LSD runs are typically done at an easy pace, 1–3 minutes per mile slower than a runner's 10k pace. The objectives of these runs are to build blood volume and to increase muscle strength, endurance, and aerobic fitness.

Henderson's book was not only directed at competitive runners, but also at runners who wanted to have fun running. He writes, “LSD isn't just a training method. It's a whole way of looking at the sport. Those who employ it are saying running is fun – all running, not just the competitive part which yields rewards.” [16][17]

## Approaches to running

[edit]

During the running boom of the 1970s, many recreational runners used LSD as a basis for training.[18] One of the "fathers" of the Honolulu Marathon, cardiologist Jack Scaff used a long slow distance approach to train runners in his marathon clinics.[19][20] Scaff advised his runners to follow the "talk test", an idea that had originated from Arthur Lydiard in which runners should be going slow enough to be able to hold a conversation.[21] According to sportswriter John Brant in his 2006 book Duel in the Sun, almost every serious distance runner in the early 1980s used Lydiard's system of building an endurance base with many miles at an aerobic pace before running shorter distances at an anaerobic pace.[22]

Starting out with an hour run, three times a week, and building up to weekly averages of 40 to 60 miles a week for the last three months, thousands of graduates of the program have found that they could complete the full Honolulu Marathon which is held every year at the beginning of December. The clinic's approach can be seen from its original Rules of the Road, now referred to as the "basic set of rules that lay the foundation for your training."[23]

The rules:

* No fewer than three runs per week
* No more than five runs per week
* No less than one hour per run
* No farther than 15 miles on any run
* One run per week lasting two hours or more (after month 5)[24]

A variant of the LSD approach is to combine running slowly with walking breaks.

"It has been found that average runners will have more success if they take regular walk breaks.
"The strategy is unusual in that it doesn't involve simply walking when you are tired. Walk-break runners force themselves to stop even at the beginning of a run when they are fresh."[25]

An example of such an approach is provided by the running clinics organized by Jeff Galloway[26] In running circles, John Bingham aka the Penguin, is a well-known practitioner of LSD combined with walking breaks.[27]

Another popular practitioner is Phil Maffetone, who created the Maffetone Method which is also called Low Heart Rate Training.[28] His methodology involves finding your maximum heart rate for training in your easy aerobic zone and initially doing all workouts in that zone. This is similar to LSD, but gives heart rate as a concrete way to know when to slow down. This style of training has become popular for those dealing with health issues, overtraining and learning how to build an aerobic base.

## Limitations

[edit]

Arthur Lydiard wrote that LSD system of training does not reach the levels of effort most effective for building aerobic fitness.[29] Pete Pfitzinger has written that the long slow distance method of training is acceptable for novice runners hoping to complete a marathon, but that more experienced runners benefit from long runs that, depending on the workout, incorporate a variety of paces including speeds approaching race pace.[30] According to Pfitzinger, varying paces are necessary because different physiological adaptations, including increased glycogen storage and fat utilization, occur at specific training paces.[30]

Galloway points out that if a runner wishes to increase their speed, interval training or speed training is recommended.[31] Henderson uses races as speedwork and is a proponent of speedwork in limited quantities.

The scientific literature indicates that high-intensity training can provide greater benefit towards anaerobic capacity than moderate-intensity endurance training.[32] The U.S. Army is reducing the use of long runs in its physical training programs.[33]

## See also

[edit]

* Continuous training
* Fartlek
* High-intensity interval training
* Interval training
* Strength training
* vVO2max

## References

[edit]

This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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* Glover, Robert; Jack Shepherd (1978). The Runner's Handbook. New York: Penguin Books. p. 1. ISBN 0-14-046325-9.
* Henderson, Joe (1969). Long, Slow Distance. Mountain View, CA: Tafnews Press.
* Moore, Kenny (27 February 1978). "Honolulu Marathon Clinic". Sports Illustrated. pp. 60–68.60-68&rft.date=1978-02-27&rft.au=Moore,+Kenny&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Long+slow+distance" class="Z3988">[2]
* Scaff Jr, Jack (2011). Your First Marathon: The Last Word in Long-Distance Running. Honolulu, Hawaii: Belknap Publishing & Design. ISBN 978-0-9816403-1-0.

1. ^ "Are You Sabotaging Your Long Run by Running the Wrong Pace?". 24 November 2014.
2. ^ Ní Chéilleachair, Niamh J.; Harrison, Andrew J.; Warrington, Giles D. (3 June 2017). "HIIT enhances endurance performance and aerobic characteristics more than high-volume training in trained rowers". Journal of Sports Sciences. 35 (11): 1052–1058\. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1209539. PMID 27438378. S2CID 7196272.1052-1058&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7196272#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/27438378&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/02640414.2016.1209539&rft.aulast=Ní+Chéilleachair&rft.aufirst=Niamh+J.&rft.au=Harrison,+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Warrington,+Giles+D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Long+slow+distance" class="Z3988">
3. ^ "Distance Training". 14 February 2009.
4. ^ a b "Aerobic Endurance Training". 16 September 2017.
5. ^ Burke, Ed and Ed Pavalka. 2000. The complete book of long-distance cycling: build the strength, skills, and confidence to ride as far as you want. Rodale ISBN 1-57954-199-2.
6. ^ "Zone 2 Training to Improve Aerobic Endurance and Fat Burning". CTS. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
7. ^ Morris, Alfred F. 1984. Sports medicine: prevention of athletic injuries. University of Michigan ISBN 0-697-00087-7
8. ^ Anderson, Bob and Joe Henderson. 1972. Guide to distance running. Indiana University.
9. ^ Kenney, W. Larry; Wilmore, Jack H.; Costill, David L. (May 2011) [1994]. "Principles of Exercise Training". Physiology of Sport and Exercise (5th ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 222–223\. ISBN 978-0-7360-9409-2. Retrieved April 24, 2012.222-223&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2011-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-9409-2&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=W.+Larry&rft.au=Wilmore,+Jack+H.&rft.au=Costill,+David+L.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHZtv4XKeCMC&pg;=PA222&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Long+slow+distance" class="Z3988">
10. ^ a b c Gamble, Paul (2010). "Metabolic conditioning for team sports". Strength and Conditioning for Team Sports: Sport-Specific Physical Preparation for High Performance. New York: Routledge / Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–68\. ISBN 978-0-415-49626-1. Retrieved April 25, 2012.67-68&rft.pub=Routledge+/+Taylor+&+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-49626-1&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNBikBqCtU0C&pg;=PA67&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Long+slow+distance" class="Z3988">
11. ^ "Intervals, Thresholds, and Long Slow Distance: The Role of Intensity and Duration in Endurance Training".
12. ^ Reimers, Anne Kerstin; Knapp, Guido; Reimers, Carl-Detlev (1 December 2018). "Effects of Exercise on the Resting Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 7 (12): 503. doi:10.3390/jcm7120503. PMC 6306777. PMID 30513777.
13. ^ a b Noakes, Tim (2003). "Developing a Training Foundation". The Lore of Running (4th ed.). Human Kinetics. pp. 278, 286–289\. ISBN 978-0-87322-959-3.286-289&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87322-959-3&rft.aulast=Noakes&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAa9qq9kbncC&pg;=PA258&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Long+slow+distance" class="Z3988">
14. ^ a b Henderson, Joe (1969). Long, Slow Distance. Mountain View, CA: Tafnews Press.
15. ^ Jannot, Mark (April 1996). "A Slow Train to Fitness". Outside Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
16. ^ Henderson (1969). Long, Slow Distance. Original Introduction
17. ^ Henderson would later write that he stopped using LSD as "misleading term" shortly after the publication of Long Slow Distance. (see: Henderson, Joe. Marathon Training (2003), 2nd edition, Human Kinetics, ISBN 978-0736051910, p. 36)
18. ^ Glover; Shepherd (1978). The Runner's Handbook. Penguin Books. p. 1\. ISBN 9780140463255.
19. ^ Osman, Mark Hazard (2006). The Honolulu Marathon. Lulu.com. ISBN 0-9673079-2-9.The Honolulu Marathon
20. ^ "You searched for halloffame".
21. ^ Moore, Kenny (27 February 1978). "The rules of the road". Sports Illustrated. p. 62.[1]
22. ^ Brant, John (2006). Duel In The Sun: Alberto Salazar, Dick Beardsley, and America's greatest marathon. Rodale. p. 62\. ISBN 1-59486-262-1.
23. ^ Scaff Jr, Jack (2011). Your First Marathon: The Last Word in Long-Distance Running. Honolulu, Hawaii: Belknap Publishing & Design. p. 4\. ISBN 978-0-9816403-1-0.
24. ^ The Honolulu Marathon Clinic offers a shorter form of the rules:

* Train for at least an hour, three times a week.
* Train no more than four times a week.
* Pass the "talk" test while training.
* Drink water every 20 minutes HMC
25. ^ Parker-Pope, Tara; This Jogging Method Turns Out-of-Shape Into Runners Wall Street Journal, 25 May 2007. Access date: 2007-05-25
26. ^ Galloway, Jeff (2001-12-21). "Running Injury Free with Jeff Galloway". Archived from the original on 2007-05-21. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
27. ^ John Bingham, retrieved 2007-05-25
28. ^ Brooks, Amanda (2023). "How to Implement Maffetone Method".
29. ^ Lydiard, Arthur; Gilmour, Garth (2007) [2000]. "The Physiology of Exercise". Running With Lydiard (2nd ed.). Oxford: Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 15\. ISBN 978-1-84126-026-6. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
30. ^ a b Pfitzinger, Pete (January–February 2007). "The Pfitzinger Lab Report". Running Times (343). Rodale, Inc.: 14. ISSN 0147-2968. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
31. ^ Galloway, Jeff (1984). Galloway's Book on Running. Shelter Publications. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-936070-03-2.
32. ^ Tabata, Izumi; Nishimura, Kouji; Kouzaki, Motoki; Hirai, Yuusuke; Ogita, Futoshi; Miyachi, Motohiko; Yamamoto, Kaoru (October 1996). "Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and ??VO2max". Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise. 28 (10): 1327–1330\. doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00018. PMID 8897392.1327-1330&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097/00005768-199610000-00018&rft_id=info:pmid/8897392&rft.aulast=Tabata&rft.aufirst=Izumi&rft.au=Nishimura,+Kouji&rft.au=Kouzaki,+Motoki&rft.au=Hirai,+Yuusuke&rft.au=Ogita,+Futoshi&rft.au=Miyachi,+Motohiko&rft.au=Yamamoto,+Kaoru&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005768-199610000-00018&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Long+slow+distance" class="Z3988">
33. ^ Military Playing Down Long Runs, Adopting More Diverse Fitness Programs

## External links

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* Joe Henderson
* Jeff Galloway
* John Bingham (The Penguin)
* Honolulu Marathon Clinic