Lopingian

Third and final series of the Permian

Lopingian

259.51 ± 0.21 – 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma

PreꞒ

Chronology

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Paleozoic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

Cisuralian

Guadalup

Lopin

Early Triassic

Asselian

Sakmarian

Artinskian

Kungurian

Roadian

Wordian

Capitanian

Wuchiapingian

Changhsingian

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Permian-Triassic mass extinction event

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end-Capitanian extinction event

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Olson's Extinction

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Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2022.[1]
Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.

Etymology
Name formality| Formal
Synonym(s)| Late/Upper Permian

Usage information
Celestial body| Earth
Regional usage| Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used| ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit| Epoch
Stratigraphic unit| Series
Time span formality| Formal
Lower boundary definition| FAD of the Conodont Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri
Lower boundary GSSP| Penglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China
23°41′43″N 109°19′16″E﻿ / ﻿23.6953°N 109.3211°E﻿ / 23.6953; 109.3211
Lower GSSP ratified| 2004[2]
Upper boundary definition| FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSP| Meishan, Zhejiang, China
31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E﻿ / ﻿31.0798°N 119.7058°E﻿ / 31.0798; 119.7058
Upper GSSP ratified| 2001[3]

The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian.[4] It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.

The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms late Permian or upper Permian.

The name was introduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1931 and derives from Leping, Jiangxi in China.[5] It consists of two stages/ages. The earlier is the Wuchiapingian and the later is the Changhsingian.[6]

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07)[4] provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the Wuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.[7][8]

Evidence from Milankovitch cycles suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.[9]

The Lopingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

## See also[edit]

* Geologic time scale

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
2. ^ Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (4): 253–262. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
3. ^ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
4. ^ a b International Commission on Stratigraphy. "Chart". Retrieved 10 July 2018.
5. ^ Zhang, Shouxin (2009). Geological Formation Names of China (1866–2000). Beijing/Dordrecht: Higher Education Press/Springer. p. 681\. ISBN 978-7-040-25475-4.
6. ^ Allaby, Michael (2015). A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001. ISBN 9780199653065.
7. ^ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "GSSPs". Retrieved 10 July 2018.
8. ^ Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521786737.
9. ^ Wu, Huaichun; Zhang, Shihong; Hinnov, Linda A.; Jiang, Ganqing; Feng, Qinglai; Li, Haiyan; Yang, Tianshui (13 September 2013). "Time-calibrated Milankovitch cycles for the late Permian". Nature Communications. 4: 2452. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2452W. doi:10.1038/ncomms3452. PMC 3778519. PMID 24030138. S2CID 6477972.

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Permian Period

| Cisuralian| Guadalupian| Lopingian

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* Asselian
* Sakmarian
* Artinskian
* Kungurian

* Roadian
* Wordian
* Capitanian

* Wuchiapingian
* Changhsingian

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Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)|

| Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma)|

* Holocene (present–11.8 ka)
* Pleistocene (11.8 ka–2.58 Ma)

|

Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma)|

* Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
* Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)

Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma)|

* Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
* Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
* Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)|

| Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma)|

* Late (66.0–100 Ma)
* Early (100–145 Ma)

|

Jurassic (145–201 Ma)|

* Late (145–164 Ma)
* Middle (164–174 Ma)
* Early (174–201 Ma)

Triassic (201–252 Ma)|

* Late (201–237 Ma)
* Middle (237–247 Ma)
* Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)|

| Permian (252–299 Ma)|

* Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
* Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
* Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)

|

Carboniferous (299–359 Ma)|

* Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
* Mississippian (323–359 Ma)

Devonian (359–419 Ma)|

Silurian (419–444 Ma)|

* Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
* Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
* Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
* Llandovery (433–444 Ma)

Ordovician (444–485 Ma)|

Cambrian (485–539 Ma)|

* Furongian (485–497 Ma)
* Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
* Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
* Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)|

| Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga)|

* Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
* Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
* Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)

|

Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga)|

* Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
* Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
* Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)

Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga)|

* Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
* Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
* Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
* Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)

Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga)|

* Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
* Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
* Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
* Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)

Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga)|

ka = kiloannum (thousands years ago); Ma = megaannum (millions years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billions years ago).
See also: Geologic time scale • Geology portal • World portal

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