Loranthaceae

Family of mistletoes

Loranthaceae

Ligaria cuneifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Order:  | Santalales
Family:  | Loranthaceae
Juss.[1]
Genera

See text

Distribution of the Loranthaceae.

Psittacanthus flowering atop a tree

Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants.[2][3] It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are Nuytsia floribunda (the Western Australian Christmas tree), Atkinsonia ligustrina (from the Blue Mountains of Australia), and Gaiadendron punctatum (from Central/South America.) Loranthaceae are primarily xylem parasites, but their haustoria may sometimes tap the phloem,[4] while Tristerix aphyllus is almost holoparasitic.[5] For a more complete description of the Australian Loranthaceae, see Flora of Australia online.,[2] for the Malesian Loranthaceae see Flora of Malesia.

Originally, Loranthaceae contained all mistletoe species, but the mistletoes of Europe and North America (Viscum, Arceuthobium, and Phoradendron) belong to the family Santalaceae. The APG II system 2003 assigns the family to the order Santalales in the clade core eudicots.

## Phylogeny[edit]

Molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships of tribes, subtribes and genera:[6][7][8][9] Nuytsia is sister to the rest the Loranthaceae,[10] with many characters, including its pollen, its fruit (dry and three winged), and the number of its cotyledons, differing substantially from all other Loranthaceae genera.[5] The root parasitic habit is thought to be the basal condition of the family.,[5] with the stem/branch parasitic habit evolving ca. 28-40 million years ago.[5][11] However, Grimsson et al. (2017)[12] estimate this as occurring somewhat earlier (ca. 40-52 million years ago).

|  |  |

Remaining Santalales

|

Loranthaceae  |  |  |  | Nuytsieae |  |  |

Nuytsia

|

Gaiadendreae |  |  |

Atkinsonia

|

Gaiadendron

Elytrantheae |  |  |

Alepis

|

Amylotheca

Cyne

Decaisnina

Elytranthe

Lampas

Lepeostegeres

Lepidaria

Loxanthera

Lysiana

Macrosolen

Peraxilla

Trilepidea

Thaumasianthes

Psittacantheae |  | Tupeinae |  |  |

Tupeia

|

Notantherinae |  |  |

Desmaria

|

Notanthera

Ligarinae |  |  |

Ligaria

|

Tristerix

Psittacanthinae |  |  |

Aetanthus

|

Cladocolea

Dendropemon

Maracanthus

Oryctanthus

Oryctina

Panamanthus

Passovia

Peristethium

Phthirusa

Psittacanthus

Struthanthus

Tripodanthus

Lorantheae |  |  |  | Ileostylinae |  |  |

Ileostylus

|

Muellerina

Loranthinae |  |  |

Cecarria

|

Loranthus

Amyeminae |  |  |

Amyema

|

Baratranthus

Benthamina

Dactyliophora

Diplatia

Distrianthes

Helicanthes

Papuanthes

Sogerianthe

Scurrilinae |  |  |

Scurrula

|

Taxillus

Dendrophthoinae |  |  |

Dendrophthoe

|

Helixanthera

Tolypanthus

Trithecanthera

Emelianthinae |  |  |

Emelianthe

|

Erianthemum

Globimetula

Moquiniella

Oliverella

Phragmanthera

Spragueanella

Tapinanthinae |  |  |

Actinanthella

|

Agelanthus

Bakerella

Berhautia

Englerina

Oedina

Oncella

Oncocalyx

Pedistylis

Plicosepalus

Septulina

Socratina

Tapinanthus

Vanwykia

## Genera[edit]

* Actinanthella
* Aetanthus
* Agelanthus
* Alepis
* Amyema
* Amylotheca
* Atkinsonia
* Bakerella
* Baratranthus
* Benthamina
* Berhautia
* Cecarria
* Cladocolea
* Cyne
* Dactyliophora
* Decaisnina
* Dendropemon
* Dendrophthoe
* Desmaria
* Diplatia
* Distrianthes
* Elytranthe
* Emelianthe
* Englerina
* Erianthemum
* Gaiadendron
* Globimetula
* Helicanthes
* Helixanthera
* Ileostylus
* Ixocactus
* Kingella
* Lampas
* Lepeostegeres
* Lepidaria
* Ligaria
* Loranthus
* Loxanthera
* Lysiana
* Macrosolen[13]
* Moquiniella
* Muellerina
* Notanthera
* Nuytsia
* Oliverella
* Oncella
* Oncocalyx
* Oryctanthus
* Oryctina
* Panamanthus
* Papuanthes
* Pedistylis
* Peraxilla
* Phragmanthera
* Phthirusa
* Plicosepalus
* Psittacanthus
* Pusillanthus
* Scurrula
* Septulina
* Socratina
* Sogerianthe
* Spragueanella
* Struthanthus
* Tapinanthus
* Taxillus
* Tetradyas
* Thaumasianthes
* Tolypanthus
* Trilepidea
* Tripodanthus
* Tristerix
* Trithecanthera
* Tupeia
* Vanwykia

Kingella is listed as a synonym of Trithecanthera Tiegh by Plants of the World Online.[14] Also Ixocactus is listed as a synonym of Phthirusa Mart.[15] and Tetradyas is listed as a synonym of Cyne Danser.[16]

## See also[edit]

* Parasitic plant

## References[edit]

1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
2. ^ a b Barlow, B.A. "Flora of Australia online: Loranthaceae". Data derived from Flora of Australia Volume 1984 Vol 22, ABRS, ©Commonwealth of AustraliaAccessed 1 April 2018
3. ^ Kuijt, Job; Hansen, Bertel (2015). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Santalales, Balanophorales. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6. ISBN 978-3-319-09295-9. S2CID 35096693.
4. ^ Barlow, B.A. 1997\. "Loranthaceae. Pp. 209-401 (pdf)"., in Kalkman C., et al. (eds.), Flora malesiana. Ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
5. ^ a b c d Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]". Accessed 12 February 2018.
6. ^ Der, J.P., Nickrent, D.L. 2008\. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Systematic Botany 33: 107-116."(pdf)". doi:10.1600/036364408783887438
7. ^ Vidal-Russell, R., Nickrent, D.L. 2008\. Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae). American Journal of Botany 95: 1015-1029."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.3732/ajb.0800085
8. ^ Malecot, V, Nickrent, D.L. 2008\. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales. Systematic Botany 33, 97-106."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.1600/036364408783887384
9. ^ Amico, G.C., Vidal-Russell, R., Garcia, M.A., Nickrent, D.L. 2012\. "Evolutionary History of the South American Mistletoe Tripodanthus (Loranthaceae) Using Nuclear and Plastid Markers". January 2012.. Systematic Botany 37: 218-225
10. ^ Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2005\. "A molecular phylogeny of the mistletoe family Loranthaceae." Pp. 131-132, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants.
11. ^ Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2008\. The first mistletoes: Origin of aerial parasitism in Santalales. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 523-537."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.016
12. ^ Grímsson, F., Kapli, P., Hofmann, C.-C., Zetter, R., & Grimm, G.W. 2017. Eocene Loranthaceae pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family.// PeerJ 5:e3373. doi:10.7717/peerj.3373
13. ^ Macrosolen at The Plant List
14. ^ "Kingella Tiegh. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
15. ^ "Ixocactus Rizzini | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
16. ^ "Tetradyas Danser | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

## External links[edit]

* Media related to Loranthaceae at Wikimedia Commons
* Loranthaceae on the Parasitic Plant Connection web site
* Notanthera heterophylla illustrations
* Chilean Loranthaceae at Chileflora

* v
* t
* e

Families of flowering plants (APG IV)

* Supergroup Plant:
* Bryophyta
* Marchantiophyta
* Polypodiophyta
* Acrogymnospermae
* Angiospermae

Basal

angio

sperms|

| Amborellales|

* Amborellaceae

|

Nymphaeales|

* Hydatellaceae
* Cabombaceae
* Nymphaeaceae

Austrobaileyales|

* Austrobaileyaceae
* Trimeniaceae
* Schisandraceae

Mesangiospermae

| Magnoliidae|

| Canellales|

* Canellaceae
* Winteraceae

|

Piperales|

* Aristolochiaceae
* Saururaceae
* Piperaceae

Magnoliales|

* Myristicaceae
* Magnoliaceae
* Degeneriaceae
* Himantandraceae
* Eupomatiaceae
* Annonaceae

Laurales|

* Calycanthaceae
* Siparunaceae
* Gomortegaceae
* Atherospermataceae
* Hernandiaceae
* Monimiaceae
* Lauraceae

Chloranthidae|

| Chloranthales|

* Chloranthaceae

|

Lilidae
(Monocots)|

| Acorales|

* Acoraceae

|

Alismatales|

* Araceae
* Tofieldiaceae
* Alismataceae
* Butomaceae
* Hydrocharitaceae
* Scheuchzeriaceae
* Aponogetonaceae
* Juncaginaceae
* Maundiaceae
* Zosteraceae
* Potamogetonaceae
* Posidoniaceae
* Ruppiaceae
* Cymodoceaceae

Petrosaviales|

* Petrosaviaceae

Dioscoreales|

* Nartheciaceae
* Burmanniaceae
* Dioscoreaceae

Pandanales|

* Triuridaceae
* Velloziaceae
* Stemonaceae
* Cyclanthaceae
* Pandanaceae

Liliales|

* Campynemataceae
* Corsiaceae
* Melanthiaceae
* Petermanniaceae
* Alstroemeriaceae
* Colchicaceae
* Philesiaceae
* Ripogonaceae
* Smilacaceae
* Liliaceae

Asparagales|

* Orchidaceae
* Boryaceae
* Blandfordiaceae
* Asteliaceae
* Lanariaceae
* Hypoxidaceae
* Doryanthaceae
* Ixioliriaceae
* Tecophilaeaceae
* Iridaceae
* Xeronemataceae
* Asphodelaceae
* Amaryllidaceae
* Asparagaceae

Arecales|

* Dasypogonaceae
* Arecaceae

Commelinales|

* Hanguanaceae
* Commelinaceae
* Philydraceae
* Pontederiaceae
* Haemodoraceae

Zingiberales|

* Strelitziaceae
* Lowiaceae
* Heliconiaceae
* Musaceae
* Cannaceae
* Marantaceae
* Costaceae
* Zingiberaceae

Poales|

* Typhaceae
* Bromeliaceae
* Rapateaceae
* Xyridaceae
* Eriocaulaceae
* Mayacaceae
* Thurniaceae
* Juncaceae
* Cyperaceae
* Restionaceae
* Flagellariaceae
* Joinvilleaceae
* Ecdeiocoleaceae
* Poaceae

Ceratophyllidae|

| Ceratophyllales|

* Ceratophyllaceae

|

Eudicots|

| Buxales|

* Buxaceae

|

Proteales|

* Sabiaceae
* Nelumbonaceae
* Platanaceae
* Proteaceae

Ranunculales|

* Eupteleaceae
* Papaveraceae
* Circaeasteraceae
* Lardizabalaceae
* Menispermaceae
* Berberidaceae
* Ranunculaceae

Trochodendrales|

* Trochodendraceae

Dilleniales|

* Dilleniaceae

Gunnerales|

* Myrothamnaceae
* Gunneraceae

Superrosids

| Saxifragales|

* Peridiscaceae
* Paeoniaceae
* Altingiaceae
* Hamamelidaceae
* Cercidiphyllaceae
* Daphniphyllaceae
* Iteaceae
* Grossulariaceae
* Saxifragaceae
* Crassulaceae
* Aphanopetalaceae
* Tetracarpaeaceae
* Penthoraceae
* Haloragaceae
* Cynomoriaceae

|

Rosids

| Vitales|

* Vitaceae

|

Fabids

| Cucurbitales|

* Apodanthaceae
* Anisophylleaceae
* Corynocarpaceae
* Coriariaceae
* Cucurbitaceae
* Tetramelaceae
* Datiscaceae
* Begoniaceae

|

Fabales|

* Quillajaceae
* Fabaceae
* Surianaceae
* Polygalaceae

Fagales|

* Nothofagaceae
* Fagaceae
* Myricaceae
* Juglandaceae
* Casuarinaceae
* Ticodendraceae
* Betulaceae

Rosales|

* Rosaceae
* Barbeyaceae
* Dirachmaceae
* Elaeagnaceae
* Rhamnaceae
* Ulmaceae
* Cannabaceae
* Moraceae
* Urticaceae

Zygophyllales|

* Krameriaceae
* Zygophyllaceae

Celastrales|

* Lepidobotryaceae
* Celastraceae

Malpighiales|

* Pandaceae
* Irvingiaceae
* Ctenolophonaceae
* Rhizophoraceae
* Erythroxylaceae
* Ochnaceae
* Bonnetiaceae
* Clusiaceae
* Calophyllaceae
* Podostemaceae
* Hypericaceae
* Caryocaraceae
* Lophopyxidaceae
* Putranjivaceae
* Centroplacaceae
* Elatinaceae
* Malpighiaceae
* Balanopaceae
* Trigoniaceae
* Dichapetalaceae
* Euphroniaceae
* Chrysobalanaceae
* Humiriaceae
* Achariaceae
* Violaceae
* Goupiaceae
* Passifloraceae
* Lacistemataceae
* Salicaceae
* Peraceae
* Rafflesiaceae
* Euphorbiaceae
* Linaceae
* Ixonanthaceae
* Picrodendraceae
* Phyllanthaceae

Oxalidales|

* Huaceae
* Connaraceae
* Oxalidaceae
* Cunoniaceae
* Elaeocarpaceae
* Cephalotaceae
* Brunelliaceae

Malvids

| Brassicales|

* Akaniaceae
* Tropaeolaceae
* Moringaceae
* Caricaceae
* Limnanthaceae
* Setchellanthaceae
* Koeberliniaceae
* Bataceae
* Salvadoraceae
* Emblingiaceae
* Tovariaceae
* Pentadiplandraceae
* Gyrostemonaceae
* Resedaceae
* Capparaceae
* Cleomaceae
* Brassicaceae

|

Crossosomatales|

* Aphloiaceae
* Geissolomataceae
* Strasburgeriaceae
* Staphyleaceae
* Guamatelaceae
* Stachyuraceae
* Crossosomataceae

Geraniales|

* Geraniaceae
* Francoaceae

Huerteales|

* Gerrardinaceae
* Petenaeaceae
* Tapisciaceae
* Dipentodontaceae

Malvales|

* Cytinaceae
* Muntingiaceae
* Neuradaceae
* Malvaceae
* Sphaerosepalaceae
* Thymelaeaceae
* Bixaceae
* Cistaceae
* Sarcolaenaceae
* Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtales|

* Combretaceae
* Lythraceae
* Onagraceae
* Vochysiaceae
* Myrtaceae
* Melastomataceae
* Crypteroniaceae
* Alzateaceae
* Penaeaceae

Picramniales|

* Picramniaceae

Sapindales|

* Biebersteiniaceae
* Nitrariaceae
* Kirkiaceae
* Burseraceae
* Anacardiaceae
* Sapindaceae
* Rutaceae
* Simaroubaceae
* Meliaceae

Superasterids

| Berberidopsidales|

* Aextoxicaceae
* Berberidopsidaceae

|

Caryophyllales|

* Frankeniaceae
* Tamaricaceae
* Plumbaginaceae
* Polygonaceae
* Droseraceae
* Nepenthaceae
* Drosophyllaceae
* Dioncophyllaceae
* Ancistrocladaceae
* Rhabdodendraceae
* Simmondsiaceae
* Physenaceae
* Asteropeiaceae
* Macarthuriaceae
* Microteaceae
* Caryophyllaceae
* Achatocarpaceae
* Amaranthaceae
* Stegnospermataceae
* Limeaceae
* Lophiocarpaceae
* Kewaceae
* Barbeuiaceae
* Gisekiaceae
* Aizoaceae
* Phytolaccaceae
* Petiveriaceae
* Sarcobataceae
* Nyctaginaceae
* Molluginaceae
* Montiaceae
* Didiereaceae
* Basellaceae
* Halophytaceae
* Talinaceae
* Portulacaceae
* Anacampserotaceae
* Cactaceae

Santalales|

* Olacaceae
* Opiliaceae
* Balanophoraceae
* Santalaceae
* Misodendraceae
* Schoepfiaceae
* Loranthaceae

Asterids

| Cornales|

* Nyssaceae
* Hydrostachyaceae
* Hydrangeaceae
* Loasaceae
* Curtisiaceae
* Grubbiaceae
* Cornaceae

|

Ericales|

* Balsaminaceae
* Marcgraviaceae
* Tetrameristaceae
* Fouquieriaceae
* Polemoniaceae
* Lecythidaceae
* Sladeniaceae
* Pentaphylacaceae
* Sapotaceae
* Ebenaceae
* Primulaceae
* Theaceae
* Symplocaceae
* Diapensiaceae
* Styracaceae
* Sarraceniaceae
* Roridulaceae
* Actinidiaceae
* Clethraceae
* Cyrillaceae
* Ericaceae
* Mitrastemonaceae

Lamiids

| Icacinales|

* Oncothecaceae
* Icacinaceae

|

Metteniusales|

* Metteniusaceae

Garryales|

* Eucommiaceae
* Garryaceae

Gentianales|

* Rubiaceae
* Gentianaceae
* Loganiaceae
* Gelsemiaceae
* Apocynaceae

Boraginales|

* Boraginaceae

Vahliales|

* Vahliaceae

Solanales|

* Convolvulaceae
* Solanaceae
* Montiniaceae
* Sphenocleaceae
* Hydroleaceae

Lamiales|

* Plocospermataceae
* Carlemanniaceae
* Oleaceae
* Tetrachondraceae
* Calceolariaceae
* Gesneriaceae
* Plantaginaceae
* Scrophulariaceae
* Stilbaceae
* Linderniaceae
* Byblidaceae
* Martyniaceae
* Pedaliaceae
* Acanthaceae
* Bignoniaceae
* Lentibulariaceae
* Schlegeliaceae
* Thomandersiaceae
* Verbenaceae
* Lamiaceae
* Mazaceae
* Phrymaceae
* Paulowniaceae
* Orobanchaceae

Campanulids

| Apiales|

* Pennantiaceae
* Torricelliaceae
* Griseliniaceae
* Pittosporaceae
* Araliaceae
* Myodocarpaceae
* Apiaceae

|

Aquifoliales|

* Stemonuraceae
* Cardiopteridaceae
* Phyllonomaceae
* Helwingiaceae
* Aquifoliaceae

Asterales|

* Rousseaceae
* Campanulaceae
* Pentaphragmataceae
* Stylidiaceae
* Alseuosmiaceae
* Phellinaceae
* Argophyllaceae
* Menyanthaceae
* Goodeniaceae
* Calyceraceae
* Asteraceae

Bruniales|

* Columelliaceae
* Bruniaceae

Dipsacales|

* Adoxaceae
* Caprifoliaceae

Escalloniales|

* Escalloniaceae

Paracryphiales|

* Paracryphiaceae

* Category

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q156691
* Wikispecies: Loranthaceae
* APNI: 54710
* ATRF: Loranthaceae
* CoL: C7D
* EoL: 4404
* EPPO: 1LORF
* FloraBase: 22797
* FoAO2: Loranthaceae
* FoC: 10520
* Fossilworks: 55699
* GBIF: 6663
* GRIN: 673
* iNaturalist: 59831
* IPNI: 30000121-2
* IRMNG: 114850
* ITIS: 27854
* NBN: NBNSYS0000164593
* NCBI: 3963
* NZOR: 4d414969-929e-452f-b99a-fe0d1433ac19
* Open Tree of Life: 388686
* Plazi: 1664674A-4D7C-5AFA-B13A-E07BAEFB7498
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000121-2
* Tropicos: 42000214
* VASCAN: 236
* VicFlora: 17e9cb40-f961-4155-8b1c-c954cdf09645
* Watson & Dallwitz: lorantha
* WFO: wfo-7000000350

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