Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

French royal (1725–1785)

Not to be confused with Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

Louis Philippe I

First Prince of the Blood
Duke of Orléans

Portrait by Alexander Roslin, c. 1770

Born| Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres
(1725-05-12)12 May 1725
Palace of Versailles, France
Died| 18 November 1785(1785-11-18) (aged 60)
Château de Sainte-Assise à Seine-Port, France
Burial|

Val-de-Grâce, Paris

Spouse|

Louise Henriette de Bourbon

(m. 1743; died 1759)​

Charlotte Béraud de La Haye de Riou

(m. 1773)​

Issue| Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Bathilde, Princess of Condé
House| Orléans
Father| Louis, Duke of Orléans
Mother| Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden
Signature|

Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (12 May 1725 - 18 November 1785), known as le Gros (the Fat), was a French royal of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. The First Prince of the Blood after 1752, he was the most senior male at the French court after the immediate royal family. He was the father of Philippe Égalité. He greatly augmented the already huge wealth of the House of Orléans.

## Biography

[edit]

Louis Philippe d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles on 12 May 1725. As the only son of Louis, Duke of Orléans, and his wife Johanna of Baden-Baden, he was titled Duke of Chartres at birth. He was one of two children; his younger sister Louise Marie d'Orléans died at Saint-Cloud in 1728 aged a year and eight months. Louis Philippe's father, who had been devoted to his wife, became a recluse and pious as he grew older.

Louise Marie was known as Mademoiselle in her short lifetime.

Louis Philippe was hardly fifteen when he and his young cousin Princess Henriette of France (1727–1752), the second daughter of King Louis XV and Queen Marie Leszczyńska, fell in love.

After considering the possibility of such a marriage, Louis XV and his chief minister, Cardinal Fleury, decided against it because this union would have brought the House of Orléans too close to the throne.[1]

### First marriage

[edit]

In 1743, his paternal grandmother, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon the formidable Dowager Duchess of Orléans, and Louise Élisabeth, Dowager Princess of Conti arranged his marriage to his seventeen-year-old cousin, Louise Henriette de Bourbon (1726–1759), a member of the House of Bourbon-Conti, another cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. It was hoped this marriage would close a fifty-year-old family rift.

Louis Philippe's father, Louis le Pieux, gave his consent to the union in the belief that because the young bride had been brought up in a convent, she would be a paragon of virtue and as such be an ideal wife for his son. Louise Henriette was the only daughter of Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and the earlier mentioned Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon. Louise Henriette was a Princess of the Blood (princesse du sang) and was known at court as Mademoiselle de Conti.

The couple was married on 17 December 1743 in the chapel of the Palace of Versailles.

After a few months of a passion that surprised everyone at court, the couple started to drift apart as the young Duchess of Chartres began to lead a scandalous life. This caused her father-in-law to refuse to recognise the legitimacy of his grandchildren.[2]

The couple had three children:

Louise Henriette as the Duchess of Chartres, Jean-Marc Nattier.

* A daughter (Château de Saint-Cloud, 12 or 13 July 1745 - 14 December 1745, Château de Saint-Cloud);
* Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (Château de Saint-Cloud, 13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793, Place de la Révolution, Paris (executed)), who succeeded his father as Duke of Orléans in 1785,
* Duke of Montpensier at birth,
* Duke of Chartres at the death of his grandfather in 1752,
* Duke of Orléans at the death of his father in 1785,
* known as Philippe-Égalité during the French Revolution;
* possible husband for Princess Maria Kunigunde of Saxony (1740–1826),[3] youngest daughter of Augustus III of Poland;
* married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Penthièvre, and was the father of Louis-Philippe King of the French;
* Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans (Château de Saint-Cloud, 9 July 1750 - 10 January 1822, Paris), the last princesse de Condé,
* possible bride for Ferdinand, Duke of Parma,
* married Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé,
* known as Mademoiselle at court prior to her marriage,
* known as Citoyenne Vérité during the French Revolution.

Because he knew that Louise Henriette was having affairs during her marriage and felt that Louis Philippe was physically incapable of having children, Louise Henriette's father-in-law refused to acknowledge any of her children as legitimate.[4]

In 1756, the Swiss physician and advocate for inoculation against smallpox Théodore Tronchin was invited to the court of Louis XV at the request of Louis Philippe, who was in favour of inoculation. Louis Philippe wanted to have both his children inoculated in order to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the methods, but his wife Louise Henriette was against it. However, after Louis Philippe promised not to have the children inoculated without her consent, she agreed to the procedure, and Philippe and Bathilde were inoculated on March 12, 1756.[5]

### Military achievements and succession as Duke of Orléans

[edit]

Serving with the French armies in the War of the Austrian Succession, he distinguished himself in the campaigns of 1742, 1743 and 1744, and at the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745. After the death of his first wife, he retired to his château at Bagnolet, where he occupied his time with theatrical performances and the society of intellectuals. Louise Henriette accompanied her husband to the field despite being pregnant.

Upon the death of his father in Paris on 4 August 1752, Louis Philippe became Duke of Orléans and head of the House of Orléans. He also became First Prince of the Blood, Duke of Valois, Nemours and Montpensier. His father was buried at the Abbaye-Sainte-Geneviève where he had lived since 1740.

### Étiennette Le Marquis

[edit]

Children of the Duke of Orléans (c.1755); Bathilde holds an angel with her brother, the Duke of Chartres, is on the far right, François-Hubert Drouais.

After the death of Louise Henriette on 9 February 1759 at the Palais-Royal, the Orléans residence in Paris, Louis Philippe took as his mistress Étiennette Le Marquis, a former dancer who liked to act in comedy plays, and who introduced him into the world of the theater. At that time, the château de Bagnolet, which he had inherited from his father, became his favorite residence.[6] Louis Philippe had three children with Étiennette;[7] they were raised under the care of the Orléans family:

* Louis Étienne d'Orléans, (21 January 1759 - 24 July 1825), Count-abbé of Saint-Phar
* Louis Philippe d'Orléans, (7 July 1761 - 13 June 1829), Count-abbé of Saint-Albin,
* Marie Étiennette Perrine d'Auvilliers, (7 July 1761 -[clarification needed]), who married François-Constantin, Count of Brossard, a dragoon regiment officer.

In 1769, Louis Philippe sold Bagnolet and bought the Château du Raincy, located less than ten miles east from the center of Paris. The same year, his son Louis Philippe, married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, heiress to the fortune of her father, the Duke of Penthièvre. Louis Philippe had wanted his son to have a prestigious marriage with the Polish princess Maria Kunigunde, the youngest daughter of Augustus III of Poland and Maria Josepha, Archduchess of Austria. Princess Maria Kunigunde was the sister of the deceased Dauphine of France (1731–1767), mother of Louis XVI.

It was King Louis XV who opposed this marriage on the pretence that the princess was too old for the young Duke of Chartres. This caused the Duke of Penthièvre to ask if the Duke of Orléans if he would allow a union with the Orléans family. Louis Philippe is said to have rejected the idea of his son marrying Mademoiselle de Penthièvre due to her bastard race; this is an irony in itself due to Louis Philippe and the Duke of Penthièvre were both descended from two daughters of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.

### Second marriage

[edit]

In spite of his liaison with Étiennette, Louis Philippe had several other mistresses until he met, in July 1766, Charlotte Jeanne Béraud de La Haye de Riou, Madame de Montesson, a witty but married twenty-eight-year-old. After the death of the Marquis of Montesson in 1769, Louis Philippe tried to obtain Louis XV's authorisation to marry the young widow. Finally, in December 1772, the King gave his consent on the condition that the Marquise of Montesson would never become Duchess of Orléans or succeed to any other Orléans titles. In addition, the couple was to live a quiet life away from the court. The morganatic marriage took place on 23 April 1773 "dans la plus stricte intimité".[8] As a wedding gift, the Duke of Orléans gave his new wife the château de Sainte-Assise at Seine-Port, in today's Seine-et-Marne department of France.

### Later life

[edit]

Louis XV had added to the appanage of the House of Orléans the hôtel de Grand-Ferrare in Fontainebleau (1740), the county of Soissons (1751), the seigneuries of La Fère, Marle, Ham, Saint-Gobain, the Canal de l'Ourcq and the hôtel Duplessis-Châtillon in Paris (1766).[9]

In 1773, Orléans added to his residences a magnificent hôtel built at Chaussée d'Antin, the new elegant quarter of Paris.

In 1780, Louis Philippe gave his son the Palais-Royal, a gift that was to mark their reconciliation after the rift provoked by the Duke's second marriage.[10]

The Château de Sainte-Assise

In Sainte-Assise, du Raincy and Paris, the couple received nobles, intellectuals, playwrights, scientists, such as the Duchess of Lauzun, the Countess of Egmont, the Marquis of Lusignan, the Marquis of Osmond, the mathematician d'Alembert, the German writer Melchior Grimm, the mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon de Laplace, the chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, the composers Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny, André Grétry, Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and playwright Louis Carrogis Carmontelle. The couple also gave theatrical presentations, some of which were written by the Marquise of Montesson.

In February 1785, upon the insistence of Louis XVI, and with some help from Madame du Barry, the Duke of Orléans sold the magnificent Château de Saint-Cloud, which had been in the Orléans family's possession since 1658, to Queen Marie Antoinette, for six million livres, a much reduced price than the original cost. The beautiful château had been ignored after the death of his wife Louise Henriette.

Surrounded by all the members of his immediate family, even his three children by Etiennette Le Marquis, Louis-Philippe died on 18 November 1785, at Sainte-Assise at the age of sixty.[11]

He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce convent in Paris, built by his ancestor Anne of Austria to celebrate the birth of Louis XIV of France, Louis Philippe's great grandfather.

## Ancestors

[edit]

Ancestors of Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans[12]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|

|  |  |
| 9\. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate

| 2\. Louis, Duke of Orléans|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Louis XIV of France

| 5\. Françoise Marie de Bourbon|

|  |  |
| 11\. Madame de Montespan

| 1\. Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Ferdinand Maximilian of Baden-Baden

| 6\. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|

|  |  |
| 13\. Louise of Savoy

| 3\. Auguste of Baden-Baden|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

| 7\. Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## References

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans.

1. ^ Antoine, Michel, Louis XV, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1989, p. 473.
2. ^ Dufresne, Claude, Les Orléans, CRITERION, Paris, 1991, chapter: Un "bon gros prince", pp. 191-196.
3. ^ Born Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina von Sachsen she would never marry and die as the Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen in 1826
4. ^ Ambrose. Tom, GODFATHER OF THE REVOLUTION, The Life of Philippe Égalité, duc d'Orléans, Peter Owen, pg.20-1
5. ^ Lorandi, Giacomo; Recca, Cinzia (2023), Persson, Fabian; Price, Munro; Recca, Cinzia (eds.), "The European Catholic Dynasties and the Fight Against Smallpox: Bourbon Rulers Between Resilient and Resistant Actions", Resilience and Recovery at Royal Courts, 1200–1840, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 141–161, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20123-3_9, ISBN 978-3-031-20123-3, retrieved 2024-12-10141-161&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/978-3-031-20123-3_9&rft.isbn=978-3-031-20123-3&rft.aulast=Lorandi&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft.au=Recca,+Cinzia&rft_id=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-20123-3_9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Louis+Philippe+I,+Duke+of+Orléans" class="Z3988">
6. ^ ib. Dufresne, pp. 197-199.
7. ^ "Etiennette le Marquis, dame de Villemonble, * 1737 | Geneall.net".
8. ^ ib. Dufresne, p. 204.
9. ^ Goods of the House of Orléans
10. ^ ib. Dufresne, p. 209.
11. ^ ib. Dufresne, p. 211.
12. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 89.

## Sources

[edit]

* Biography portal

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duke of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Louis Philippe" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.

Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

House of Orléans

Born: 12 May 1725 Died: 18 November 1785

Royal titles
Preceded by

Louis, Duke of Orléans

|  Duke of Chartres
1725-1752  | Succeeded by

Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans

Preceded by

Louis d'Orléans

|  Duke of Orléans
1752-1785  | Succeeded by

Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans

Preceded by

Louise Henriette de Bourbon

|  Duke of Étampes
1752-1759  | Succeeded by

Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans

Royal titles
Preceded by

Louis, Duke of Orléans

|  First Prince of the Blood
1752-1785  | Succeeded by

Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans

* v
* t
* e

Dukes of Orléans

Dukes of Orléans|

* Philippe
* Louis
* Charles
* Louis
* Henri
* Charles
* Louis
* Charles Maximilian
* Alexandre Édouard
* Nicolas Henri
* Gaston
* Philippe
* Philippe
* Louis
* Louis Philippe
* Louis Philippe Joseph
* Louis Philippe
* Ferdinand Philippe
* Philippe
* François

Current claimants|

* Jacques

* v
* t
* e

Counts/Countesses and Dukes/Duchesses of Chartres

Counts and countesses of Chartres|

* Hastein (882–886)
* Theobald I of Blois (960–975)
* Odo I of Blois (975–995)
* Theobald II of Blois (995–1004)
* Odo II of Blois (1004–1037)
* Theobald III of Blois (1037–1089)
* Stephen of Blois (1089–1102)
* Theobald IV of Blois (1102–1151)
* Theobald V of Blois (1151–1191)
* Louis I of Blois (1191–1205)
* Theobald VI of Blois (1205–1218)
* Isabelle of Chartres (1218–1248)
* Matilda of Amboise (1248–1256)
* John I of Blois (1256–1280)
* Joan of Blois (1280–1286)
* Crown lands of France (Philip IV of France)
* Charles of Valois (1290–1302)
* John of Valois (1302-1310)
* Charles of Valois (1310–1325)
* Louis of Valois, Count of Chartres (1325–1328)
* Charles II of Alençon (1328–1346)
* Crown lands of France
* Renée of France (1510–1528)

Dukes and duchesses of Chartres|

* Renée of France (1528–1574)
* Alfonso II d'Este (1574–1597)
* Crown lands of France
* Gaston (1626–1660)
* Philippe I (1661–1674)
* Philippe II (1674–1701)
* Louis (1703–1723)
* Louis Philippe I (1725–1752)
* Louis Philippe II (1752–1785)
* Louis Philippe (1785–1793)
* French Revolution
* Ferdinand Philippe (1814–1830)
* Robert (1840–1910)

Duke as a courtesy title|

* Charles-Louis d'Orléans [fr] (1996)

* v
* t
* e

Princes of Orléans

1st generation|

* Philippe I, Duke of Orléans^

2nd generation|

* Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois^
* Philippe II, Duke of Orléans^

3rd generation|

* Louis I, Duke of Orléans^

4th generation|

* Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans^

5th generation|

* Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans^

6th generation|

* Louis Philippe I of the French^
* Prince Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier^
* Prince Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais^

7th generation|

* Ferdinand Philippe, Prince Royal of France and Duke of Orléans
* Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours
* François, Prince of Joinville
* Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre^
* Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale
* Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier

8th generation|

* Prince Philippe, Count of Paris
* Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres
* Gaston, Prince Imperial Consort of Brazil and Count of Eu
* Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon
* Prince Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre
* Louis, Prince of Condé
* François, Duke of Guise
* Prince Antonio, Duke of Galliera

9th generation|

* Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans
* Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier
* Prince Henri
* Prince Jean, Duke of Guise
* Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme
* Prince Alfonso, Duke of Galliera
* Prince Luis Fernando

10th generation|

* Prince Henri, Count of Paris
* Prince Álvaro, Duke of Galliera
* Prince Ataúlfo
* Prince Charles Philippe

11th generation|

* Prince Henri, Count of Paris

12th generation|

* Prince François, Count of Clermont
* Prince Jean, Count of Paris
* Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou

^never styled Prince of Orléans

* v
* t
* e

Princes of the Blood

Generations are numbered by descent from Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme

1st generation|

* Antoine, King of Navarre
* Francis, Count of Enghien*
* Charles de Bourbon*
* Louis, Prince of Condé

2nd generation|

* Henri, Prince of Condé
* François, Prince of Conti
* Charles, Count of Soissons*

3rd generation|

* Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis, Count of Soissons

4th generation|

* Louis, Prince of Condé
* Armand, Prince of Conti
* Louis, Duke of Vendôme

5th generation|

* Henri Jules, Prince of Condé
* Louis Armand, Prince of Conti*
* François Louis, Prince of Conti
* Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme*
* Philippe, Duke of Vendôme*

6th generation|

* Louis, Duke of Orléans
* Louis, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé
* Louis Armand, Prince of Conti

7th generation|

* Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Charles, Count of Charolais
* Louis, Count of Clermont*
* Louis François, Prince of Conti

8th generation|

* Philippe, Duke of Orléans
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti

9th generation|

* Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
* Prince Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier
* Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé

10th generation|

* Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
* Louis, Duke of Nemours
* François, Prince of Joinville
* Charles, Duke of Penthièvre
* Henri, Duke of Aumale
* Antoine, Duke of Montpensier
* Louis Antoine Henri, Duke of Enghien*

*died without issue

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
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People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM

*[c.]: circa
*[m.]: married
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