Louise Glück

American poet and Nobel laureate (1943–2023)

Louise Glück

Glück c. 1977

Born| Louise Elisabeth Glück
(1943-04-22)April 22, 1943
New York City, U.S.
Died| October 13, 2023(2023-10-13) (aged 80)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation|

* Poet
* essayist
* professor

Education|

* Sarah Lawrence College
* Columbia University

Period| 1968–2023
Notable works|

* The Triumph of Achilles (1985)
* The Wild Iris (1992)

Notable awards|

* Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1993)
* Bollingen Prize (2001)
* U.S. Poet Laureate (2003–2004)
* National Book Award (2014)
* National Humanities Medal (2015)
* Nobel Prize in Literature (2020)

Spouse|

Charles Hertz Jr.

(m. 1967, divorced)​

John Dranow

(m. 1977; div. 1996)​

Children| 1
Relatives| Abigail Savage (niece)

Louise Elisabeth Glück (/ɡlɪk/ GLIK;[1][2] April 22, 1943 – October 13, 2023) was an American poet and essayist. She won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, whose judges praised "her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal".[3] Her other awards include the Pulitzer Prize, National Humanities Medal, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and Bollingen Prize. From 2003 to 2004, she was Poet Laureate of the United States.

Glück was born in New York City and raised on Long Island. She began to suffer from anorexia nervosa while in high school and later overcame the illness. She attended Sarah Lawrence College and Columbia University but did not obtain a degree. In addition to being an author, she taught poetry at several academic institutions.

Glück is often described as an autobiographical poet; her work is known for its emotional intensity and for frequently drawing on mythology or nature imagery to meditate on personal experiences and modern life. Thematically, her poems have illuminated aspects of trauma, desire, and nature. In doing so, they have become known for frank expressions of sadness and isolation. Scholars have also focused on her construction of poetic personas and the relationship, in her poems, between autobiography and classical myth.

Glück served as the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale University and as a professor of English at Stanford University. She split her time between Cambridge, Massachusetts; Montpelier, Vermont; and Berkeley, California.[4][5][6]

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

Louise Glück was born in New York City on April 22, 1943. She was the elder of two surviving daughters of Daniel Glück, a businessman, and Beatrice Glück (née Grosby), a homemaker.[7]

Glück's mother was of Russian Jewish descent.[8] Her paternal grandparents, Terézia (née Moskovitz) and Henrik Glück, were Hungarian Jews from Érmihályfalva, Bihar County, in what was then the Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Romania); her grandfather ran a timber company called "Feldmann és Glück".[9][10] They emigrated to the United States in December 1900 and eventually owned a grocery store in New York.[8] Glück's father, who was born in the United States, had an ambition to become a writer, but went into business with his brother-in-law.[11] Together, they achieved success when they invented the X-Acto knife.[12] Glück's mother was a graduate of Wellesley College. In her childhood, Glück's parents taught her Greek mythology and classic stories such as the life of Joan of Arc.[13] She began to write poetry at an early age.[14]

As a teenager, Glück developed anorexia nervosa,[12][15] which became the defining challenge of her late teenage and young adult years. She described the illness, in one essay, as the result of an effort to assert her independence from her mother.[16] Elsewhere, she connected her illness to the death of an elder sister, an event that occurred before she was born.[7] During the fall of her senior year at George W. Hewlett High School, in Hewlett, New York, she began psychoanalytic treatment. A few months later, she was taken out of school in order to focus on her rehabilitation, although she still graduated in 1961.[17] Of that decision, she wrote, "I understood that at some point I was going to die. What I knew more vividly, more viscerally, was that I did not want to die".[16] She spent the next seven years in therapy, which she credited with helping her to overcome the illness and teaching her how to think.[18]

As a result of her condition, Glück did not enroll in college as a full-time student. She described her decision to forgo higher education in favor of therapy as necessary: "… my emotional condition, my extreme rigidity of behavior and frantic dependence on ritual made other forms of education impossible".[19] Instead, she took a poetry class at Sarah Lawrence College and, from 1963 to 1966, she enrolled in poetry workshops at Columbia University's School of General Studies, which offered courses for non-degree students.[20][21][22] While there, she studied with Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. She credited these teachers as significant mentors in her development as a poet.[23]

### Career

[edit]

While attending poetry workshops, Glück began to publish her poems. Her first publication was in Mademoiselle, followed soon after by poems in Poetry, The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, The Nation, and other venues.[24][25] After leaving Columbia, Glück supported herself with secretarial work.[26] She married Charles Hertz Jr. in 1967.[27] In 1968, Glück published her first collection of poems, Firstborn, which received some positive critical attention. In a review, the poet Robert Hass described the book as "hard, artful, and full of pain".[28] However, reflecting on it in 2003, the critic Stephanie Burt said the collection "revealed a forceful but clotted poet, an anxious imitator of Robert Lowell and Sylvia Plath".[29] Following the publication, Glück experienced a prolonged case of writer's block, which was not cured, she said, until 1971, when she began to teach poetry at Goddard College in Vermont.[26][30] The poems she wrote during this time were collected in her second book, The House on Marshland (1975), which many critics have regarded as her breakthrough work, signaling her "discovery of a distinctive voice".[31]

In 1973, Glück gave birth to a son, Noah, with her partner, Keith Monley, who helped raise him for the first two years of his life.[12][32] Her marriage to Charles Hertz, Jr. had ended in divorce, and in 1977 she married John Dranow, an author who had started the summer writing program at Goddard College.[27][33] In 1980, Dranow and Francis Voigt, the husband of poet Ellen Bryant Voigt, co-founded the New England Culinary Institute as a private, for-profit college. Glück and Bryant Voigt were early investors in the institute and served on its board of directors.[33]

In 1980, Glück's third collection, Descending Figure, was published. It received some criticism for its tone and subject matter: for example, the poet Greg Kuzma accused Glück of being a "child hater" for her now anthologized poem, "The Drowned Children".[34] On the whole, however, the book was well received. In The American Poetry Review, Mary Kinzie praised the book's illumination of "deprived, harmed, stammering beings".[35] Writing in Poetry, the poet and critic J. D. McClatchy said the book was "a considerable advance on Glück's previous work" and "one of the year's outstanding books".[36] That same year, a fire destroyed Glück's house in Vermont, resulting in the loss of most of her possessions.[27]

In the wake of that tragedy, Glück began to write the poems that would later be collected in her award-winning work, The Triumph of Achilles (1985). Writing in The New York Times, the author and critic Liz Rosenberg described the collection as "clearer, purer, and sharper" than Glück's previous work.[37] The critic Peter Stitt, writing in The Georgia Review, declared that the book showed Glück to be "among the important poets of our age".[38] From the collection, the poem "Mock Orange", which has been likened to a feminist anthem,[39] has been called an "anthology piece" because of its frequent inclusion in poetry anthologies and college courses.[40]

In 1984, Glück joined the faculty of Williams College in Massachusetts as a senior lecturer in the English Department.[41] The following year, her father died.[42] The loss prompted her to begin a new collection of poems, Ararat (1990), the title of which references the mountain of the Genesis flood narrative. Writing in The New York Times in 2012, the critic Dwight Garner called it "the most brutal and sorrow-filled book of American poetry published in the last 25 years".[15] Glück followed this collection with one of her most popular and critically acclaimed books, The Wild Iris (1992), which features garden flowers in conversation with a gardener and a deity about the nature of life. Publishers Weekly proclaimed it an "important book" that showcased "poetry of great beauty".[43] The critic Elizabeth Lund, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, called it "a milestone work".[44] It went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1993, cementing Glück's reputation as a preeminent American poet.[45]

While the 1990s brought Glück literary success, it was also a period of personal hardship. Her marriage to John Dranow ended in divorce in 1996, the difficult nature of which affected their business relationship, resulting in Dranow's removal from his positions at the New England Culinary Institute.[33][46] Glück channeled her experience into her writing, entering a prolific period of her career. In 1994, she published a collection of essays called Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. She then produced Meadowlands (1996), a collection of poetry about the nature of love and the deterioration of a marriage.[47] She followed it with two more collections: Vita Nova (1999) and The Seven Ages (2001).

In 2004, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Glück published a chapbook entitled October. Consisting of one poem divided into six parts, it draws on ancient Greek myth to explore aspects of trauma and suffering.[48] That same year, she was named the Rosenkranz Writer in Residence at Yale University.[49]

After joining the faculty of Yale, Glück continued to publish poetry. Her books published during this period include Averno (2006), A Village Life (2009), and Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014). In 2012, the publication of a collection of a half-century's worth of her poems, entitled Poems: 1962–2012, was called "a literary event".[50] Another collection of her essays, entitled American Originality, appeared in 2017.[51]

In October 2020, Glück was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the sixteenth female literature laureate since the prize was founded in 1901.[52] Due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, she received her prize at her home.[53] In her Nobel lecture, which was delivered in writing, she highlighted her early engagement with poetry by William Blake and Emily Dickinson in discussing the relationship between poets, readers, and the wider public.[54]

In 2021, Glück's collection, Winter Recipes from the Collective, was published. In 2022, she was named the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale.[55] In 2023, she was appointed a professor of English at Stanford University, where she taught in the Creative Writing Program.[6]

### Personal life

[edit]

Glück's elder sister died young before Glück was born. Her younger sister, Tereze (1945–2018), worked at Citibank as a vice president and was also a writer, winning the Iowa Short Fiction Award in 1995 for her book, May You Live in Interesting Times.[56] Glück's niece is the actress Abigail Savage.[57]

She remained a close confidant and friend to Vermont novelist Kathryn Davis throughout her life. The two often corresponded to share their developing works, seeking creative advice throughout their lengthy friendship and writing careers.

Glück died from cancer at home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 13, 2023, at age 80.[58]

## Work

[edit]

External videos

Glück reads and discusses her poetry at a Lannan Foundation event in 2016. (9 mins)

Glück's work has been the subject of academic study. Her papers, including manuscripts, correspondence, and other materials, are housed at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.[59]

### Form

[edit]

Glück is best known for lyric poems of linguistic precision and dark tone. The poet Craig Morgan Teicher has described her as a writer for whom "words are always scarce, hard won, and not to be wasted".[60] The scholar Laura Quinney has argued that her careful use of words put Glück into "the line of American poets who value fierce lyric compression", from Emily Dickinson to Elizabeth Bishop.[61] Glück's poems shifted in form throughout her career, beginning with short, terse lyrics composed of compact lines and expanding into connected book-length sequences.[62] Her work is not known for poetic techniques such as rhyme or alliteration. Rather, the poet Robert Hahn has called her style "radically inconspicuous" or "virtually an absence of style", relying on a voice that blends "portentous intonations" with a conversational approach.[40]

Among scholars and reviewers, there has been discussion as to whether Glück is a confessional poet, owing to the prevalence of the first-person mode in her poems and their intimate subject matter, often inspired by events in Glück's personal life. The scholar Robert Baker has argued that Glück "is surely a confessional poet in some basic sense",[63] while the critic Michael Robbins has argued that Glück's poetry, unlike that of confessional poets Sylvia Plath or John Berryman, "depends upon the fiction of privacy".[64] In other words, she cannot be a confessional poet, Robbins argues, if she does not address an audience. Going further, Quinney argues that, to Glück, the confessional poem is "odious".[61] Others have noted that Glück's poems can be viewed as autobiographical, while her technique of inhabiting various personas, ranging from ancient Greek gods to garden flowers, renders her poems more than mere confessions. As the scholar Helen Vendler has noted: "In their obliquity and reserve, [Glück's poems] offer an alternative to first-person 'confession', while remaining indisputably personal".[65]

### Themes

[edit]

While Glück's work is thematically diverse, scholars and critics have identified several themes that are paramount. Most prominently, Glück's poetry can be said to focus on trauma, as she wrote throughout her career about death, loss, suffering, failed relationships, and attempts at healing and renewal.[66] The scholar Daniel Morris notes that even a Glück poem that uses traditionally happy or idyllic imagery "suggests the author's awareness of mortality, of the loss of innocence".[31] The scholar Joanne Feit Diehl echoes this notion when she argues that "this 'sense of an ending' … infuses Glück's poems with their retrospective power", pointing to her transformation of common objects, such as a baby stroller, into representations of loneliness and loss.[67] Yet, for Glück, trauma was arguably a gateway to a greater appreciation of life, a concept explored in The Triumph of Achilles. The triumph to which the title alludes is Achilles' acceptance of mortality—which enables him to become a more fully realized human being.[68]

Another of Glück's common themes is desire. Glück wrote directly about many forms of desire—for example, the desire for love or insight—but her approach is marked by ambivalence. Morris argues that Glück's poems, which often adopt contradictory points of view, reflect "her own ambivalent relationship to status, power, morality, gender, and, most of all, language".[69] The author Robert Boyer has characterized Glück's ambivalence as a result of "strenuous self-interrogation". He argues that "Glück's poems at their best have always moved between recoil and affirmation, sensuous immediacy and reflection … for a poet who can often seem earthbound and defiantly unillusioned, she has been powerfully responsive to the lure of the daily miracle and the sudden upsurge of overmastering emotion".[70] The tension between competing desires in Glück's work manifests both in her assumption of different personas from poem to poem and in her varied approach to each collection of her poems. This led the poet and scholar James Longenbach to declare that "change is Louise Glück's highest value" and "if change is what she most craves, it is also what she most resists, what is most difficult for her, most hard-won".[71]

Another of Glück's preoccupations was nature, the setting for many of her poems. In The Wild Iris, the poems take place in a garden where flowers have intelligent, emotive voices. However, Morris points out that The House on Marshland is also concerned with nature and can be read as a revision of the Romantic tradition of nature poetry.[72] In Ararat, too, "flowers become a language of mourning", useful for both commemoration and competition among mourners to determine the "ownership of nature as a meaningful system of symbolism".[73] Thus, in Glück's work nature is both something to be regarded critically and embraced. The author and critic Alan Williamson has said it can also sometimes suggest the divine, as when, in the poem "Celestial Music", the speaker states that "when you love the world you hear celestial music", or when, in "The Wild Iris", the deity speaks through changes in weather.[74]

Glück's poetry is also notable for what it avoids. Morris argues that

> Glück's writing most often evades ethnic identification, religious classification, or gendered affiliation. In fact, her poetry often negates critical assessments that affirm identity politics as criteria for literary evaluation. She resists canonization as a hyphenated poet (that is, as a "Jewish-American" poet, or a "feminist" poet, or a "nature" poet), preferring instead to retain an aura of iconoclasm, or in-betweenness.[75]

### Influences

[edit]

Glück pointed to the influence of psychoanalysis on her work, as well as her early learning in ancient legends, parables, and mythology. In addition, she credited the influence of Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. Scholars and critics have pointed to the literary influence on her work of Robert Lowell,[76] Rainer Maria Rilke,[64] and Emily Dickinson,[77] among others.

## Honors

[edit]

Glück received numerous honors for her work. Below are honors she received for both her body of work and individual works.

### Honors for body of work

[edit]

* Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship (1967)[78]
* National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1970)[79]
* Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts (1975)[80]
* National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1979)[79]
* American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature (1981)[81]
* Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts (1987)[80]
* National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1988)[79]
* Honorary Doctorate, Williams College (1993)[82]
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected Member (1993)[83]
* Vermont State Poet (1994–1998)[84]
* Honorary Doctorate, Skidmore College (1995)[85]
* Honorary Doctorate, Middlebury College (1996)[86]
* American Academy of Arts and Letters, Elected Member (1996)[87]
* Lannan Literary Award (1999)[88]
* School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences 50th Anniversary Medal, MIT (2001)[89]
* Bollingen Prize (2001)[90]
* Poet Laureate of the United States (2003–2004)[91]
* Wallace Stevens Award of the Academy of American Poets (2008)[92]
* Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry (2010)[93]
* American Academy of Achievement, Elected Member (2012)[94]
* American Philosophical Society, Elected Member (2014)[95]
* American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry (2015)[96]
* National Humanities Medal (2015)[97]
* Tranströmer Prize (2020)[98]
* Nobel Prize in Literature (2020)[3]
* Honorary Doctorate, Dartmouth College (2021)[99]

### Honors for individual works

[edit]

* Melville Cane Award for The Triumph of Achilles (1985)[100]
* National Book Critics Circle Award for The Triumph of Achilles (1985)[101]
* Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry for Ararat (1992)[102]
* William Carlos Williams Award for The Wild Iris (1993)[21]
* Pulitzer Prize for The Wild Iris (1993)[103]
* PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction for Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry (1995)[104]
* Ambassador Book Award of the English-Speaking Union for Vita Nova (2000)[105]
* Ambassador Book Award of the English-Speaking Union for Averno (2007)[106]
* L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award for Averno (2007)[107]
* Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Poems 1962–2012 (2012)[108]
* National Book Award for Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014)[109]

In addition, The Wild Iris, Vita Nova, and Averno were all finalists for the National Book Award.[110] The Seven Ages was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.[111][101] A Village Life was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Griffin International Poetry Prize.[112]

Glück's poems have been widely anthologized, including in the Norton Anthology of Poetry,[113] the Oxford Book of American Poetry,[114] and the Columbia Anthology of American Poetry.[115]

### Elected or invited posts

[edit]

In 1999, Glück, along with the poets Rita Dove and W. S. Merwin, was asked to serve as a special consultant to the Library of Congress for that institution's bicentennial. In this capacity, she helped the Library of Congress to determine programming to mark its 200th anniversary celebration.[116] In 1999, she was also elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, a post she held until 2005.[117] In 2003, she was appointed the judge of the Yale Series of Younger Poets, a position she held until 2010. The Yale Series is the oldest annual literary competition in the United States, and during her time as judge, she selected for publication works by the poets Jay Hopler, Peter Streckfus, and Fady Joudah, among others.[118]

Glück was a visiting faculty member at many institutions, including Stanford University,[119] Boston University,[120] the University of North Carolina, Greensboro,[121] and the Iowa Writers Workshop.[122]

## Selected bibliography

[edit]

### Poetry collections

[edit]

* Firstborn. The New American Library, 1968.
* The House on Marshland. The Ecco Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-912946-18-4
* Descending Figure. The Ecco Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-912946-71-9
* The Triumph of Achilles. The Ecco Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-88001-081-8
* Ararat. The Ecco Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-88001-247-8
* The Wild Iris. The Ecco Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-88001-281-2
* Meadowlands. The Ecco Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-88001-452-6
* Vita Nova. The Ecco Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-88001-634-6
* The Seven Ages. The Ecco Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-06-018526-8
* Averno. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. ISBN 978-0-374-10742-0
* A Village Life. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. ISBN 978-0-374-28374-2
* Poems: 1962–2012. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. ISBN 978-0-374-12608-7
* Faithful and Virtuous Night. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014. ISBN 978-0-374-15201-7
* Winter Recipes from the Collective. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. ISBN 978-0-374-60410-3

### Omnibus editions

[edit]

* The First Four Books of Poems. The Ecco Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-88001-421-2
* The First Five Books of Poems. Carcanet Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1-857543-12-4

### Chapbooks

[edit]

* The Garden. Antaeus Editions, 1976.[123]
* October. Sarabande Books, 2004. ISBN 978-1-932511-00-0

### Essay collections

[edit]

* Proofs and Theories: Essays on Poetry. The Ecco Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-88001-442-7
* American Originality: Essays on Poetry. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017. ISBN 978-0-374-29955-2

### Fiction

[edit]

* Marigold and Rose: A Fiction. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022. ISBN 978-0-374-60758-6

## See also

[edit]

* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Louise Glück wins Nobel Prize for Literature". BBC. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
2. ^ "Say How? – National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
3. ^ a b "Summary of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature". Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
4. ^ "Louise Glück | Authors | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
5. ^ Schley, Jim. "Book Review: 'Winter Recipes From the Collective,' Louise Glück". Seven Days. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
6. ^ a b Sanford, John. "With five new appointments, Creative Writing Program undergoing 'amazing transformation' | Stanford Humanities and Sciences". humsci.stanford.edu. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
7. ^ a b Morris, Daniel (2006). The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 25. ISBN 9780826216939.
8. ^ a b Morris, Daniel (2006). The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780826216939.
9. ^ Kiss, Gábor (October 10, 2020). "Az Értől Az Óceánig – A Nobel-Díjas Louise E. Glück Magyar Gyökerei". szombat. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
10. ^ Berger, Joel (December 10, 2020). "Es war einmal in Érmihályfalva" (PDF). Jüdische Allgemeine. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
11. ^ Glück, Louise (1994). Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. New York: The Ecco Press. p. 5.
12. ^ a b c Weeks, Linton (August 29, 2003). "Gluck to be Poet Laureate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
13. ^ Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. p. 7.
14. ^ Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. p. 8.
15. ^ a b Garner, Dwight (November 8, 2012). "Verses Wielded Like a Razor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
16. ^ a b Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. p. 11.
17. ^ "Louise Glück Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
18. ^ Gluck, Louise (October 27, 2012). "'A Voice of Spiritual Prophecy'. Louise Gluck Interview". Academy of Achievement. Washington D.C. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
19. ^ Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. p. 13.
20. ^ Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 28.
21. ^ a b Haralson, Eric L. (2014). Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 252\. ISBN 978-1-317-76322-2. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
22. ^ "Louise Glück 2020 Winner of Nobel Prize in Literature". Columbia – School of the Arts. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
23. ^ Chiasson, Dan (November 4, 2012). "The Body Artist". The New Yorker. No. November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
24. ^ Zuba, Jesse (2016). The First Book: Twentieth-Century Poetic Careers in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 128\. ISBN 978-1-4008-7379-1. OCLC 932268118.
25. ^ Ratiner, Steven (December 27, 2012). "Book World: Louise Gluck's 'Poems 1962–2012'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
26. ^ a b "Louise Glück". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
27. ^ a b c Morris, Daniel (2006). The Poetry of Louise Gluck: A Thematic Introduction. p. 29.
28. ^ Miklitsch, Robert (October 1, 1982). "Assembling a Landscape: The Poetry of Louise Gluck". Hollins Critic. 19 (4): 1. ISSN 0018-3644. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
29. ^ Burt, Stephen (September 21, 2003). "The Laureate: Why Louise Gluck's intensely private poetry is just what the public needs". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
30. ^ Duffy, John J.; Hand, Samuel B.; Orth, Ralph H. (2003). The Vermont Encyclopedia. UPNE. p. 138\. ISBN 978-1-58465-086-7.
31. ^ a b Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 4.
32. ^ Floersch, Larry (November 1, 2023). "State of Mind: Louise Glück (1943–2023): Food and Friendship: A Remembrance". The Montpelier Bridge. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
33. ^ a b c Flagg, Kathryn. "Vermont's Struggling Culinary School Plans Its Next Course". Seven Days. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
34. ^ George, E. Laurie (1990). "The 'Harsher Figure' of Descending Figure: Louise Gluck's 'Dive into the Wreck'" (PDF). Women's Studies. 17 (3–4): 235–247\. doi:10.1080/00497878.1990.9978808. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2020.3–4&rft.pages=235-247&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/00497878.1990.9978808&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=E.+Laurie&rft_id=http://faculty.washington.edu/elgeorge/The%20harsher%20figure%20of%20descending%20figure.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Louise+Glück" class="Z3988">
35. ^ Kinzie, Mary (1982). "Review of Descending Figure; Memory; Monolithos; The Southern Cross; Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems; Letters from a Father; Antarctic Traveller; Worldly Hopes". The American Poetry Review. 11 (5): 37–46\. ISSN 0360-3709. JSTOR 27777028.
36. ^ McClatchy, J. D. (1981). "Figures in the Landscape". Poetry. 138 (4): 231–241\. ISSN 0032-2032. JSTOR 20594296.
37. ^ Rosenberg, Liz (December 22, 1985). "Geckos, Porch Lights and Sighing Gardens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
38. ^ Stitt, Peter (1985). "Contemporary American Poems: Exclusive and Inclusive". The Georgia Review. 39 (4): 849–863\. ISSN 0016-8386. JSTOR 41398888.
39. ^ Abel, Colleen (January 15, 2019). "Speaking Against Silence". The Ploughshares Blog. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
40. ^ a b Hahn, Robert (Summer 2004). "Transporting the Wine of Tone: Louise Gluck in Italian". Michigan Quarterly Review. XLIII (3). hdl:2027/spo.act2080.0043.313. ISSN 1558-7266.
41. ^ Williams College. "Poet Louise Glück at Williams College Awarded Coveted Bollingen Prize". Office of Communications. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
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110. ^ "Louise Glück". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
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120. ^ "Creative Writing hosts faculty reading tonight". Boston University. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
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122. ^ "Louise Glück". LitCity University of Iowa. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
123. ^ Glück, Louise (October 14, 1976). "The Garden". Retrieved October 14, 2023.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Burnside, John, The Music of Time: Poetry in the Twentieth Century, London: Profile Books, 2019, ISBN 978-1-78125-561-2
* Dodd, Elizabeth, The Veiled Mirror and the Woman Poet: H.D., Louise Bogan, Elizabeth Bishop, and Louise Glück, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-8262-0857-6
* Doreski, William, The Modern Voice in American Poetry, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995, ISBN 978-0-8130-1362-6
* Feit Diehl, Joanne, editor, On Louise Glück: Change What You See, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-472-03062-0
* Gosmann, Uta, Poetic Memory: The Forgotten Self in Plath, Howe, Hinsey, and Glück, Madison: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-61147-037-6
* Harrison, DeSales, The End of the Mind: The Edge of the Intelligible in Hardy, Stevens, Larkin, Plath, and Glück, New York and London: Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-97029-7
* Morris, Daniel, The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8262-6556-2
* Upton, Lee, The Muse of Abandonment: Origin, Identity, Mastery in Five American Poets, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8387-5396-5
* Upton, Lee, Defensive Measures: The Poetry of Niedecker, Bishop, Glück, and Carson, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8387-5607-2
* Vendler, Helen, Part of Nature, Part of Us: Modern American Poets, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980, ISBN 978-0-674-65475-4
* Zuba, Jesse, The First Book: Twentieth-Century Poetic Careers in America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-16447-2

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louise Glück.

Library resources about
Louise Glück

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* Louise Glück Online resources from the Library of Congress
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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature

1901–1920|

* 1901: Sully Prudhomme
* 1902: Theodor Mommsen
* 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
* 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
* 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
* 1906: Giosuè Carducci
* 1907: Rudyard Kipling
* 1908: Rudolf Eucken
* 1909: Selma Lagerlöf
* 1910: Paul Heyse
* 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
* 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
* 1913: Rabindranath Tagore
* 1914
* 1915: Romain Rolland
* 1916: Verner von Heidenstam
* 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
* 1918
* 1919: Carl Spitteler
* 1920: Knut Hamsun

1921–1940|

* 1921: Anatole France
* 1922: Jacinto Benavente
* 1923: W. B. Yeats
* 1924: Władysław Reymont
* 1925: George Bernard Shaw
* 1926: Grazia Deledda
* 1927: Henri Bergson
* 1928: Sigrid Undset
* 1929: Thomas Mann
* 1930: Sinclair Lewis
* 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously)
* 1932: John Galsworthy
* 1933: Ivan Bunin
* 1934: Luigi Pirandello
* 1935
* 1936: Eugene O'Neill
* 1937: Roger Martin du Gard
* 1938: Pearl S. Buck
* 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
* 1940

1941–1960|

* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: Johannes V. Jensen
* 1945: Gabriela Mistral
* 1946: Hermann Hesse
* 1947: André Gide
* 1948: T. S. Eliot
* 1949: William Faulkner
* 1950: Bertrand Russell
* 1951: Pär Lagerkvist
* 1952: François Mauriac
* 1953: Winston Churchill
* 1954: Ernest Hemingway
* 1955: Halldór Laxness
* 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
* 1957: Albert Camus
* 1958: Boris Pasternak
* 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
* 1960: Saint-John Perse

1961–1980|

* 1961: Ivo Andrić
* 1962: John Steinbeck
* 1963: Giorgos Seferis
* 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)
* 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
* 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs
* 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
* 1968: Yasunari Kawabata
* 1969: Samuel Beckett
* 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* 1971: Pablo Neruda
* 1972: Heinrich Böll
* 1973: Patrick White
* 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
* 1975: Eugenio Montale
* 1976: Saul Bellow
* 1977: Vicente Aleixandre
* 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
* 1979: Odysseas Elytis
* 1980: Czesław Miłosz

1981–2000|

* 1981: Elias Canetti
* 1982: Gabriel García Márquez
* 1983: William Golding
* 1984: Jaroslav Seifert
* 1985: Claude Simon
* 1986: Wole Soyinka
* 1987: Joseph Brodsky
* 1988: Naguib Mahfouz
* 1989: Camilo José Cela
* 1990: Octavio Paz
* 1991: Nadine Gordimer
* 1992: Derek Walcott
* 1993: Toni Morrison
* 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe
* 1995: Seamus Heaney
* 1996: Wisława Szymborska
* 1997: Dario Fo
* 1998: José Saramago
* 1999: Günter Grass
* 2000: Gao Xingjian

2001–2020|

* 2001: V. S. Naipaul
* 2002: Imre Kertész
* 2003: J. M. Coetzee
* 2004: Elfriede Jelinek
* 2005: Harold Pinter
* 2006: Orhan Pamuk
* 2007: Doris Lessing
* 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio
* 2009: Herta Müller
* 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa
* 2011: Tomas Tranströmer
* 2012: Mo Yan
* 2013: Alice Munro
* 2014: Patrick Modiano
* 2015: Svetlana Alexievich
* 2016: Bob Dylan
* 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro
* 2018: Olga Tokarczuk
* 2019: Peter Handke
* 2020: Louise Glück

2021–present|

* 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah
* 2022: Annie Ernaux
* 2023: Jon Fosse
* 2024: Han Kang
* 2025: to be determined

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2020 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Emmanuelle Charpentier (France)
* Jennifer Doudna (United States)

Literature (2020)|

Louise Glück (United States)

Peace (2020)|

World Food Programme

Physics|

* Roger Penrose (United Kingdom)
* Reinhard Genzel (Germany)
* Andrea M. Ghez (United States)

Physiology or Medicine (2020)|

* Harvey J. Alter (United States)
* Michael Houghton (United Kingdom)
* Charles M. Rice (United States)

Economic Sciences (2020)|

* Paul Milgrom (United States)
* Robert B. Wilson (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

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Nobel Laureates in English literature

* 1907:  Kipling
* 1913:  Tagore†
* 1923:  Yeats
* 1925:  Shaw
* 1930:  Lewis
* 1932:  Galsworthy
* 1936:  O'Neill
* 1938:  Buck
* 1948:  Eliot
* 1949:  Faulkner
* 1950:  Russell
* 1953:  Churchill
* 1954:  Hemingway
* 1962:  Steinbeck
* 1969:  Beckett†
* 1973:  White
* 1976:  Bellow
* 1983:  Golding
* 1986:  Soyinka
* 1987:  Brodsky†
* 1991:  Gordimer
* 1992:  Walcott
* 1993:  Morrison
* 1995:  Heaney
* 2001:  Naipaul
* 2003:  Coetzee
* 2005:  Pinter
* 2007:  Lessing
* 2013:  Munro
* 2016:  Dylan
* 2017:  Ishiguro
* 2020:  Glück
* 2021:  Gurnah

* † Tagore, Beckett, and Brodsky also wrote in Bengali, French, and Russian languages respectively alongside English.

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Poets laureate / consultants in poetry to the Library of Congress

* Joseph Auslander (1937)
* Allen Tate (1943)
* Robert Penn Warren (1944)
* Louise Bogan (1945)
* Karl Shapiro (1946)
* Robert Lowell (1947)
* Léonie Adams (1948)
* Elizabeth Bishop (1949)
* Conrad Aiken (1950)
* William Carlos Williams (1952)
* Randall Jarrell (1956)
* Robert Frost (1958)
* Richard Eberhart (1959)
* Louis Untermeyer (1961)
* Howard Nemerov (1963)
* Reed Whittemore (1964)
* Stephen Spender (1965)
* James Dickey (1966)
* William Jay Smith (1968)
* William Stafford (1970)
* Josephine Jacobsen (1971)
* Daniel Hoffman (1973)
* Stanley Kunitz (1974)
* Robert Hayden (1976)
* William Meredith (1978)
* Maxine Kumin (1981)
* Anthony Hecht (1982)
* Reed Whittemore (1984)
* Robert Fitzgerald (1984)
* Gwendolyn Brooks (1985)
* Robert Penn Warren (1986)
* Richard Wilbur (1987)
* Howard Nemerov (1988)
* Mark Strand (1990)
* Joseph Brodsky (1991)
* Mona Van Duyn (1992)
* Rita Dove (1993)
* Robert Hass (1995)
* Robert Pinsky (1997)
* Rita Dove, Louise Glück & W. S. Merwin (1999)
* Stanley Kunitz (2000)
* Billy Collins (2001)
* Louise Glück (2003)
* Ted Kooser (2004)
* Donald Hall (2006)
* Charles Simic (2007)
* Kay Ryan (2008–2010)
* W. S. Merwin (2010–2011)
* Philip Levine (2011–2012)
* Natasha Trethewey (2012–2014)
* Charles Wright (2014–2015)
* Juan Felipe Herrera (2015–2017)
* Tracy K. Smith (2017–2019)
* Joy Harjo (2019–2022)
* Ada Limón (2022-present)

* v
* t
* e

Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1976–2000)

* John Ashbery (1976)
* James Merrill (1977)
* Howard Nemerov (1978)
* Robert Penn Warren (1979)
* Donald Justice (1980)
* James Schuyler (1981)
* Sylvia Plath (1982)
* Galway Kinnell (1983)
* Mary Oliver (1984)
* Carolyn Kizer (1985)
* Henry S. Taylor (1986)
* Rita Dove (1987)
* William Meredith (1988)
* Richard Wilbur (1989)
* Charles Simic (1990)
* Mona Van Duyn (1991)
* James Tate (1992)
* Louise Glück (1993)
* Yusef Komunyakaa (1994)
* Philip Levine (1995)
* Jorie Graham (1996)
* Lisel Mueller (1997)
* Charles Wright (1998)
* Mark Strand (1999)
* C. K. Williams (2000)

* Complete list
* (1922–1950)
* (1951–1975)
* (1976–2000)
* (2001–2025)

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Poets laureate of Vermont

* Robert Frost (1961-1963)
* Galway Kinnell (1989–1993)
* Louise Gluck (1994–1998)
* Ellen Bryant Voigt (1999–2002)
* Grace Paley (2003–2007)
* Ruth Stone (2007–2011)
* Sydney Lea (2011–2015)
* Chard deNiord (2015–2019)
* Mary Ruefle (2019–present)

Authority control databases

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Other|

* IdRef
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*[c.]: circa
*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
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