Low-power wide-area network

Type of wireless telecommunication network

Not to be confused with Low-power personal-area network.

Internet of things (IoT)

General concepts

* Computer appliance
* Distributed computing
* Embedded system
* Fog computing
* Home automation
* Industrial internet of things
* Mesh networking
* Wireless sensor network

Communication protocols

* 6LoWPAN
* Bluetooth LE
* Jini
* NB-IoT
* LTE-M
* LoRa
* Matter
* Thread
* Z-Wave
* zeroconf
* Zigbee
* Comparison of IoT protocols

* v
* t
* e

A low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN or LPWA network) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communication at a low bit rate between IoT devices, such as sensors operated on a battery.

Low power, low bit rate, and intended use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LPWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.

A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in gateway technology.

## Attributes

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1. Range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to over 10 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in previously infeasible indoor and underground locations.
2. Power: LPWAN manufacturers claim years to decades of usable life from built-in batteries, but real-world application tests have not confirmed this.[1]

## Platforms and technologies

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Some competing standards and vendors for LPWAN space include:[2]

* DASH7, a low latency, bi-directional firmware standard that operates over multiple LPWAN radio technologies including LoRa.
* Wize is an open and royalty-free standard for LPWAN derived from the European Standard Wireless Mbus.[3]

* Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) based devices.

* Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company.[4]

* LoRa is a proprietary, chirp spread spectrum radio modulation technology for LPWAN used by LoRaWAN, Haystack Technologies, and Symphony Link.[5][6]
* MIoTy, implementing Telegram Splitting technology.

* Weightless is an open standard, narrowband technology for LPWAN used by Ubiik
* ELTRES, a LPWA technology developed by Sony, with transmission ranges of over 100 km while moving at speeds of 100 km/h.[7]
* IEEE 802.11ah, also known as Wi-Fi HaLow, is a low-power, wide-area implementation of 802.11 wireless networking standard using sub-gig frequencies.[8]

### Ultra-narrow band

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Ultra Narrowband (UNB), modulation technology used for LPWAN by various companies including:

* Sigfox, French UNB-based technology company.[9]
* Weightless, a set of communication standards from the Weightless SIG.[10]
* NB-Fi Protocol, developed by WAVIoT company.[11]

### Others

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* DASH7 Mode 2 development framework for low power wireless networks, by Haystack Technologies.[12] Runs over many wireless radio standards like LoRa, LTE, 802.15.4g, and others.
* LTE Advanced for Machine Type Communications (LTE-M), an evolution of LTE communications for connected things by 3GPP.[13]
* MySensors, DIY Home Automation framework supporting different radios including LoRa.
* NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT), standardization effort by 3GPP for a LPWAN used in cellular networks.[14]
* Random phase multiple access (RPMA) from Ingenu, formerly known as On-Ramp Wireless, is based on a variation of CDMA technology for cellular phones, but uses unlicensed 2.4 GHz spectrum.[15][16] RPMA is used in GE's AMI metering.[17]
* Byron, a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology from Taggle Systems in Australia.[18]
* Wi-SUN, based on IEEE 802.15.4g.[19]

## See also

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* Internet of things
* Wide area networks
* Static Context Header Compression (SCHC)
* QRP operation
* Slowfeld
* Through-the-earth mine communications
* Short range device
* IEEE 802.15.4 (Low-power personal-area network)
* IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)

## References

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1. ^ Singh, Ritesh Kumar; Puluckul, Priyesh Pappinisseri; Berkvens, Rafael; Weyn, Maarten (2020-08-25). "Energy Consumption Analysis of LPWAN Technologies and Lifetime Estimation for IoT Application". Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 20 (17): 4794. Bibcode:2020Senso..20.4794S. doi:10.3390/s20174794. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 7506725. PMID 32854350.
2. ^ Sanchez-Iborra, Ramon; Cano, Maria-Dolores (2016). "State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services". Sensors. 16 (5): 708. Bibcode:2016Senso..16..708S. doi:10.3390/s16050708. PMC 4883399. PMID 27196909.
3. ^ Sheldon, John (2019-06-25). "French IoT Satellite Company Kinéis Announces Strategic Partnerships With Objenious And Wize Alliance". SpaceWatch.Global. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
4. ^ "SIGFOX Technology". Retrieved 2016-02-01.
5. ^ "What is LoRaWAN?". Link Labs. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
6. ^ Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra (2017). "Transmission Technologies Comparison for IoT Communications in Smart-Cities". GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference. pp. 1–6\. doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254530. ISBN 978-1-5090-5019-2. S2CID 44010035.
7. ^ "ELTRES Technology". Sony Semiconductor Solutions Group. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
8. ^ IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt Operation. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364. ISBN 978-1-5044-3911-4.
9. ^ "SIGFOX Technology". Retrieved 2016-02-01.
10. ^ "Weightless-N – Weightless". www.weightless.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
11. ^ "What is NB-Fi Protocol – WAVIoT LPWAN". WAVIoT LPWAN. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
12. ^ "Framework Details". haystacktechnologies.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
13. ^ Flynn, Kevin. "Evolution of LTE in Release 13". www.3gpp.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
14. ^ "LTE-M, NB-LTE-M, & NB-IOT: Three 3GPP IoT Technologies To Get Familiar With". Link Labs. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
15. ^ Freeman, Mike (2015-09-08). "On-Ramp Wireless becomes Ingenu, launches nationwide IoT network". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
16. ^ "Ingenu Launches the US's Newest IoT Network". Light Reading. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
17. ^ St. John, Jeff (2013-02-01). "GE Dives Into AMI Fray With On-Ramp Wireless: Greentech Media". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
18. ^ Guiterrez, Peter (October 13, 2016). "How Taggle is spreading LPWAN across Australia". IoT HUB. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
19. ^ "Wi-SUN Alliance". Wi-SUN Alliance. 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2019-12-16.

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