Lower Himalayan Range

Inner mountain range of the Himalayas

Not to be confused with Sub-Himalayan Range.

Lower Himalayan Range in Tansen, Nepal with the Great Himalayas in the background.

The Lower Himalayan Range also called the Lesser Himalayas or Himachal is one of the four parallel sub-ranges of the Himalayas.[1][2] It has the Great Himalayas to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south. It extends from the Indus River in Pakistan to the Brahmaputra Valley in North East India traversing across North India, Nepal and Bhutan.[3] The sub-range has an average elevation of 3,700–4,500 m (12,100–14,800 ft).[4]

## Background

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Southern slopes of the Himachal Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major fault system called the 'Main Boundary Thrust". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support upland pastures and terraced fields. Nepal's densely populated Middle Hills begin along the crest, extending north through lower valleys and other "hills" until population thins out above 2,000 m and cereal-based agriculture increasingly gives way to seasonal herding and cold-tolerant crops such as potatoes.

Most ethnic groups found along the Himachal Range and northward into the Middle Hills have Tibeto-Burman affinities including Nepalese origins of Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Rai and Limbu, however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European Hindus called Paharis, mainly of the upper Brahman, and Kshatriya, or Chhetri castes. Lower terrain south of the escarpment was historically malarial and inhabited by apparently aboriginal peoples with evolved immunity, notably the Tharu and Maithili people.

The Himachal Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. Drainage systems have evolved candelabra configurations with numerous tributaries flowing south from the Himalaya through the Middle Hills, gathering immediately north of the Himachal Range and cutting through in major gorges as the Karnali in the west, the Gandaki or Narayani in central Nepal, and the Kosi in the east. With temperatures persisting around forty degrees Celsius in the plains of India from April until the onset of the summer monsoon in June, but ten to fifteen degrees cooler atop the Himachal Range, various hill Stations have developed in the region.

## References

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1. ^ S. Sathyakumar; Mansi Mungee; Ranjana Pal (2020). "Biogeography of the Mountain Ranges of South Asia". Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes. Elsevier. pp. 543–554. ISBN 978-0-124-09548-9.
2. ^ "Physiography of Himalayas". Britannica. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
3. ^ Nag, Prithvish; Sengupta, Smita (1992). Geography of India. Concept Publishing. p. 40\. ISBN 978-8-170-22384-9.
4. ^ "Lesser Himalayas". Britannica. Retrieved 10 November 2024.

28°45′N 83°30′E﻿ / ﻿28.750°N 83.500°E﻿ / 28.750; 83.500

* v
* t
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Geography of South Asia

Mountains|

| Himalayas|

* Eastern Himalayas
* Black Mountains
* Dundwa Range
* Great Himalayas
* Eight-thousander
* Lesser Himalayas
* Sivalik Hills
* Tibetan Himalayas
* Western Himalayas
* Garhwal
* Kishtwar Himalaya
* Margalla Hills
* Ladakh Range
* Zanskar Range

|

Hindu Kush|

* Sulaiman
* Toba Kakar

Western Ghats|

* Ambanad
* Anaimalai
* Biligiriranga
* Cardamom
* Nilgiri
* Satmala
* Selbari
* Palani
* Peaks
* Thirumoorthy
* Trimbakeshwar

Eastern Ghats|

* Bilgiri
* Bodhamalai
* Chitteri
* Erramala
* Gandhamardan
* Garhjat
* Javadi
* Kalrayan
* Kolli
* Nallamalla
* Niyamgiri
* Pachaimalai
* Palkonda
* Seshachalam
* Simhachalam
* Servarayan
* Sirumalai
* Velikonda

* Aravalli
* Garo
* Jaintia
* Karakoram
* Khasi
* Lushai
* Naga
* Purvanchal
* Satpura
* Vindhya

Plateaus|

* Balochistan
* Chota Nagpur
* Deccan
* Ladakh
* Mysore
* Malwa
* Pothohar

Deserts|

* Thal
* Thar

Lowlands|

| Indo-Gangetic Plain|

* Ganges Basin
* Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta
* Punjab Plain
* Sundarbans
* Indus Basin
* Indus Delta

|

Coastal India|

* East Coast
* Coromandel
* Utkal
* West Coast
* Canara
* Konkan
* Malabar
* Rann of Kutch

* Makran
* Terai

Water-bodies|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Indian Ocean
* Laccadive Sea

Islands|

* Andaman and Nicobar
* Lakshadweep
* Majuli
* Pamban
* Maldives
* Sri Lanka

By country|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka

By region|

* Central
* Littoral
* Island
* Northern
* Northwestern
* Northeastern
* Southern
* Southwestern
* Southeastern

* v
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* e

Himalayas

Countries|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Nepal
* Pakistan

Sub-ranges|

* Great Himalayas
* Lesser Himalayas
* Sivalik Hills
* Tibetan Himalayas

Geology|

* Indian plate
* Eurasian plate
* Main Boundary Thrust
* Main Frontal Thrust
* Main Himalayan Thrust
* Main Central Thrust
* South Tibetan Detachment
* Tethys Ocean

Mountains|

| Eastern|

* Assam Himalaya
* Black Mountains
* Dundwa Range
* Ganesh Himal
* Gurans Himal
* Mahalangur Himal
* Mishmi Hills
* Nalakankar Himal

|

Western|

* Dhauladhar
* Dudhatoli
* Garhwal
* Kishtwar Himalaya
* Kumaon
* Margalla Hills
* Ladakh Range
* Pir Panjal
* Zanskar Range

Related|

* Arakan Yoma
* Garo
* Hindu Kush
* Karakoram
* Jaintia
* Khasi
* Lushai
* Naga
* Purvanchal
* Transhimalaya

Peaks|

| Eight-thousander|

* Annapurna I
* Cho Oyu
* Dhaulagiri I
* Everest
* Kanchenjunga
* Lhotse
* Makalu
* Manaslu
* Nanga Parbat
* Shishapangma

|

Ultras|

* Ama Dablam
* Bandarpunch
* Dorje Lakpa
* Gangkhar Puensum
* Gurla Mandhata
* Gyachung Kang
* Gyala Peri
* Jomolhari
* Kamet
* Kangtega
* Kangto
* Kedarnath
* Kula Kangri
* Labuche Kang
* Langtang Lirung
* Machapuchare
* Mana Peak
* Namcha Barwa
* Nanda Devi
* Noijin Kangsang
* Nuptse
* Tongshanjiabu
* Yangra

Passes|

* Banihal
* Bara-lacha la
* Changla Pass
* Jelep La
* Khardung La
* Kora La
* Kunzum
* Lipulekh
* Mana
* Mohan
* Nathu La
* Rohtang
* Sela
* Shipki La
* Thorong La
* Umling La
* Zoji La

Valleys|

* Chenab
* Doon
* Hunza
* Kashmir
* Kathmandu
* Rolwaling

Glaciers|

* Ambulapcha
* Angsi
* Bara
* Chhota
* Chumik
* Dakshini
* Drang-Drung
* Gangotri
* Gomukh
* Hunku
* Imja
* Kafni
* Kalabaland
* Kangshung
* Kedarnath
* Khatling
* Khumbu
* Khumbu Icefall
* Langtang
* Lhotse
* Lonak
* Machoi
* Meola
* Milam
* Namik
* Nanda
* Nangpai
* Ngozumpa
* Nupchu
* Panchchuli
* Pindari
* Ralam
* Rathong
* Rongbuk
* Satopanth
* Shafat
* Siachen
* Sona
* Teesta Khangtse
* Thulagi
* Yamatari
* Yamunotri
* Zemu

Rivers|

| Indus|

* Beas
* Baspa
* Parvati
* Spiti
* Chenab
* Marusudar
* Tawi
* Jhelum
* Lidder
* Neelum
* Poonch
* Sind
* Ravi
* Shyok
* Nubra
* Suru
* Dras
* Shingo
* Sutlej
* Yapola
* Zanskar
* Markha
* Tsarap
* Doda

|

Brahmaputra|

* Beki
* Dibang
* Dihing
* Kameng
* Kolong
* Lohit
* Manas
* Raidak
* Sankosh
* Subansiri
* Teesta

Ganges|

* Alaknanda
* Mandakini
* Pindar
* Nandakini
* Dhauliganga
* Rishiganga
* Bagmati
* Bhagirathi
* Bhilangna
* Jahanavi
* Gandaki
* Ghaghara
* Gori Ganga
* Rohni
* Sarju
* Sharda
* Gomti
* Kosi
* Ramganga
* Yamuna

Lakes|

* Anchar
* Bhimtal
* Bhrigu
* Bhullatal
* Brari
* Chander
* Chandra
* Dal
* Dashair
* Dehnasar
* Deoria
* Dhankar
* Dodital
* Gadsar
* Gangabal
* Gangapurna
* Ghadhasaru
* Gil
* Gokyo
* Gurudongmar
* Hokersar
* Homkund
* Imja
* Kamrunag
* Kareri
* Kausar
* Kedartal
* Khajjiar
* Khanpursar
* Khushal
* Krishansar
* Menmecho
* Lama
* Macchial
* Mahakali
* Manasbal
* Manimahesh
* Mansar
* Marsar
* Nainital
* Nako
* Nandan
* Narayanbagh
* Naukuchiatal
* Nigeen
* Nilnag
* Nundkol
* Pandoh
* Pangong
* Panna
* Phoksundo
* Prashar
* Rara
* Renuka
* Rewalsar
* Roopkund
* Rukmani
* Samiti
* Satopanth
* Satsar
* Sattal
* Seruvalsar
* Sheshnag
* South Lhonak
* Suraj
* Surinsar
* Tarsar
* Tilicho
* Tsho
* Tso Kar
* Tso Lhamo
* Tso Moriri
* Tsomgo
* Tulian
* Vishansar
* Waskura
* Wular

Ecoregions|

* Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
* Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
* Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
* Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
* Himalayan subtropical pine forests
* Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
* Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
* Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

Towns|

* Darjeeling
* Dehradun
* Dharamshala
* Kathmandu
* Kullu
* Manali
* Mussoorie
* Nainital
* Paro
* Shimla
* Srinagar

Transport|

| Road|

* Arniko Highway
* East-West Highway
* Hindustan-Tibet Road
* Jammu–Srinagar Highway
* Karakoram Highway
* Kathmandu–Terai Expressway
* Manali-Leh Highway
* Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road
* Path of the Mani
* Srinagar-Leh highway
* Tribhuvan Highway

|

Rail|

* Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
* Jammu–Baramulla line
* Kalka-Shimla Railway
* Kangra Valley Railway
* Raxaul-Amlekhganj

Air|

* Chinyalisaur
* Daporijo
* Daulat Beg Oldi
* Dehradun
* Kathmandu
* Kullu-Manali
* Leh
* Lukla
* Pakyong
* Paro
* Pithoragarh
* Shimla
* Srinagar

Mountaineering|

* Great Himalaya Trail
* Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
* Mountaineering expeditions
* Snowman Trek
* Trekking peak

People|

* Aka
* Apatani
* Balti
* Bhutia
* Dard
* Gaddi
* Abor
* Gujjar
* Gurung
* Miri
* Kanet
* Kashmiri people
* Khamti people
* Khowa
* Kirat
* Ladakhi
* Lepcha
* Magar
* Mishmi
* Newar
* Dafla
* Pahari
* Sherpa
* Singpho
* Tamang

Religious sites|

* Alchi
* Amarnath
* Changri
* Chota Char Dham
* Badrinath
* Gangotri
* Kedarnath
* Yamunotri
* Harmukh
* Hemis
* Himavat
* Kardang
* Key
* Muktinath
* Paro Taktsang
* Pashupatinath
* Spituk
* Thikse

Related|

* Himalayan Database
* Himalayan Rim
* Indian Himalayas
* International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
* Works about the Himalayas

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

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