Lower Myanmar

Geographic and historic region of Burma

History of Myanmar

* Prehistory of Myanmar 11,000–200 BCE
* Pyu city-states 200 BCE – 1050 CE

(Sri Ksetra kingdom, Tagaung Kingdom)

* Mon kingdoms 825?–1057? CE

(Thaton kingdom)

* Arakanese kingdoms 788?–1406

* Pagan kingdom 849–1297
* Early Pagan kingdom 849–1044
* Warring states period
* Upper Myanmar 1297–1555
* Myinsaing and Pinya kingdoms 1297–1365
* Sagaing kingdom 1315–1365
* Kingdom of Ava 1365–1555
* Prome kingdom 1482–1542
* Hanthawaddy kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552
* Shan States 1215–1563
* Kingdom of Mrauk U 1429–1785
* Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752
* First Toungoo Empire 1510–1599
* Nyaungyan restoration 1599–1752
* Restored Hanthawaddy 1740–1757
* Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885

* British colonial period 1824–1948
* Anglo-Burmese Wars 1824–1885
* Resistance movement 1885–1895
* Nationalist movement 1900–1948
* Japanese occupation 1942–1945

* Modern era 1948–present
* AFPFL government 1948–1962
* Ne Win dictatorship 1962–1988
* SLORC / SPDC junta 1988–2010
* Political reforms 2011–2015
* SAC junta 2021–present

* Timeline
* List of capitals
* Leaders
* Royal chronicles
* Military history
* Military rule

Myanmar portal

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Lower Myanmar (Burmese: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Lower Burma) is a geographic region of Myanmar and includes the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta (Ayeyarwady, Bago and Yangon Regions), as well as coastal regions of the country (Rakhine and Mon States and Tanintharyi Region).

In the Burmese language, people originating from Upper Myanmar are typically called a-nya-tha for men and a-nya-thu for women, whereas those from Lower Myanmar are called auk tha (အောက်သား) for men and auk thu for women.[1]

Green represents Upper Myanmar and Yellow represents Lower Myanmar

## History

[edit]

The territories of present day Lower Myanmar was part of Pagan Kingdom until the end of 13th century. After the collapse of Pagan Kingdom, the territories become Martaban Hanthawaddy Kingdom founded by King Wareru. From the 16th century to the middle of 18th century, Pagu was a province of Toungoo Dynasty. In 1752, Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom successfully overthrown Toungoo Dynasty but later conquered by Konbaung Dynasty led by King Alaungpaya. So, Pegu became a province of Konbaung Dynasty with the name of Lower Province (အောက်ပြည်). After the loss of Second Anglo-Burmese War, East India Company annexed Lower Province, Prome and Toungoo. Lower Province was divided into Irrawaddy Division, Pegu Division, Toungoo District and  Salween District of Tenasareim Division.[citation needed]

Historically, Lower Myanmar referred to the part of Myanmar annexed by the British Empire after the end of the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852,[2] Arakan Province and Tavoy(Tenasserim) Province which the British had taken control of in 1826 through the Treaty of Yandabo.[3] Lower Myanmar was centred at Rangoon, and composed of all of the coast of modern Myanmar, and also the lower basin of the Irrawaddy River, including Prome. Until the early 19th century, Lower Myanmar was predominantly populated by the Mon and Karen tribes and was a historical stronghold of the Mon people.

Lower Burma in pink, as opposed to Upper Myanmar in orange.

This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Houtman, Gustaaf (1990). Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). p. 266\. "In the Burmese language it is common to distinguish between 'Lower (Myanmar) Person' (auk-tha for men, and auk-thu for women), and 'Upper (Myanmar) Person'..."
2. ^ Mya Than (1992). Myanmar's External Trade: An Overview in the Southeast Asian Context. Institute of Southeast Asian. p. 7\. ISBN 98-130-1613-2.
3. ^ James Stuart Olson & Robert Shadle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 214\. ISBN 03-132-9366-X.

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Presidencies and provinces of British India

Italics = areas outside present-day India and Pakistan

Presidencies|

* Agra Presidency
* Bengal Presidency
* Bombay Presidency
* Madras Presidency
* Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements
* Straits Settlements Presidency (at Penang)
* Western Presidency (Surat Presidency)

Provinces|

* Aden Province (associated, in Yemen, Arabia)
* Agra Province
* Ajmer-Merwara
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Assam Province
* Baluchistan
* Bengal Province
* Berar Province
* Bihar and Orissa Province
* Bihar Province
* (Upper) Burma
* Central Provinces
* Central Provinces and Berar
* Coorg Province
* Delhi Province
* Eastern Bengal and Assam
* Lower Burma
* Nagpur Province
* North-West Frontier Province
* North-Western Provinces
* Orissa Province
* Panth-Piploda Province
* Punjab Province
* Sind Province
* United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
* United Provinces of British India
* United Provinces

* Agencies of British India
* British Empire in India
* British rule in Burma
* Districts of British India
* Divisions of British India
* List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)
* Residencies of British India
* Subdivisions of British India
* Territorial evolution of the British Empire

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