Lucien Bonaparte

French politician and diplomat (1775–1840)

For other uses, see Lucien Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Lucien Bonaparte

Prince of Canino and Musignano

Portrait by François-Xavier Fabre, 1808

Minister of the Interior
In office
25 December 1799 – 7 November 1800
Preceded by| Pierre-Simon Laplace
Succeeded by| Jean-Antoine Chaptal
President of the Council of Five Hundred
In office
23 October 1799 – 12 November 1799
Preceded by| Jean-Pierre Chazal
Succeeded by| Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe
Member of the Council of Five Hundred for Liamone
In office
12 April 1798 – 26 December 1799
Personal details
Born| 21 May 1775
Ajaccio, Corsica, Kingdom of France
Died| 29 June 1840(1840-06-29) (aged 65)
Viterbo, Papal States
Spouses|

Christine Boyer

(m. 1794; died 1800)​

Alexandrine de Bleschamp

(m. 1802)​

Parents|

* Carlo Buonaparte (father)
* Letizia Ramolino (mother)

Signature|

Lucien Bonaparte, 1st Prince of Canino and Musignano (French pronunciation: [lysjɛ̃ bɔnapaʁt]; born Luciano Buonaparte; 21 May 1775 – 29 June 1840), was a French politician and diplomat of the French Revolution and the Consulate. He served as Minister of the Interior from 1799 to 1800 and as the president of the Council of Five Hundred in 1799.

The third surviving son of Carlo Bonaparte and his wife Letizia Ramolino, Lucien was the younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. As president of the Council of Five Hundred, he was one of the participants of the Coup of 18 Brumaire that brought Napoleon to power in France.

## Early life

[edit]

Lucien was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on 21 May 1775. He was educated in mainland France, initially studying at the military schools of Autun and Brienne. After his father's death, he attended the seminary of Aix-en-Provence, from which he dropped out in 1789.[1]

## Revolutionary activities

[edit]

Lucien became a staunch supporter of the French Revolution upon its outbreak in 1789, when he was 14 years old.[2] He returned to Corsica at the start of the Revolution, and became an outspoken orator at the Corsican chapter of the Jacobin Club in Ajaccio, where he adopted the alias "Brutus Bonaparte".[2][1] In 1791, he became a secretary to Corsican patriot Pasquale Paoli, but broke with him in May 1793 (along with his brother Napoleon).[2]

After returning to mainland France, Lucien held a number of minor administrative posts from 1793 until 1795, when he was briefly jailed for his Jacobin activity, during the Thermidorian Reaction.[1] He was released thanks to Napoleon's intervention, who then found him an administrative assignment in the Army of the North.[1]

## Political career

[edit]

In 1798, Lucien was elected member of the Council of Five Hundred for Corsica's Liamone department (although he was not old enough to run for election).[1] In the legislature, he mostly voted with the Neo-Jacobins, and participated in the Coup of 30 Prairial VII. However, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès' influence and news of the events in Egypt led to a shift in his political stance, and Lucien became one of the main plotters of coup d'état of 18 Brumaire, in which Napoleon overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate.

On 23 October 1799, Lucien was elected president of the Council of Five Hundred. On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire Year VIII on the French Republican Calendar), he had pamphlets distributed in Paris that detailed a fake Jacobin plot, which he used to justify the relocation of the Council to the suburban security of Saint-Cloud.[1] The next day, while presiding over a heated council session, Lucien managed to buy time until Napoleon's sudden entrance into the chamber surrounded by grenadiers.[1] During the coup, Lucien swore he would stab his brother in the chest if he ever betrayed the principles of Liberté, égalité, fraternité.[1] The following day, Lucien arranged for Napoleon's formal election as First Consul.

Under the Consulate, Lucien was appointed Minister of the Interior on 25 December 1799.[1] In this capacity, Lucien oversaw the appointment of the first prefects and falsified the results of the constitutional referendum of February 1800.[1] He clashed over the right to oversee Paris police matters with Joseph Fouché,[1] the Minister of Police, who showed Napoleon a subversive pamphlet possibly written by Lucien and effected a breach between the brothers. Some evidence exists that Napoleon himself wrote the pamphlet and scapegoated his brother when it was received poorly.[3] He resigned as minister in November 1800.[1]

Following his resignation, on 7 November 1800 Lucien was sent as ambassador to the court of King Charles IV of Spain, where his diplomatic talents won over the Bourbon royal family and, perhaps as importantly, the minister Manuel de Godoy.[4] In March 1801, Lucien and Godoy signed the Treaty of Aranjuez, establishing the French client kingdom of Etruria.[1] On 4 August 1801 he was created a Grand-Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour.[citation needed]

### Disputes with Napoleon

[edit]

Though he was a member of the Tribunat and on 4 August 1801 was made a senator of the First French Empire, Lucien came to oppose many of Napoleon's ideas. In 1804, with Lucien disliking Napoleon's intention to declare himself as Emperor of the French and to marry Lucien off to a Bourbon Spanish princess, the Queen of Etruria, Lucien spurned all imperial honours and went into self-imposed exile by living initially in Rome, where he bought the Villa Rufinella in Frascati.[citation needed]

## Later years

[edit]

Portrait by Robert Lefèvre in the Palace of Versailles

In 1809, Napoleon increased pressure on Lucien to divorce his wife and return to France, even having their mother write a letter encouraging him to abandon her and return. With the whole of the Papal States annexed to France and the Pope imprisoned, Lucien was a virtual prisoner in his Italian estates, requiring permission of the Military Governor to venture off his property. He ceased to be a senator on 27 September 1810. He attempted to sail to the United States to escape his situation but was captured by the British.[1] When he disembarked in Britain, he was greeted with cheers and applause by the crowd, many of whom saw him as anti-Napoleonic.

The government permitted Lucien to settle comfortably with his family at Ludlow, and later at Thorngrove House in Grimley, Worcestershire, where he worked on a heroic poem on Charlemagne. Napoleon, believing Lucien had deliberately gone to Britain and thus a traitor, had Lucien omitted from the Imperial almanacs of the Bonapartes from 1811 until his 1814 abdication.[citation needed]

Lucien returned to France following his brother's abdication in April 1814.[1] He continued to Rome, where on 18 August 1814 he was made Prince of Canino, Count of Apollino, and Lord of Nemori by Pope Pius VII.[5]

In the Hundred Days after Napoleon's return to France from exile in Elba, Lucien rallied to his brother's cause, and they joined forces once again during Napoleon's brief return to power.[1] His brother made him a French Prince and included his children into the Imperial Family, but this was not recognized by the Bourbons after Napoleon's second abdication. Subsequently, Lucien was proscribed at the Restoration and deprived of his fauteuil at the Académie Française. He was made Prince of Musignano on 21 March 1824 by Pope Leo XII.[5] In 1836 he wrote his Mémoires. He was created Prince Buonaparte on 16 April 1837 by Pope Gregory XVI. He died in Viterbo, Papal States, on 29 June 1840, of stomach cancer, the same disease that claimed his father and, reportedly, his brother Napoleon.[5]

### Academic activities

[edit]

Lucien Bonaparte was the inspiration behind the Napoleonic reconstitution of the dispersed Académie Française in 1803, where he took a seat. He collected paintings in la maison de campagne at Brienne, was a member of Jeanne Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier's salon and wrote a novel, La Tribu indienne. He was an amateur archeologist, establishing excavations at his property in Frascati which produced a complete statue of Tiberius, and at Musignano which rendered a bust of Juno. Bonaparte owned a parcel which had once formed part of Cicero's estate called Tusculum, and was much given to commenting on the fact. In 1825, Bonaparte excavated the so-called Tusculum portrait of Julius Caesar at the Tusculum's forum.[6]

In 1823, Bonaparte was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.[7]

## Marriages and children

[edit]

His first wife was his landlord's daughter, Christine Boyer (3 July 1771 - 14 May 1800),[8] the illiterate sister of an innkeeper of Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, whom he married on 4 May 1794 at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, and by her he had four children:

* Filistine Charlotte then Christine Charlotte Bonaparte (Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, 28 February 1795 – Rome, 6 May 1865). She married firstly in Rome on 27 December 1815 Mario Gabrielli, Prince of Prossedi (Rome, 6 December 1773 - Rome, 18 September 1841). She married secondly secretly in 1842 Cavaliere Settimio Centamori. She had eight children by her first husband:
* a son Bonaparte (Augsburg, 13 March 1796 – Augsburg, 13 March 1796);
* Victoire Gertrude Bonaparte (Ajaccio, 1797 – Ajaccio, 1797);
* Christine Charlotte Alexandrine Egypta Bonaparte (Paris, 18 October 1798 – Rome, 19 May 1847); married firstly in Rome on 18 March 1818 Arvid, Count Posse (Sweden, 11 June 1782 - Washington, D.C., May 1826 or San Antonio de Béxar, Tejas, Coahuila y Tejas, 1831), son of Fredrik, Count Posse, and wife Carolina Stedt. This ended in divorce in 1824. She married secondly on 20 July 1824 Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart (London, 11 January 1803 - Stockholm, 17 November 1854). She had one child, a son, by her second husband.[9]

His second wife was Alexandrine de Bleschamp (23 February 1778 - 12 July 1855), widow of Hippolyte Jouberthon, known as "Madame Jouberthon",[10] whom he married in a religious ceremony on 25 May 1803 at Paris and in a civil marriage on 26 October 1803 at Chamant, Plessis, and by her he had ten children:

* Charles Lucien Bonaparte (Paris, 24 May 1803 - Paris, 29 July 1857), the naturalist and ornithologist.
* Laetitia Bonaparte (Milan, 1 December 1804 - Viterbo, 15 March 1871), married in Canino on 4 March 1821 Sir Thomas Wyse (1791 - 1862).
* Joseph Bonaparte (Rome, 14 June 1806 - Rome, 15 August 1807).
* Jeanne Bonaparte (Rome, 22 July 1807 - Iesi, 22 September 1829), married in Canino in June 1825 Marquess Honorato Honorati (1800 - 1856).
* Paul Marie Bonaparte (Canino, 3 November 1809 - off Nauplia, 7 September 1827).
* Louis Lucien Bonaparte (Grimley, Worcestershire, 4 January 1813 - Fano, Ancona, 3 November 1891). A philologist and politician, expert on the Basque language.
* Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte (Rome, 11 October 1815 - Versailles, 7 April 1881).
* Antoine Bonaparte (Frascati, 31 October 1816 - Florence, 28 March 1877), married on 9 July 1839 Marie-Anne Carolina Cardinali (Lucca, 24 February 1823 - Florence, 10 October 1879), without issue.
* Marie Alexandrine Bonaparte (Perugia, 10 October 1818 - Florence, 20 August 1874), married on 29 July 1836 Vincenzo Valentini, Count of Laviano (Canino, 1808 - Porretta Terme, 1858).
* Constance Bonaparte (Bologna, 30 January 1823 - Rome, 5 September 1876), a nun and an abbess in Rome.

## Coat of arms

[edit]

* Coat of arms of the Bonaparte family

* Coat of arms as Prince of Canino and Musignano

* Coat of arms as a French prince during the Hundred Days

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Lucien Bonaparte (Prince of Canino), 1775-1840, Minister". napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon.
2. ^ a b c Harrison W. Mark (14 July 2022). "Napoleon Bonaparte During the Early French Revolution (1789-1794)". World History Encyclopedia.
3. ^ Scurr, Ruth, Napoleon: A Life Told in Gardens and Shadows, (Liveright, 2021), pp 119.
4. ^ Schom, Alan, Napoleon Bonaparte, (HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), pp 237, 238.
5. ^ a b c Stroud, Patricia Tyson, The Emperor of Nature: Charles-Lucien Bonaparte and his world, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), pp.21; 160.
6. ^ The J. Paul Getty Museum (1987). Ancient Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum: Volume 1. Getty Publications. p. 24\. ISBN 0892360712.
7. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
8. ^ de Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet and Ramsay Weston Phipps, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, Vol.1, (Charles Scribner's Sons:New York, 1895), 100.
9. ^ "Catherine Christine Elenora Boyer". 28 April 2022.
10. ^ Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard and Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon's brothers, (Methuen and Co.:London, 1909), 98.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Marcello Simonetta & Noga Arikha, Napoleon and the Rebel: A Story of Brotherhood, Passion, and Power (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) ISBN 978-0-23011-156-1

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucien Bonaparte.

* Académie Francaise: Les Immortels: (in French)
* Lucien Bonaparte

Lucien Bonaparte

House of Bonaparte

Born: 21 May 1775 Died: 29 June 1840

Titles of nobility
New title |  Prince of Canino
1814-1840  | Succeeded by

Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Prince of Musignano
1824-1840

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* Carlo Maria Buonaparte (father)
* Letizia Ramolino (mother)
* Joseph Bonaparte (brother)
* Lucien Bonaparte (brother)
* Louis Bonaparte (brother)
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* Caroline Bonaparte (sister)
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Emperor and immediate family|

* Napoleon, Emperor of the French
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French Princes|

* Joseph Bonaparte
* Louis Bonaparte
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Several family members held additional titles in vassal states

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Bonaparte family

1st generation|

* Joseph I of Spain
* Napoléon I
* Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
* Louis I of Holland
* Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
* Caroline, Queen of Naples
* Jérôme I of Westfalia

2nd generation|

* Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano
* Princess Charlotte
* Napoléon II
* Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli
* Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Prince Louis Lucien
* Prince Pierre Napoléon
* Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland
* Louis II of Holland
* Napoléon III
* Dermide Leclerc
* Prince Jérôme Napoléon
* Prince Jérôme
* Mathilde, Princess of San Donato
* Napoléon, Prince of Monfort

3rd generation|

* Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli
* Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon
* Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France
* Prince Jerome Napoleon II
* Prince Charles
* Victor, Prince Napoléon
* Prince Louis Bonaparte
* Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta
* William Bonaparte-Wyse
* Marie Bonaparte-Wyse
* Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse

4th generation|

* Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti
* Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa
* Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark
* Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt
* Louis, Prince Napoléon
* Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse
* Eugenia Rasponi

5th generation|

* Charles, Prince Napoléon

6th generation|

* Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

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Significant civil and political events by year

1788|

* Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
* Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)

1789|

* What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
* Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
* Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789)
* Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789)
* National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
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* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789)
* Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
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1790|

* Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
* Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War (Jun 1790 – 1791)
* Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790)
* Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
* Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790)

1791|

* Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
* Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791)
* Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
* The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
* National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)

1792|

* France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
* Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
* Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
* 10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
* September Massacres (Sep 1792)
* National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
* First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)

1793|

* Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
* Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
* Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
* Committee of Public Safety
* Committee of General Security
* Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
* Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
* Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
* The Death of Marat (painting)
* Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
* Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
* Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)

1794|

* Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
* Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
* Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
* Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
* White Terror (Fall 1794)
* Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)

1795–6|

* Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795)
* Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
* Directoire (1795–99)
* Council of Five Hundred
* Council of Ancients
* 13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct 1795)
* Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796)

1797|

* Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
* Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)

1798|

* Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798)

1799|

* Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
* Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
* Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
* Consulate

Revolutionary campaigns

1792|

* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Royalist Revolts
* Chouannerie
* Vendée
* Dauphiné
* Lille
* Siege of Mainz
* Jemappes
* Namur

1793|

* First Coalition
* War in the Vendée
* Battle of Neerwinden
* Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
* Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 – 25 May 1793)
* Battle of Kaiserslautern
* Siege of Mainz
* Battle of Wattignies
* Battle of Hondschoote
* Siege of Bellegarde
* Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
* Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
* First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
* Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
* Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)

1794|

* Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
* Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
* Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
* Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
* Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794)
* Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
* Chouannerie
* Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)

1795|

* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)
* Peace of Basel

1796|

* Italian campaign (1796)
* Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Theiningen
* Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
* First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
* Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
* Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
* Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)

1797|

* Italian campaign (1797)
* Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
* Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
* Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
* Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
* Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
* Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)

1798|

* French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
* French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
* Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
* Quasi-War (1798–1800)
* Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)

1799|

* Second Coalition (1798–1802)
* Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
* Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
* Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799)
* First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
* Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)

1800|

* Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
* Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800)
* Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
* League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)

1801|

* Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
* Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
* Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)

1802|

* Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
* Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France|

| French Army|

* Eustache Charles d'Aoust
* Charles-Pierre Augereau
* Alexandre de Beauharnais
* Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Guillaume Brune
* Jean François Carteaux
* Jean-Étienne Championnet
* Chapuis de Tourville
* Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Louis Desaix
* Jacques François Dugommier
* Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
* Charles François Dumouriez
* Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
* Louis-Charles de Flers
* Paul Grenier
* Emmanuel de Grouchy
* Jacques Maurice Hatry
* Lazare Hoche
* Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
* François Christophe de Kellermann
* Jean-Baptiste Kléber
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* Jean Lannes
* Charles Leclerc
* Claude Lecourbe
* François Joseph Lefebvre
* Étienne Macdonald
* Jean-Antoine Marbot
* Marcellin Marbot
* François Séverin Marceau
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
* Jean Victor Marie Moreau
* Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
* Joachim Murat
* Michel Ney
* Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr]
* Nicolas Oudinot
* Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Józef Poniatowski
* Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
* Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
* Joseph Souham
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Louis-Gabriel Suchet
* Belgrand de Vaubois
* Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

|

French Navy|

* Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition|

|  Austria|

* József Alvinczi
* Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
* Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
* Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
* Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
* Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
* Pál Kray (Hungarian)
* Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
* Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
* Karl Mack von Leiberich
* Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
* Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
* Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
* Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
* Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
* Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
* Dagobert von Wurmser

|

Britain|

* Sir Ralph Abercromby
* James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
* Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Netherlands|

* William V, Prince of Orange

Prussia|

* Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
* Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Russia|

* Alexander Korsakov
* Alexander Suvorov
* Andrei Rosenberg

Spain|

* Luis Firmin de Carvajal
* Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789|

* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
* François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
* Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
* Nicolas de Condorcet

Feuillants
and monarchiens

* Grace Elliott
* Arnaud de La Porte
* Jean-Sifrein Maury
* François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
* Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
* Antoine Barnave
* Lafayette
* Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
* Charles Malo François Lameth
* André Chénier
* Jean-François Rewbell
* Camille Jordan
* Madame de Staël
* Boissy d'Anglas
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
* Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

Girondins|

* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
* Madame Roland
* Father Henri Grégoire
* Étienne Clavière
* Marquis de Condorcet
* Charlotte Corday
* Marie Jean Hérault
* Jean Baptiste Treilhard
* Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
* Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
* Jean Debry
* Olympe de Gouges
* Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
* Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

The Plain|

* Abbé Sieyès
* de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun
* Pierre-Joseph Cambon
* Bertrand Barère
* Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
* Philippe Égalité
* Louis Philippe I
* Mirabeau
* Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
* Jean Joseph Mounier
* Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
* François de Neufchâteau

Montagnards|

* Maximilien Robespierre
* Georges Danton
* Jean-Paul Marat
* Camille Desmoulins
* Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
* Paul Barras
* Louis Philippe I
* Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
* Jacques-Louis David
* Marquis de Sade
* Georges Couthon
* Roger Ducos
* Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
* Jean-Henri Voulland
* Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
* Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
* Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
* Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
* Jean-Pierre-André Amar
* Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
* Prieur de la Marne
* Gilbert Romme
* Jean Bon Saint-André
* Jean-Lambert Tallien
* Pierre Louis Prieur
* Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Hébertists
and Enragés|

* Jacques Hébert
* Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
* Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Antoine-François Momoro
* François-Nicolas Vincent
* François Chabot
* Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
* Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
* François Hanriot
* Jacques Roux
* Stanislas-Marie Maillard
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Jean-François Varlet
* Theophile Leclerc
* Claire Lacombe
* Pauline Léon
* Gracchus Babeuf
* Sylvain Maréchal

Others|

| Figures|

* Charles X
* Louis XVI
* Louis XVII
* Louis XVIII
* Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Marie Antoinette
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Joseph Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Joachim Murat
* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
* Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
* Talleyrand
* Thérésa Tallien
* Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
* Catherine Théot
* Madame de Lamballe
* Madame du Barry
* Louis de Breteuil
* de Chateaubriand
* Jean Chouan
* Loménie de Brienne
* Charles Alexandre de Calonne
* Jacques Necker
* Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
* List of people associated with the French Revolution

|

Factions|

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Panthéon Club
* Social Club

Influential thinkers

* Les Lumières
* Beaumarchais
* Edmund Burke
* Anacharsis Cloots
* Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
* Pierre Claude François Daunou
* Diderot
* Benjamin Franklin
* Thomas Jefferson
* Antoine Lavoisier
* Montesquieu
* Thomas Paine
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Abbé Sieyès
* Voltaire
* Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

* La Marseillaise
* Cockade of France
* Flag of France
* Liberté, égalité, fraternité
* Marianne
* Muscadin
* Bastille Day
* Panthéon
* French Republican calendar
* Metric system
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Cult of the Supreme Being
* Cult of Reason
* Temple of Reason
* Sans-culottes
* Phrygian cap
* Women in the French Revolution
* Incroyables and merveilleuses
* Symbolism in the French Revolution
* Historiography of the French Revolution
* Influence of the French Revolution
* Films

* v
* t
* e

French Consulate (10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804)

Provisional consuls|

* Napoleon Bonaparte
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Roger Ducos

Bonaparte
First Consul

Consuls|

* Napoleon Bonaparte
* Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance

Ministers|

| Foreign Affairs|

* Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

|

Justice|

* Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
* André Joseph Abrial
* Claude Ambroise Régnier

War|

* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Lazare Carnot
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier

Finance|

Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin

Police|

Joseph Fouché

Interior|

* Pierre-Simon Laplace
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Jean-Antoine Chaptal

Navy and Colonies|

* Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
* Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
* Denis Decrès

Secretary of State|

Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano

Treasury|

François Barbé-Marbois

War Administration|

Jean François Aimé Dejean

* Preceded by French Directory
* Followed by First Cabinet of Napoleon I

* v
* t
* e

Académie française seat 32

* Claude Favre de Vaugelas (1634)
* Georges de Scudéry (1650)
* Philippe de Courcillon (1667)
* Armand de Vignerot du Plessis (1720)
* François-Henri d'Harcourt (1788)
* Lucien Bonaparte (1803)
* Louis-Simon Auger (1816)
* Charles-Guillaume Étienne (1829)
* Alfred de Vigny (1845)
* Camille Doucet (1865)
* Charles Costa de Beauregard (1896)
* Hippolyte Langlois (1911)
* Émile Boutroux (1912)
* Pierre de Nolhac (1922)
* Georges-François-Xavier-Marie Grente (1936)
* Henri Massis (1960)
* Georges Izard (1971)
* Robert Aron (1974)
* Maurice Rheims (1976)
* Alain Robbe-Grillet (2004)
* François Weyergans (2009)
* Pascal Ory (2021)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Chile
* Greece
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Sycomore
* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM
* Yale LUX

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