Lunar Polar Exploration Mission

Lunar exploration mission by India and Japan

Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)

Mission type|

* Lander
* Rover

Operator|

* ISRO (India)
* JAXA (Japan)

Website| www.exploration.jaxa.jp/e/program/lunarpolar/
Mission duration| 6 months (planned) [1]
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| Launcher and rover: JAXA
Lander: ISRO
Launch mass| ≈ 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) [2]
Payload mass| ≈ 350 kg (770 lb) (lander with rover) [3]
Power| watts
Start of mission
Launch date| 2026-28 (planned) [4]
Rocket| H3[5]
Launch site| Tanegashima, LA-Y
Contractor| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Moon lander
Spacecraft component| Rover
Landing site| South polar region
Moon rover

The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)[6] is a planned joint lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).[7][8] The mission would send an uncrewed lunar lander and rover to explore the south pole region of the Moon no earlier than 2026.[4][5] It is envisaged to explore the permanently shadowed regions on the Moon.[9] JAXA is likely to provide the H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while ISRO would be providing the lander.[10][11]

As per Professor Anil Bhardwaj, Director of Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), LUPEX will serve as a precursor to planned lunar sample-return mission Chandrayaan-4.[12]

## History

[edit]

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) signed an Implementation Arrangement (IA) in December 2017 for pre-phase A, phase A study and completed the feasibility report in March 2018 with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)[13] to explore the polar regions of Moon for water[14] with a joint Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) that would be launched no earlier than 2026.[4][15]

ISRO and JAXA held the Joint Mission Definition Review (JMDR) in December 2018. By the end of 2019, JAXA concluded its internal Project Readiness Review.[16]

Since Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed on the Moon during its landing attempt in September 2019, India started to study a new lunar mission named Chandrayaan-3 as a repeat attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the LUPEX.[17]

In a joint statement by JAXA and NASA on 24 September 2019, the possibility of NASA joining the LUPEX mission was discussed.[18]

JAXA finished its domestic System Requirement Review (SRR) in early 2021.[19] In April 2023, LUPEX Working Group 1 arrived in India to share information of landing site analysis on promised candidate sites, methods of estimating lander and rover position on moon, information of ground antennas for command and telemetry.[20]

## Overview

[edit]

The Lunar Polar Exploration mission would demonstrate new surface exploration technologies related to vehicular transport and lunar night survival for sustainable lunar exploration in polar regions.[21][11] For precision landing it would utilize a feature matching algorithm and navigational equipment derived from JAXA's Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) mission.[2][22] The lander's payload capacity would be 350 kg (770 lb) at minimum.[3][1][23] The rover would carry multiple instruments by JAXA and ISRO including a drill to collect sub-surface samples from 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) depth.[24][1] Water prospecting and analysis are likely to be mission objectives.[10][25]

The European Space Agency's Exospheric Mass Spectrometer L-band (EMS-L) of PROSPECT mission was originally planned to fly as a payload on the Russian Luna 27 mission,[26][27] however EMS-L will now fly on this mission due to continued international collaboration being thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions on Russia.[28][29] Payload proposals from other space agencies might be sought.[7][22]

## Payloads

[edit]

Some selected Japanese instruments along with the candidate instruments of ISRO and ESA and the invited international collaborators by JAXA.[19][30]

* Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): Underground radar observation up to 1.5 meter during rover traverse. (ISRO)
* Neutron Spectrometer (NS): Underground neutron (hydrogen) observation up to one meter during rover traverse. (NASA)
* Advanced Lunar Imaging Spectrometer (ALIS): H
2O/OH observation of the surface and drilled regolith.
* Exospheric Mass Spectrometer for LUPEX (EMS-L): Surface gas pressure and chemical species measurement. (ESA)
* REsource Investigation Water Analyzer (REIWA): Instrument package of the four instruments.
* Lunar Thermogravimetric Analyzer (LTGA): Thermogravimetric analyses of the drilled samples for water content.
* TRIple-reflection reflecTrON (TRITON): Identification of chemical species of the volatile component in the drilled samples based on mass spectrometry.
* Aquatic Detector using Optical Resonance (ADORE): Water content measurement in the drilled samples based on cavity ring-down spectrometry.
* ISRO Sample Analysis Package: Mineralogical and elemental measurement of the drilled samples. (ISRO)

* Permittivity and Thermo-physical Investigation for Moon's Aquatic Scout (PRATHIMA):[31] For in-situ detection and quantification of water-ice mixed with lunar regolith. The proposed experiment consists of a multipurpose probe that will be deployed into ~20-30 cm of the lunar surface to scout and quantify the presence of water-ice. (PRL)
* Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS):[31] To measure the alpha particles in the decay chain and to understand the volatile transport on the lunar surface along with measurements from LEGRS. (PRL)
* Low Energy Gamma Ray Spectrometer (LEGRS):[31] For measuring low energy (46.5 keV) gamma ray line to study the volatile transport on the Moon with Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors. (PRL)

Following are proposed payloads:

* LUnar Micrometeorite EXperiment (LUMEX):[31] To measure velocity, flux and mass of incoming micrometeorites on moon and derive volatile escape from the lunar surface. (PRL)
* Lunar Electrostatic Dust EXperiment (LEDEX):[31] To detect presence of charged dust particles and confirm the dust levitation process in volatile-rich polar region. (PRL)

## See also

[edit]

* Spaceflight portal

* Chandrayaan Programme
* In-situ resource utilization
* Lunar resources
* Lunar water
* VIPER rover
* Luna 27
* Chang'e 6
* HERACLES

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "国際協力による月探査計画への参画に向けて参考資料" (PDF). MEXT.GO. 29 August 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
2. ^ a b "月離着陸実証(HERACLES)ミッションの紹介 と検討状況" (PDF). 28 January 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
3. ^ a b Hoshino, Takeshi; Wakabayashi, Sachiko; Ohtake, Makiko; Karouji, Yuzuru; Hayashi, Takahiro; Morimoto, Hitoshi; Shiraishi, Hiroaki; Shimada, Takanobu; Hashimoto, Tatsuaki; Inoue, Hiroka; Hirasawa, Ryo; Shirasawa, Yoji; Mizuno, Hiroyasu; Kanamori, Hiroshi (November 2020). "Lunar polar exploration mission for water prospection - JAXA's current status of joint study with ISRO". Acta Astronautica. 176: 52–58. Bibcode:2020AcAau.176...52H. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.054. S2CID 219757738.
4. ^ a b c 4th IPSC 2023 Inauguration. 22 March 2023. Event occurs at 1:18:09.
5. ^ a b Shimbun, The Yomiuri (30 July 2019). "Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon". The Japan News. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
6. ^ "ISRO working on ambitious lunar missions LUPEX, Chandrayaan-4: Official". The Economic Times. 17 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
7. ^ a b "India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan". The Times of India. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021. "For our next mission — Chandrayaan-3 — which will be accomplished in collaboration with JAXA (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads."
8. ^ "Global Exploration Roadmap - Supplement August 2020 - Lunar Surface Exploration Scenario Update" (PDF). NASA. August 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
9. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (31 January 2024). "India's next moon mission will be precursor to the country's ambitious lunar sample return mission: PRL Director". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
10. ^ a b "Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki". Astro Talk UK. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
11. ^ a b Hoshino, Takeshi; Ohtake, Makiko; Karouji, Yuzuru; Shiraishi, Hiroaki (May 2019). "Current status of a Japanese lunar polar exploration mission". Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
12. ^ Krishnakumar, R. "'LUPEX will set tone for lunar sample return missions'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
13. ^ "Welcome to Embassy of India, Tokyo (Japan)". www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
14. ^ Harding, Robin; Kazmin, Amy (4 January 2018). "India and Japan prepare joint mission to the moon". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
15. ^ Goh, Deyana (8 December 2017). "JAXA & ISRO to embark on Joint Lunar Polar Exploration". SpaceTech Asia. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
16. ^ "Progress Of Lunar Polar Exploration Mission" (PDF). October 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
17. ^ "ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan 3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt". The WIRE. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
18. ^ "JAXA - Joint Statement on Cooperation in Lunar Exploration". JAXA - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
19. ^ a b "Current Status Of The Planned Lunar Polar Exploration Mission Jointly Studied By India And Japan" (PDF). 18 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
20. ^ "Japanese team reviews Lunar Polar Exploration mission with ISRO". The Hindu. 27 April 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
21. ^ Sasaki, Hiroshi (17 June 2019). "JAXA's Lunar Exploration Activities" (PDF). UNOOSA. p. 8. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
22. ^ a b NASA Exploration Science Forum 2019 - Masaki Fujimoto. NASA. 23–25 July 2019. Event occurs at 3 minute 6 seconds. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
23. ^ "Objective and Configuration of a Planned Lunar Polar Exploration Mission" (PDF). 1 February 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
24. ^ "Japan Sets Sights on Moon with NASA and India". Space.com. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
25. ^ "Six-day cruise lies ahead for India's Chandrayaan-2 probe before the real lunar shenanigans begin". The Register. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
26. ^ "ESA - Exploration of the Moon - About PROSPECT". exploration.esa.int. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
27. ^ "LUNAR DRILL | Astronika". astronika.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
28. ^ Witze, Alexandra (11 March 2022). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine is redrawing the geopolitics of space". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00727-x. PMID 35277688. S2CID 247407886. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
29. ^ "Redirecting ESA programmes in response to geopolitical crisis". www.esa.int. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
30. ^ 月極域探査機（LUPEX） 【オンライン特別公開 #26】. JAXA. 7 April 2021. Event occurs at 10 minute 8 seconds. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
31. ^ a b c d e "Instrument Details ISRO-JAXA LUPEX Rover". Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.

* v
* t
* e

Indian space programme

* Department of Space (DoS)

Organisations|

* Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* Antrix Corporation
* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
* National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
* NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)
* Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
* Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
* Integrated Space Cell
* Defence Space Agency
* Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)

Programmes|

* Bhaskara
* GAGAN
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* Rohini
* SROSS
* Chandrayaan
* Human Spaceflight Programme

Satellites|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* HAMSAT
* IMS-1
* Megha-Tropiques
* NISAR
* SARAL
* South Asia Satellite
* Kalpana-1

Space observatories|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1
* XPoSat
* AstroSat-2 (proposed)

Lunar and
planetary spacecraft|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram lander
* Pragyan rover
* Chandrayaan-3
* Vikram lander
* Pragyan rover
* Chandrayaan-4 (upcoming)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed)
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
* Venus Orbiter Mission (proposed)

Human spaceflight|

* Indian human spaceflight programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* Gaganyaan
* CARE
* ISRO Space Station (proposed)

Launch vehicles|

| Active|

* Orbital
* PSLV
* Launches
* GSLV
* Launches
* LVM3
* SSLV

* Suborbital
* Rohini
* ATV

|

In development|

* RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
* NGLV

Retired|

* SLV
* ASLV

Engines|

| Active|

* CE-7.5
* CE-20
* Vikas

|

In development|

* SCE-200

Spaceports|

* Satish Dhawan Space Centre
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

* under development
* Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport

Research facilities|

* Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
* U R Rao Satellite Centre
* Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
* ISRO Propulsion Complex
* Space Applications Centre
* ISRO Inertial Systems Unit
* Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems
* Human Space Flight Centre
* Development and Educational Communication Unit

Communications|

* Indian Deep Space Network
* Indian Space Science Data Centre
* ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network
* Master Control Facility
* National Remote Sensing Centre

Legislation and policy|

* Space Activities Bill
* Space policy of India
* Draft Spacecom Policy 2020
* SpaceRP Policy 2020
* Technology Transfer Policy and Guidelines

Private companies|

* Pixxel
* Skyroot Aerospace
* Sisir Radar
* Satellize
* AgniKul Cosmos
* Dhruva Space
* Bellatrix Aerospace
* TeamIndus

Related|

* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
* Statio Shiv Shakti
* RESPOND

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions
* List of ISRO chairpersons

* v
* t
* e

Indian spacecraft

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

Satellites|

| Communication|

* CMS
* 01
* 02
* GSAT
* 1
* 2
* 3 (EDUSAT)
* 4
* 5P
* 6
* 6A
* 7
* 7A
* 8
* 9 (South Asia Satellite)
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 29
* 30
* 31
* HAMSAT
* INSAT
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2DT
* 2E
* 3A
* 3B
* 3C
* 3D
* 3DR
* 3DS
* 3E
* 4A
* 4B
* 4C
* 4CR
* 4E
* 4F
* 4G
* Planned: GSAT
* 20
* 22
* 23
* 24

|

Earth observation|

* Bhaskara
* I
* II
* Cartosat
* 1
* 2
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F
* 3
* EMISAT
* EOS
* 1
* 2
* 4
* 7
* HySIS
* IMS-1
* IRS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* P1
* P2
* P3
* Megha-Tropiques
* Microsat
* Microsat-R
* Oceansat
* 1
* 2
* Resourcesat
* 1
* 2
* RISAT
* 1
* 2
* 2B
* 2BR1
* Rohini
* RS-D1
* RS-D2
* SARAL
* SCATSAT-1
* Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)
* Planned: NISAR
* GISAT
* Oceansat-3
* Resourcesat-3
* RISAT-1A

Experimental|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* Rohini
* RS-1
* Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

Navigation|

* IRNSS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* 1F
* 1G
* 1I
* NVS-01

Student satellites|

* ANUSAT
* Jugnu
* SRMSAT
* StudSat
* StudSat-2
* YouthSat
* Pratham

Space probes|

| Scientific|

* SROSS
* A
* B
* C
* C2

|

Astronomical|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1
* XPoSat
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar programme|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Chandrayaan-3
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
* Chandrayaan-4
* Chandrayaan-5
* Chandrayaan-6

Interplanetary|

* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned)
* Venus Orbiter Mission (planned)

Human
spaceflight|

* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* SRE-III
* Gaganyaan
* CARE
* Bharatiya Antariksha Station

* Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Japanese space program

* Italics indicates projects in development.
* Symbol † indicates failed projects.
* ~~Strikethrough lines~~ indicate cancelled projects.

Space agencies

| National space agencies|

* JAXA
* former ISAS
* NAL
* NASDA
* NICT
* JSS

|

Joint development partners|

* United States NASA1
* ESA2
* Italy ASI3
* Canada CSA4
* Russia Roscosmos5
* Brazil AEB6
* INPE7
* India ISRO8

Astronomical observation

| Past|

* Akari
* ASCA
* ASTRO-E†
* ~~Astro-G~~
* CORSA†
* Ginga
* Hakucho
* HALCA
* Hinotori
* Hitomi†
* ~~SPICA~~
* Suzaku
* Tenma
* Yohkoh

|

Active|

* Hinode
* Hisaki
* XRISM1

Future|

* ATHENA2
* SOLAR-C1
* GREX-PLUS [ja]
* HiZ-GUNDAM [ja]
* LAPYUTA
* LiteBIRD
* Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Small-JASMINE

Communications satellites, broadcasting satellites and satellite navigation systems

| Past|

* BS
* 2X
* 3H
* 3N
* Kakehashi
* Kirari
* Kizuna
* Kodama
* MBSat
* N-STAR
* a
* b
* Sakura (1
* 2a
* 2b
* 3a
* 3b)
* Yuri
* 1
* 2a
* 2b
* 3a
* 3b

|

Active|

* Kirameki
* 1
* 2
* Michibiki
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 1R
* MTSAT
* N-STAR
* c
* d
* JDRS

Future|

* DSN
* 3
* QZS
* 5
* 6
* 7

Earth observation

| Past|

* Akebono
* Daichi
* 1
* 3†
* Denpa
* Fuyo-1
* Jikiken
* Kyokko
* Midori
* I
* II
* Momo
* 1
* 1b
* Ohozora
* Taiyo
* TRMM1
* Ume
* 1
* b
* Geotail1

|

Active|

* Aqua1,7
* Arase
* ASNARO
* 1
* 2
* Daichi
* 2
* 4
* EarthCARE2
* GPM1
* Himawari
* Ibuki
* original
* 2
* Shikisai
* Shizuku

Future|

* GOSAT-GW
* PMM

Engineering tests

| Past|

* Ayame
* 1
* 2
* DASH
* EXPRESS
* IKAROS
* Jindai
* Kiku
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* LDREX
* 1
* 2
* LRE
* Micro LabSat-1
* Myojo
* Ohsumi
* Orizuru
* RAISE
* 2
* 3†
* ~~PETSAT~~
* RAPIS-1
* Ryusei
* SERVIS-1
* SERVIS-2
* SDS-1
* SFU
* Shinsei
* ~~SmartSat-1~~
* Tansei
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* Tasuki
* Tsubame
* Tsubasa
* USERS

|

Active|

* Ajisai
* Reimei
* SDS-4

Future|

* BEAK
* ETS-IX
* G-SATELLITE
* SERVIS-3

Human spaceflight

| Past|

* ~~Fuji crewed spacecraft~~
* ~~HOPE-X~~
* H-II Transfer Vehicle

|

Active|

* International Space Station (ISS) & Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō)1,2,3,4,5,6

Future|

* HTV-X
* Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)
* Lunar Gateway1,2,4

Space probes

| The Moon|

| Past|

* Hakuto-R Mission 1†
* Hiten
* ~~Lunar-A~~
* Kaguya (SELENE)
* OMOTENASHI†
* ~~SELENE-2~~

|

Active|

* EQUULEUS
* Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)

Future|

* Hakuto-R Mission 2
* HERACLES2,4
* Lunar Cruiser
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission8 (LUPEX)
* Yaoki

Others|

| Past|

* Hayabusa
* ~~Hayabusa Mk2~~
* Nozomi†
* PROCYON†
* Sakigake
* Shin'en†
* Suisei

|

Active|

* Akatsuki
* BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)2
* Hayabusa2
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer2

Future|

* Comet Interceptor2
* DESTINY+
* Dragonfly1
* Hera2
* MELOS
* Martian Moons eXploration
* Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return
* TEREX

Reconnaissance satellites

| Past|

* IGS-Optical
* 1
* 2
* Experimentally 3
* IGS-Radar
* 1
* 2

|

Active|

* IGS-Optical
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Experimentally 5
* IGS-Radar
* 3
* 4
* Spare
* 5
* 6

Future|

* IGS-Optical
* 7
* 8
* IGS-Radar
* 7
* 8

Private small satellites

| Past|

* CosMoz
* CUTE
* 1.7+APD
* Fuji
* 1
* 2
* Hayato
* HIBARI
* HIT-SAT
* Kagayaki
* Kanta-kun (WEOS)
* Kūkai
* Maido-1
* Negai☆″
* Niwaka
* RAIKO
* Waseda-SAT2
* WE WISH

|

Active|

* CUTE
* 1
* 1.7+APDII
* Fuji-3
* Hitomi
* Hodoyoshi
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* Horyu
* 2
* Kiseki
* PROITERES
* Raijin
* Raijin-2
* SEEDS
* SOCRATES
* XI
* IV
* V

Future|

* DRUMS
* KITSUNE
* OPUSAT-II
* QSAT-EOS
* RSP-01
* SOMESAT
* SpaceTuna1
* SPROUT
* TSUBAME
* WNI satellite

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* CLPS
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Chinese
* Chang'e
* Indian
* Chandrayaan
* Japanese
* Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
* South Korean
* Danuri
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* CAPSTONE
* Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
* Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
* Danuri
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao 1 (relay satellite at L2)
* 2
* Tiandu-1
* 2
* ICUBE-Q

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 3
* 4
* SLIM

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Flybys|

* ArgoMoon

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Artemis 1
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* 5
* Chandrayaan-1
* Chandrayaan-3 (propulsion module)
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Chang'e 5
* 6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* Vikram (Chandrayaan-3)
* EagleCam
* IM-1

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu
* Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
* (Chandrayaan-3)
* LEV-1
* LEV-2 (Sora-Q)
* Yidong Xiangji

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24
* Chang'e 5
* 6

Failed landings|

* Beresheet
* Emirates Lunar Mission
* Hakuto-R M1
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* 25
* OMOTENASHI
* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Vikram (Chandrayaan-2)
* Peregrine Mission One

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Geotail
* Galileo
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* LunIR
* Mariner 10
* NEA Scout
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* Wind
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 2 (2025)
* Lunar Gateway
* Artemis 3 (2026)
* Artemis 4 (2028)
* Artemis 5 (2029)
* Artemis 6 (2030)
* Artemis 7 (2031)
* Artemis 8 (2032)

|

CLPS|

* IM-2 (2024)
* Lunar Trailblazer
* Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost (2024)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 26 (2027)
* Luna 27 (2028)
* Luna 28 (2030)
* Luna 29 (2030s)
* Luna 30 (2030s)
* Luna 31 (2030s)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 7 (2026)
* Chang'e 8 (2028)

Others|

* Hakuto-R M2 (2024)
* DESTINY+ (2025)
* Beresheet 2 (2025)
* ispace M3 (2026)
* Lunar Pathfinder (2026)
* Cislunar Explorers (2020s)
* CU-E3 (2020s)
* MoonRanger (2020s)
* International Lunar Research Station (late 2020s)
* Argonaut M1 (2031)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
* ALINA
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* LunaNet
* Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
* McCandless
* Moon Diver

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Boeing Lunar Lander
* Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* #dearMoon project
* European Lunar Explorer
* First Lunar Outpost
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* OrbitBeyond
* Project Harvest Moon
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena
* XL-1
* VIPER

Related|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of species that have landed on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar landers

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2024|

* Polaris Dawn (July)
* SpaceX Crew-9 (August)
* Soyuz MS-26 (September)
* Axiom Mission 4 (October)
* Shenzhou 19 (November)

|

2025|

* Artemis 2 (September)
* Boeing Starliner-1 (Q1)
* Gaganyaan-4
* Shenzhou 20
* Vast-1
* Shenzhou 21

2026+|

* Artemis 3 (2026)
* Gaganyaan-5
* Artemis 4 (2028)
* Artemis 5 (2029)
* Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission (~2030)

Uncrewed|

| 2024|

* Biomass
* Bion-M No.2 (September)
* Blue Ghost M1
* DISHA
* ESCAPADE (September)
* Europa Clipper (October)
* Gaganyaan-1 (July)
* Gaganyaan-2
* GOSAT-GW
* GSAT-20
* Hakuto-R M2
* LOXSAT1
* IM-2 / Lunar Trailblazer
* IHP-1
* Hera / Milani / Juventas (October)
* NISAR
* PROBA-3 (September)
* SpainSat NG I (November)
* Türksat 6A (July)

|

2025|

* DESTINY+
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (February)
* Gaganyaan-3
* Garatéa-L
* HTV-X1
* IM-3
* MetOp-SG Series A
* MetOp-SG Series B
* MULA
* PPE / HALO
* SMILE
* Space Rider
* SPARCS
* SPHEREx / PUNCH (April)
* SSC Demo-1
* Tianwen-2 (May)
* TRACERS (April)

2026|

* ALTIUS / FLEX
* Chang'e 7 / Rashid 2
* IHP-2
* ispace M3
* LUPEX
* MMX
* Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027)
* Xuntian
* PLATO
* ULTRASAT
* VOICE

2027|

* FORUM
* Luna 26
* Superbird-9

2028+|

* Chang'e 8 (2028)
* Dragonfly (2028)
* JASMINE (2028)
* Luna 27 (2028)
* MBR Explorer (2028)
* MSR (2028)
* NEO Surveyor (2028)
* Rosalind Franklin rover (2028)
* SAOCOM-2A (2028)
* Solar-C EUVST (2028)
* Tianwen-3 (2028)
* Venus Orbiter Mission (2028+)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor (2029)
* DAVINCI (2029)
* Harmony (2029)
* Tianwen-4 (2029)
* Venera-D (2029–2031)
* VERITAS (2029)
* ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
* Luna 28 (2030)
* SAOCOM-2B (2030)
* Spektr-UV (2030)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* EnVision (2031)
* LiteBIRD (2032)
* Athena (2035)
* LISA (2035)

TBA|

* Europa Lander
* Janus
* MOM 2
* Nano-JASMINE
* PETREL
* TEREX-1 (mid 2020s)
* Uranus Orbiter and Probe

Recently
launched|

* Chang'e 6 (3 May)
* EarthCARE (28 May)
* GOES-U (25 June)

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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