Luoyang dialect

Zhongyuan Mandarin dialect of Henan, China

Luoyang

洛陽話
Native to| China
Region| Luoyang, Henan

Language family

Sino-Tibetan

* Sinitic
* Chinese
* Mandarin
* Central Plains
* Luoyang

Language codes
ISO 639-3| –
Glottolog| None
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The Luoyang dialect is a dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in Luoyang and nearby parts of Henan province.[1]

The old Luoyang dialect served as one of historical standards of Chinese from the Warring States period into the Ming Dynasty, which distinguish from the modern Luoyang dialect.[2] It is because Luoyang switched from Southern to Northern Mandarin over history. According to Lü Shuxiang (1985), "In Northern Song dynasty, the dialects at the Central Plains are still in the southern variety [of Mandarin]; the predecessor of modern Northern Mandarin began as a tiny regional dialect near Khanbaliq".[3][note 1]

## Phonology

[edit]

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### Initials

[edit]

| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-
palatal | Velar

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal | m | n |  |  |
Plosive | p pʰ | t tʰ |  |  | k kʰ
Affricate |  | ts tsʰ | tʂ tʂʰ | tɕ tɕʰ |
Fricative | f v | s | ʂ ʐ | ɕ | x ɣ
Lateral |  | l |  |  |
w | Labio-velar approximant

|

ɥ | Labio-palatal approximant
j | Palatal approximant

### Finals

[edit]

### Features

[edit]

* The Middle Chinese entering tone has a different distribution in the Luoyang dialect than in Standard Mandarin. (See entering tone for more.)
* Tone contours are different from those in Standard Mandarin.
* The retroflex and alveolar fricatives are found in different distributions: retroflex fricatives in Standard are often fronted to alveolar fricatives in Luoyang.
* The distinction between /w/ and /v/, lost in Standard, is maintained in Luoyang.
* The retroflex series is less retroflexed than in Standard Mandarin and slightly further forward.
* The alveolo-palatal series is slightly further back than in Standard Mandarin.
* Standard final /œ/ and /ɑu/ are often backed to [ɔ] in Luoyang. For example, 学 (Standard [ɕɥœ̌]/[ɕɥě], to learn) is [ɕɥɔ], and 角 (Standard [tɕjɑù]/[tɕjàʊ], horn) is [tɕɥɔ].
* Standard final /əi/ is pronounced [ɯ] or [i] in certain environments in Luoyang.
* Standard final /n/ nasalizes the preceding vowel in the Luoyang Dialect.
* The -儿 suffix is pronounced /ɯ/.

## Notes

[edit]

### Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ Jerry Norman (1997 [2004]) elaborated further on Luoyang's history of Southern Mandarin.[4]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Kurparska 2010, p. 165.
2. ^ Pulleyblank 1983, pp. 2–3; Kaske 2008, p. 44; Dong 2014, p. 45.
3. ^ Lu, Shuxiang 吕叔湘; Jiang, Lansheng 江蓝生 (1985). Jìndài Hànyǔ zhǐshì dàicí 近代汉语指示代词 [Demonstrative Pronoun in Modern Chinese] (in Chinese). Shànghǎi: Xuelin chubanshe. "北宋的时候，中原的方言还是属于南方系；现在的北系官话的前身只是燕京一带的一个小区域的方言"
4. ^ Norman, Jerry (1997). "Some Thoughts on the Early Development of Mandarin". In Yu, Aiqin 余靄芹; Endō, Mitsuaki 遠藤 光暁 (eds.). Hashimoto Mantarō kinen Chūgoku gogaku ronshū 橋本萬太郎紀念中国語学論集. Tōkyō: Uchiyama Shoten. An online paywall version is available in Chinese translation, Norman, Jerry (2004). "關於官話方言早期發展的一些想法". 《方言》 (4). Translated by Mei, Tsu-Lin.

### References

[edit]

* Kurparska, Maria (2010) [1977], Chinese Language(s) : A Look Through the Prism of The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110219142, OCLC 733240264, retrieved 17 November 2014
* Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983), Middle Chinese : A Study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: The University of British Columbia Press, ISBN 9780774801928, OCLC 11266119, retrieved 17 November 2014
* Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The Politics of Language in Chinese Education : 1895—1919, Leiden; Danvers: Koninklijke Brill, ISBN 9789047423331, OCLC 317454513, retrieved 17 November 2014
* Dong, Hongyuan (2014), A History of the Chinese Language, Abingdon; New York: Routledge, ISBN 9781317743903, OCLC 877772203, retrieved 17 November 2014

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Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)|

* West Himalayish
* Tamangic
* Newaric
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* Baram–Thangmi
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| Greater Magaric|

* Magaric
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Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)|

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Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border|

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| "Naga"|

* Ao
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|

Sal|

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East and Southeast Asia|

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| Burmo-Qiangic|

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Dubious (possible
isolates) (Arunachal)|

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| Greater Siangic|

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|

Proposed groupings|

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Proto-languages|

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan
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* Proto-Min
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

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City of Luoyang

Administrative divisions|

| Districts|

* Jianxi
* Xigong
* Chanhe
* Laocheng
* Luolong
* Jili

|

Counties and county-level citys|

* Yanshi
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* Mengjin
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Attractions|

* Longmen Grottoes
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* Wangcheng Park
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* Lijing Gate
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Culture and demographics|

* Erlitou culture
* Luoyang dialect
* Henan cuisine
* Water Banquet
* Mudan

Universities|

* Henan University of Science and Technology
* Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology
* Luoyang Normal University
* PLA Foreign Language Institute

Transport|

* Luoyang Beijiao Airport
* Luoyang railway station
* Luoyang Longmen railway station
* Luoyang East railway station
* China National Highway 207
* China National Highway 310

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Chinese language

Sinitic languages

Major linguistic groups

| Mandarin|

| Northeastern|

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|

Beijing|

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Jilu|

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Jiaoliao|

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Central Plains|

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Southwestern|

* Sichuanese
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Jianghuai|

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Lanyin|

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|

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Gan|

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Xiang|

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| Eastern|

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|

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|

Teochew|

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Inland|

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Hakka|

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Yue|

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|

Siyi|

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Other|

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Pinghua|

* Northern Pinghua
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* Yongjiang
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Unclassified|

* Shaozhou Tuhua
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* Danzhou
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* Yeheni
* Huizhou
* Mai
* Laobeizi

(?) Macro-Bai|

* Bai
* Cai-Long
* Caijia
* Longjia
* Luren

Standard forms of Chinese

| Mandarin
(Standard Chinese)|

* Sichuanese
* Taiwanese
* Philippine
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Standard

|

Other varieties|

* Cantonese
* Hokkien
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History, phonology, and grammar

| History|

* Old Chinese
* Eastern Han
* Middle Chinese
* Old Mandarin
* Middle Mandarin
* Proto-Min
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* Ba–Shu
* Gan

|

Phonology|

* Historical
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* Northern Wu
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* Literary and colloquial readings

Grammar|

* Numerals
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* Cantonese grammar
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Idioms|

* Chengyu
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Written Chinese and input methods

| Literary forms|

| Official|

* Classical
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* in Japan
* in Vietnam
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|

* Written Cantonese
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Scripts|

| Logographic|

| Script styles|

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|

* Chinese characters
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* Punctuation

Braille|

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Phonetic|

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Input methods|

| Logographic|

* Biaoxingma
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* Cangjie
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* Dayi
* Stroke count
* Wubi (Wang Ma)
* ZhengMa
* Q9

|

Pinyin|

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