Lupus and pregnancy

Lupus and pregnancy can present some particular challenges for both mother and child.

While most infants born to mothers who have lupus are healthy, mothers with lupus as a pre-existing disease in pregnancy should remain under medical care until delivery.[1] In general, women with lupus and, in addition, hypertension, proteinuria, and azotemia have an extra increased risk for pregnancy complications,[2][3] including miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction.[4] Pregnancy outcomes in women with lupus who receive kidney transplants are similar to those of transplant recipients without lupus.[2]

Women pregnant and known to have anti-Ro (SSA) or anti-La antibodies (SSB) often have echocardiograms during the 16th and 30th weeks of pregnancy to monitor the health of the heart and surrounding vasculature.[5]

Contraception and other reliable forms of pregnancy prevention is routinely advised for women with lupus, since getting pregnant during active disease was found to be harmful. Lupus nephritis was the most common manifestation.

Of live births, approximately one third are delivered prematurely.[2]

## Miscarriage

[edit]

Lupus causes an increased rate of fetal death in utero and spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). The overall live-birth rate in somebody with lupus has been estimated to be 72%.[6] Pregnancy outcome appears to be worse in those with lupus whose disease flares up during pregnancy.[7]

Miscarriages in the first trimester appear either to have no known cause or to be associated with signs of active lupus.[8] Later losses appear to occur primarily due to the antiphospholipid syndrome, in spite of treatment with heparin and aspirin.[8] All women with lupus, even those without previous history of miscarriage, are recommended to be screened for antiphospholipid antibodies, both the lupus anticoagulant (the RVVT and sensitive PTT are the best screening battery) and anticardiolipin antibodies.[8]

## Neonatal lupus

[edit]

Neonatal lupus is the occurrence of lupus symptoms in an infant born from a mother with lupus, most commonly presenting with a rash resembling discoid lupus erythematosus, and sometimes with systemic abnormalities such as heart block or hepatosplenomegaly.[9] Neonatal lupus is usually benign and self-limited.[9] Still, identification of mothers at highest risk for complications allows for prompt treatment before or after birth. In addition, lupus can flare up during pregnancy, and proper treatment can maintain the health of the mother for longer.[10]

## Aggravation of lupus

[edit]

Aggravation (or exacerbation) of lupus has been estimated to occur in about 20-30% pregnancies where the mother has lupus.[2] Increased disease activity of lupus is expected during pregnancy because of increased levels of estrogen, prolactin, and certain cytokines.[2] However, a long time of remission before pregnancy decreases the risk of aggravation,[11] with an incidence of 7-33% in women who have been in remission for at least 6 months, and an incidence of 61-67% in women who have active lupus at the time of conception.[2]

Renal disease flare-up is the most common presentation of lupus aggravation in pregnancy, and is seen equally in United States and European populations.[2] Serositis with pleural and pericardial effusions are seen in up to 10% of these patients.[2]

On the other hand, flares of lupus are uncommon during pregnancy and are often easily treated.[2] The most common symptoms of these flares include arthritis, rashes, and fatigue.[2]

Also, in the postpartum period, there may be exacerbations of lupus due to decreased levels of anti-inflammatory steroids, elevated levels of prolactin and estrogen and progesterone changes.[2]

In diagnosing an aggravation of lupus in pregnancy, there need to be a differential diagnosis from lupus-unrelated complications of pregnancy that may appear in a similar fashion. For example, chloasma may appear like the malar rash of lupus, proteinuria from preeclampsia may appear like that of lupus nephritis, thrombocytopenia of the HELLP syndrome may appear like that of lupus, and pregnancy-related edema of joints can appear like arthritis of lupus.[2]

## General preventive measures

[edit]

Continuing glucocorticoids at the lowest effective dose and/or cautious use of azathioprine may be preferred in some patients, but needs to be weighed against potential adverse effects of such medications.[2]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Planning a pregnancy when you have lupus | Lupus Foundation of America". www.lupus.org. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy at Medscape. Author: Ritu Khurana. Chief Editor: David Chelmow. Updated: Sep 20, 2010
3. ^ "Planning a pregnancy when you have lupus | Lupus Foundation of America". www.lupus.org. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
4. ^ Baer AN, Witter FR, Petri M (2011). "Lupus and pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol Surv. 66 (10): 639–53. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318239e1ee. PMID 22112525.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ^ "Handout on Health: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. National Institutes of Health. August 2003. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
6. ^ Smyth, Andrew; Guilherme H.M. Oliveira; Brian D. Lahr; Kent R. Bailey; Suzanne M. Norby; Vesna D. Garovic (November 2010). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 5 (11): 2060–2068. doi:10.2215/CJN.00240110. PMC 3001786. PMID 20688887. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
7. ^ Cortés‐Hernández, J.; J. Ordi‐Ros; F. Paredes; M. Casellas; F. Castillo; M. Vilardell‐Tarres (June 2002). "Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies". Rheumatology. 41 (6): 643–650. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/41.6.643. PMID 12048290.
8. ^ a b c Lupus and Pregnancy by Michelle Petri. The Johns Hopkins Lupus Center. Retrieved May 2011
9. ^ a b thefreedictionary.com > neonatal lupus Citing: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Copyright 2007
10. ^ "Pregnancy". Retrieved 23 July 2017.
11. ^ "Praticar Exercicios Durante Gravidez". Barriga Sonho. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.

## External links

[edit]

* Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy at Medscape. Author: Ritu Khurana. Chief Editor: David Chelmow.

* v
* t
* e

Pregnancy and childbirth

Planning|

* Birth control
* Natural family planning
* Male contraceptive
* Pre-conception counseling

Conception|

* Assisted reproductive technology
* artificial insemination
* fertility fraud
* fertility medication
* in vitro fertilisation
* partner-assisted reproduction
* Fertility awareness
* Unintended pregnancy

Testing|

* 3D ultrasound
* Obstetric ultrasonography
* Pregnancy test
* home testing
* Prenatal testing
* Medical imaging

Types|

* Cervical
* Cryptic
* Ectopic
* Abdominal
* Heterotopic
* Molar
* Ovarian
* Postterm
* Unintended
* Interstitial
* Rudimentary horn

Childbirth|

| Preparation|

* Bradley method
* Hypnobirthing
* Lamaze
* Nesting instinct

|

Roles|

* Mother
* Newborn
* Preterm birth
* Postterm pregnancy
* Doula
* Birth attendant
* Men's roles
* Midwife
* Auxiliary nurse midwife
* Obstetrician
* Perinatal nurse
* Traditional birth attendant

Delivery|

* Pelvimetry / Bishop score
* cervical dilation
* cervical effacement
* position
* Bloody show
* Uterine contraction
* Vaginal delivery
* Presentation
* breech
* cephalic
* shoulder
* Rupture of membranes
* Caesarean
* Childbirth positions
* Home birth
* Labor induction
* Multiple birth
* Natural childbirth
* Silent birth
* Unassisted childbirth
* Water birth
* Placental expulsion

Prenatal|

| Anatomy|

* Amniotic fluid
* Amniotic sac
* Endometrium
* Placenta

|

Development|

* Embryo
* Fetus
* Fundal height
* Gestational age
* Maternal physiological changes
* Postpartum physiological changes

Care|

* Brain health and pollution
* Nutrition
* environmental toxicants
* in pregnancy
* prenatal
* Prenatal depression
* Immunization
* Concomitant conditions
* Anemia
* Hypertension
* Hypercoagulability
* Substance use
* Smoking
* Alcohol
* Cannabis
* Opioids
* Endocrine diseases
* Diabetes
* Thyroid disease
* Liver diseases
* Acute fatty liver
* Intrahepatic cholestasis
* Infections
* HIV
* COVID-19
* Hepatitis C
* Malaria
* Skin diseases
* Lupus
* Pruritic folliculitis
* Dermatoses
* Others
* Drugs
* Vaginal flora
* Bleeding
* Motor vehicle emissions
* Pre-existing disease
* Sleep

Procedures|

* Amniocentesis
* Cardiotocography
* Chorionic villus sampling
* Nonstress test
* Abortion

Postpartum|

| Maternal|

* Lochia
* Postpartum care
* Postpartum depression
* Postpartum confinement
* Sex after pregnancy
* Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
* Postpartum physiological changes

|

Roles|

* Doula
* Health visitor
* Lactation consultant
* Monthly nurse
* Confinement nanny

Infant|

* Adaptation to extrauterine life
* Apgar score
* Child care
* Congenital disorders

Obstetric history|

* Gravidity and parity

* v
* t
* e

Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium

Pregnancy|

| Pregnancy with
abortive outcome|

* Abortion
* Ectopic pregnancy
* Abdominal
* Cervical
* Heterotopic
* Interstitial
* Ovarian
* Rudimentary horn
* Embryo loss
* Fetal resorption
* Molar pregnancy
* Miscarriage
* Stillbirth

|

Edema, proteinuria, and
hypertensive disorders|

* Gestational hypertension
* Pre-eclampsia
* HELLP syndrome
* Eclampsia

Other, predominantly
related to pregnancy|

| Digestive system|

* Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
* Gestational diabetes
* Hepatitis E
* Hyperemesis gravidarum
* Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

|

Integumentary system /
dermatoses of pregnancy|

* Gestational pemphigoid
* Impetigo herpetiformis
* Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
* Linea nigra
* Prurigo gestationis
* Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
* Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
* Stretch marks

Nervous system|

* Chorea gravidarum

Blood|

* Gestational thrombocytopenia
* Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability

Maternal care related to the
fetus and amniotic cavity|

* amniotic fluid
* Oligohydramnios
* Polyhydramnios
* Braxton Hicks contractions
* chorion / amnion
* Chorioamnionitis
* Chorionic hematoma
* Constriction ring syndrome
* Monoamniotic twins
* Prelabor rupture of membranes
* Obstetrical bleeding
* Antepartum
* placenta
* Circumvallate placenta
* Monochorionic twins
* Placenta accreta
* Placenta praevia
* Placental abruption
* Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Labor|

* Amniotic fluid embolism
* Cephalopelvic disproportion
* Obstructed labour
* Shoulder dystocia
* Fetal distress
* Locked twins
* Nuchal cord
* Obstetrical bleeding
* Postpartum
* Pain management during childbirth
* placenta
* Placenta accreta
* Preterm birth
* Postmature birth
* Umbilical cord prolapse
* Uterine inversion
* Uterine rupture
* Vasa praevia
* Uterine atony

Puerperal|

* Breastfeeding difficulties
* Low milk supply
* Cracked nipples
* Breast engorgement
* Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
* Pubic symphysis diastasis
* Postpartum bleeding
* Peripartum cardiomyopathy
* Postpartum depression
* Postpartum infections
* Postpartum psychosis
* Postpartum thyroiditis
* Puerperal mastitis

Other|

* Concomitant conditions
* Diabetes mellitus
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Thyroid disorders
* Maternal death
* Sexual activity during pregnancy

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template