Lyndon B. Johnson

President of the United States from 1963 to 1969

"Lyndon Johnson" and "LBJ" redirect here. For the American football player, see Lyndon Johnson (American football). For other uses, see LBJ (disambiguation).

Lyndon B. Johnson

Official portrait, 1964

36th President of the United States
In office
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
Vice President|

* None (1963–1965)[a]
* Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)

Preceded by| John F. Kennedy
Succeeded by| Richard Nixon
37th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
President| John F. Kennedy
Preceded by| Richard Nixon
Succeeded by| Hubert Humphrey
United States Senator
from Texas
In office
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1961
Preceded by| W. Lee O'Daniel
Succeeded by| William A. Blakley

Senate positions

Senate Majority Leader
In office
January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1961
Whip| Earle C. Clements
Mike Mansfield
Preceded by| William F. Knowland
Succeeded by| Mike Mansfield
Senate Minority Leader
In office
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955
Whip| Earle C. Clements
Preceded by| Styles Bridges
Succeeded by| William F. Knowland
Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus
In office
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1961
Preceded by| Ernest McFarland
Succeeded by| Mike Mansfield
Senate Majority Whip
In office
January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953
Leader| Ernest McFarland
Preceded by| Francis J. Myers
Succeeded by| Leverett Saltonstall

Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Texas's 10th district
In office
April 10, 1937 – January 3, 1949
Preceded by| James P. Buchanan
Succeeded by| Homer Thornberry
Personal details
Born|

Lyndon Baines Johnson

(1908-08-27)August 27, 1908
Gillespie County, Texas, U.S.
Died| January 22, 1973(1973-01-22) (aged 64)
Gillespie County, Texas, U.S.
Resting place| Johnson Family Cemetery
Political party| Democratic
Spouse|

Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor

(m. 1934)​

Children|

* Lynda
* Luci

Parent|

* Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)

Education|

* Southwest Texas State Teachers College (BS)

Occupation|

* Politician
* teacher

Civilian awards| Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumously, 1980)
Signature|
Military service
Allegiance| United States
Branch/service|

* United States Navy
* Navy Reserve

Years of service|

* 1940–1941 (inactive)
* 1941–1942 (active)
* 1942–1964 (reserve)

Rank| Commander
Battles/wars|

* World War II
* Invasion of Salamaua–Lae

Military awards| Silver Star

Lyndon B. Johnson's voice

Johnson on the Civil Rights Act of 1964's passage
Recorded July 2, 1964

Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz/; August 27, 1908 - January 22, 1973), also known as LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969. He became president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, under whom he had served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963. A Southern Democrat, Johnson previously represented Texas in Congress for over 23 years, first as a U.S. representative from 1937 to 1949, and then as a U.S. senator from 1949 to 1961.

Born in Stonewall, Texas, Johnson worked as a teacher and a congressional aide before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. In 1948, he was controversially declared the winner in the Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate election in Texas before winning the general election.[1] He became Senate majority whip in 1951, Senate Democratic leader in 1953 and majority leader in 1954. Senator Kennedy bested Johnson and his other rivals for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination before surprising many by offering to make Johnson his vice presidential running mate. The Kennedy–Johnson ticket won the general election. Vice President Johnson assumed the presidency in 1963, after President Kennedy was assassinated. The following year, Johnson was elected to the presidency in a landslide, winning the largest share of the popular vote for the Democratic Party in history, and the highest for any candidate since the advent of widespread popular elections in the 1820s.

Lyndon Johnson's Great Society was aimed at expanding civil rights, public broadcasting, access to health care, aid to education and the arts, urban and rural development, consumer protection, environmentalism, and public services. He sought to create better living conditions for low-income Americans by spearheading the war on poverty. As part of these efforts, Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments of 1965, which resulted in the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. Johnson made the Apollo program a national priority; enacted the Higher Education Act of 1965 which established federally insured student loans; and signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which laid the groundwork for U.S. immigration policy today. Johnson's civil rights legacy was shaped by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Due to his domestic agenda, Johnson's presidency marked the peak of modern American liberalism in the 20th century.[2] Johnson's foreign policy prioritized containment of communism, including in the ongoing Vietnam War.

Johnson began his presidency with near-universal support, but his approval declined throughout his presidency as the public became frustrated with both the Vietnam War and domestic unrest, including race riots, increasing public skepticism with his reports and policies (coined the credibility gap), and increasing crime. Johnson initially sought to run for re-election in 1968; however, following disappointing results in the New Hampshire primary, he withdrew his candidacy. Johnson retired to his Texas ranch and kept a low public profile until he died in 1973. Public opinion and academic assessments of Johnson's legacy have fluctuated greatly. Historians and scholars rank Johnson in the upper tier for his accomplishments regarding domestic policy. His administration passed many major laws that made substantial changes in civil rights, health care, welfare, and education. Conversely, Johnson is heavily criticized for his foreign policy, namely escalating American involvement in the Vietnam War.[3][4]

## Early life

[edit]

A seven-year-old Johnson, wearing his trademark cowboy hat, at his childhood farmhouse near Stonewall, Texas, in 1915 |  |

This article is part of
a series about

Lyndon B. Johnson

|

* * *

Personal

* Family
* Texas White House
* KTBC
* Operation Texas
* Desk

* * *

37th Vice President of the United States

* Transition
* Tenure
* Kennedy administration
* Inauguration
* John F. Kennedy assassination

* * *

Vice presidential campaigns

* 1960
* convention
* selection
* election

* * *

36th President of the United States

* Presidency
* timeline
* Executive actions
* Inaugurations
* first
* second

* * *

Tenure

* Let Us Continue
* Civil Rights Act of 1964
* Great Society
* Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964
* Food Stamp Act of 1964
* War on poverty
* Department of Housing and Urban Development
* Department of Transportation
* Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
* Elementary and Secondary Education Act
* Child Nutrition Act
* Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts
* Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination
* Civil Rights Act of 1968

* * *

Policies

* Cannabis
* Foreign
* Johnson Doctrine

* * *

Appointments

* Cabinet
* Judiciary appointments
* Supreme Court candidates
* controversy

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 1956
* convention
* 1960
* primaries
* convention
* 1964
* primaries
* convention
* Vice presidential candidate selection
* election
* 1968
* primaries
* withdrawal

* * *

Legacy

* Bibliography
* Library
* In popular culture
* Memorials
* State holiday

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River.[5] He was the eldest of five children born to Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. and Rebekah Baines.[6][7] Johnson was not given a name until he was three months old, as his parents could not agree on a name that both liked. Finally, he was named after "criminal lawyer—a county lawyer" W. C. Linden, who his father liked; his mother agreed on the condition of spelling it as Lyndon.[8][9] Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia.[10] Through his mother, he was a great-grandson of Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines.[11]

Johnson's paternal grandfather, Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr., was raised Baptist and for a time was a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). In his later years, Samuel Sr. became a Christadelphian; Samuel Jr. also joined the Christadelphian Church toward the end of his life.[12] Johnson was influenced in his positive attitude toward Jews by the religious beliefs that his family, especially his grandfather, had shared with him.[13]

Johnson grew up poor, with his father losing a great deal of money.[14] Biographer Robert Caro described him as being raised "in a land without electricity, where the soil was so rocky that it was hard to earn a living from it."[14]

In school, Johnson was a talkative youth who was elected president of his 11th-grade class. He graduated in 1924 from Johnson City High School, where he participated in public speaking, debate, and baseball.[15][16] At 15, Johnson was the youngest in his class. Pressured by his parents to attend college, he enrolled at a "sub college" of Southwest Texas State Teachers College (SWTSTC) in the summer of 1924, where students from unaccredited high schools could take the 12th-grade courses needed for admission to college. He left the school just weeks after his arrival and decided to move to California. He worked at his cousin's legal practice and in odd jobs before returning to Texas, where he worked as a day laborer.[17]

In 1926, Johnson enrolled at SWTSTC. He worked his way through school, participated in debate and campus politics, and edited the school newspaper, The College Star.[18] The college years refined his skills of persuasion and political organization. For nine months, from 1928 to 1929, Johnson paused his studies to teach Mexican–American children at the segregated Welhausen School in Cotulla, Texas, 90 miles (140 km) south of San Antonio. The job helped him to save money to complete his education, and he graduated in 1930 with a Bachelor of Science in history and his certificate of qualification as a high school teacher.[19][20] He briefly taught at Pearsall High School in Pearsall, Texas before taking a position teaching public speaking at Sam Houston High School in Houston.[21]

When he returned to San Marcos in 1965, after signing the Higher Education Act of 1965, Johnson reminisced:

> I shall never forget the faces of the boys and the girls in that little Welhausen Mexican School, and I remember even yet the pain of realizing and knowing then that college was closed to practically every one of those children because they were too poor. And I think it was then that I made up my mind that this nation could never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American.[22]

## Entry into politics

[edit]

After Richard M. Kleberg won a 1931 special election to represent Texas in the United States House of Representatives, he appointed Johnson as his legislative secretary. This marked Johnson's formal introduction to politics. Johnson secured the position on the recommendation of his father and that of state senator Welly Hopkins, for whom Johnson had campaigned in 1930.[23] Kleberg had little interest in the day-to-day duties of a Congressman, instead delegating them to Johnson.[24] After Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1932 U.S. presidential election, Johnson became a lifelong supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal.[25] Johnson was elected speaker of the "Little Congress", a group of Congressional aides, where he cultivated Congressmen, newspapermen, and lobbyists. Johnson's friends soon included aides to President Roosevelt as well as fellow Texans such as vice president John Nance Garner and congressman Sam Rayburn.[26]

In 1935, Johnson was hired as Texas state administrator of the National Youth Administration (NYA). The job allowed him to travel around Texas seeking financial sponsors for NYA construction projects. Within six months, 18,000 young Texans were working on roads, parks, schools, and other public buildings.[27] He resigned two years later to run for Congress. A notoriously tough boss, Johnson often demanded long workdays and work on weekends.[28] He was described by friends, fellow politicians, and historians as motivated by lust for power and control. As Caro observes, "Johnson's ambition was uncommon - in the degree to which it was unencumbered by even the slightest excess weight of ideology, of philosophy, of principles, of beliefs."[29]

## U.S. House of Representatives (1937–1949)

[edit]

President Franklin D. Roosevelt (left), Texas governor James Burr V Allred (center), and Johnson (right) in 1937; Johnson later used an edited version of this photo with Allred airbrushed out in his 1941 senatorial campaign.[30]

In 1937, after the death of 13-term congressman James P. Buchanan, Johnson successfully campaigned in a special election for Texas's 10th congressional district, which included Austin and the surrounding Texas Hill Country. He ran on a New Deal platform and was effectively aided by his wife.[31] He served as a U.S. Representative from April 10, 1937, to January 3, 1949.[32] President Roosevelt found Johnson to be a political ally[33] and conduit for information, particularly regarding the internal politics of Texas and the machinations of Vice President John Nance Garner and House Speaker Sam Rayburn.[34] As a member of the House Naval Affairs Committee, Johnson helped plan a huge naval air training base at Corpus Christi, Texas. He also helped establish shipbuilding sites at Houston and Orange, Texas; and a Navy Reserve station in Dallas.[35]

Johnson successfully sponsored many federal projects for his home district. One was a program that provided cheap electricity for farmers under the new Rural Electrification Administration (REA), and he secured approval to complete the hydroelectric Mansfield Dam on the Colorado River near Austin.[36][37] He also sponsored projects that gave his Texas district soil conservation, public housing, lower railroad freight rates, and expanded credit for loans to farmers.[38] He steered the projects towards contractors he knew, such as Herman and George Brown, who financed much of Johnson's future career.[39][40]

During this time Johnson maintained a hostile position towards civil rights legislation like almost all other Southern Democrat legislators; voting against anti-lynching legislation, anti-poll tax legislation and the Fair Employment Practice Committee.[41][42]

### 1941 U.S. Senate election

[edit]

Main article: 1941 United States Senate special election in Texas

In April 1941, U.S. Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas died, triggering a special election. Texas law allowed Johnson to run without giving up his House seat. The election had no primaries or runoff, forcing Johnson to compete against multiple Democrats, including Governor W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel.[43]

Johnson campaigned aggressively, emphasizing his ties to President Roosevelt, and initially appeared to be leading. However, after late returns came in, O'Daniel narrowly won by 1,311 votes.[43] In The Path to Power, Johnson biographer Robert Caro argues that the election results were manipulated in O'Daniel's favor by lobbyists from Texas' alcohol industry. O'Daniel was a staunch prohibitionist, and as Governor, he had proposed a bill preventing the sale of alcohol within ten miles of a military base; Caro notes how business interests feared the passing of this bill, as preparations for World War II had brought thousands of young soldiers into the region. To prevent the passing of this bill, lobbyists sought to elect O'Daniel to the Senate to place the "wet" lieutenant governor Coke Stevenson in the governorship, and hence rigged ballots in East Texas, swinging the election in O'Daniel's favor.[44] Johnson ultimately lost by just 0.23% of the vote.[45]

Though defeated, Johnson retained his House seat and political network, including support from South Texas political boss George Berham Parr.[46] When O'Daniel declined to seek re-election in 1948,[47] Johnson prepared for another Senate run, this time carefully managing vote tallies.[46] He would go on to win the 1948 Democratic primary by just 87 votes.[48]

### Active military duty (1941–1942)

[edit]

Johnson as a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve in March 1942

Johnson was a member of the U.S. Naval Reserve when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Two days after the attack, he requested an indefinite leave of absence and applied for active duty, making him one of the first members of Congress to volunteer for an active military role.[49]

Johnson was first ordered to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to assess the production and manpower problems that were slowing the manufacture of ships and planes. In May 1942, he was appointed President Roosevelt's personal representative to the Navy and was sent on a survey mission of the Pacific theater of combat. Stationed in Australia and New Zealand, it was his duty to find the under-reported problems facing U.S. troops in the Pacific and report this firsthand information to Roosevelt.[50]

On June 9, 1942, Johnson received the Silver Star from General Douglas MacArthur for gallantry in action during an aerial combat mission over hostile positions in New Guinea.[51] Though accounts differ, Johnson's aircraft, a B-26 bomber, reportedly turned back before reaching the target due to mechanical trouble.[52][53] Johnson's biographer Robert Caro was quoted as saying "I think that the weight of the evidence at this moment is that the plane was attacked by Zeroes and that he was cool under fire",[52] but also "The fact is, LBJ never got within sight of Japanese forces. His combat experience was a myth."[54]

Johnson served in the Pacific through July 1942. He was released from his military active duty after President Roosevelt recalled all active duty legislators back to Washington, D.C.[55] In addition to the Silver Star, Johnson received the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.[56]

## U.S. Senate (1949–1961)

[edit]

### 1948 U.S. Senate election

[edit]

Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Texas

Results of the Democratic runoff primary in the 1948 U.S. Senate election in Texas by county. Johnson squeaked out a controversial victory by 87 votes.[57] Johnson counties appear in blue, and Stevenson counties in green.[58]

Johnson

* Johnson—>90%

* Johnson—80–90%

* Johnson—70–80%

* Johnson—60–70%

* Johnson—50–60%

Stevenson

* Stevenson—50–60%

* Stevenson—60–70%

* Stevenson—70–80%

* Stevenson—80–90%

* Stevenson—>90%

No vote

* No vote

In 1948, Johnson again ran for the U.S. Senate and won the general election after being declared winner in a highly controversial Democratic Party primary election against the well-known former governor Coke Stevenson.[59] Johnson drew crowds to fairgrounds with his rented Sikorsky S-51 helicopter, dubbed "The Johnson City Windmill".[60] He raised money to flood the state with campaign circulars and won over conservatives by casting doubts on Stevenson's support for the Taft–Hartley Act (curbing union power).[61] Stevenson came in first in the primary but lacked a majority, so a runoff election was held;[59][62] Johnson campaigned harder, while Stevenson's efforts slumped due to a lack of funds.[63]

The runoff vote count, handled by the Democratic State Central Committee, took a week. Johnson was announced the winner by 87 votes out of 988,295, an extremely narrow margin. However, Johnson's victory was based on 200 "patently fraudulent"[64]: 608 ballots reported six days after the election from Box 13 in Jim Wells County, in an area dominated by political boss George Parr. The added names were in alphabetical order and written with the same pen and handwriting, at the end of the list of voters. Some on this part of the list insisted that they had not voted that day.[65] Election judge Luis Salas said in 1977 that he had certified 202 fraudulent ballots, 200 for Johnson, and two for Stevenson.[66] Robert Caro made the case in his 1990 book that Johnson had stolen the election in Jim Wells County, and that there were thousands of fraudulent votes in other counties as well, including 10,000 votes switched in San Antonio.[67] The Democratic State Central Committee voted to certify Johnson's nomination by a majority of one (29–28). The state Democratic convention upheld Johnson. Stevenson went to court, eventually taking his case before the U.S. Supreme Court, but with timely help from his friend and future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas, Johnson prevailed on the basis that jurisdiction over naming a nominee rested with the party, not the federal government. Johnson soundly defeated Republican Jack Porter in the general election in November and went to Washington, permanently dubbed "Landslide Lyndon". Johnson, dismissive of his critics, happily adopted the nickname.[68]

### Freshman senator to majority whip

[edit]

Johnson's United States Senate portrait in the 1950s

During his two terms in the Senate, Johnson drifted rightward.[69] He felt he had to tread carefully lest he offend politically powerful conservative oil and gas interests in Texas,[70] and in part to curry favor with the chamber's powerful southern chairmen, most notably Senator Richard Russell, Democrat from Georgia and leader of the Southern Caucus[71] within the Conservative coalition that dominated the Senate.[72] With Russell's support, Johnson won election as Democratic whip in 1951, serving in this capacity until 1953.[32] While serving as whip, Johnson increased his ability to persuade people to reach agreement.[73]

As a member of the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Johnson was chairman of the Senate subcommittee that refused the re-nomination of Leland Olds—who was opposed by Texas oil and gas interests[74]—as chairman of the Federal Power Commission (FPC) on the grounds that he had been sympathetic towards communism.[75] As a member of the FPC, Olds had played a key role in the development of federal regulation of the natural gas industry.[76]

President Truman favored federal control of tidelands oil deposits off the Texas coast. Privately, Johnson told friends that he favored federal control, but in public he staunchly defended states' rights. In 1951–52, Johnson helped pass bills granting 47 states control over 3 miles of offshore lands and Texas, 10.5 miles. Truman vetoed the bills, calling them "robbery in broad daylight".[77]

Johnson was appointed to the Senate Armed Services Committee,[78] and became increasingly concerned with the country's military preparedness in the Cold War with the Soviet Union. He became chairman of the Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, and conducted investigations of defense costs and efficiency.[79] After the Korean War began in 1950, he called for more troops and for improved weapons.[80] Biographer Caro wrote that Johnson was obsessed with having all subcommittee reports be unanimous, maneuvering frequently to gain the backing of all the Republicans.[81] He used his political influence in the Senate to receive broadcast licenses from the Federal Communications Commission in his wife's name.[66][82]

### Senate Democratic leader

[edit]

President Johnson giving "The Treatment" to U.S. Senator Richard Russell Jr. in 1963

In the 1952 elections, Republicans won a majority in both the House and Senate. In January 1953, Johnson was chosen by his fellow Democrats as Senate Minority Leader; he became the most junior senator ever elected to this position.[83] He reformed the seniority system so that Democratic senators, including freshmen, were more likely to receive a committee assignment that closely aligned with their expertise rather than an assignment based solely on their seniority.[84][page needed]

#### Senate Majority Leader

[edit]

In 1954, Johnson was re-elected to the Senate and, with Democrats winning the majority in the Senate, he became majority leader.[59] President Dwight D. Eisenhower found Johnson more cooperative than the Senate Republican leader, William F. Knowland of California. Particularly on foreign policy, Johnson offered bipartisan support to the president.[85][86]

Historians Caro and Dallek consider Johnson the most effective Senate majority leader ever.[87][88] He was unusually proficient at gathering information.[89] One biographer suggests he was "the greatest intelligence gatherer Washington has ever known", discovering exactly where every senator stood on issues, his philosophy and prejudices, his strengths and weaknesses, and what it took to get his vote.[90] Bobby Baker claimed that Johnson would occasionally send senators on NATO trips so they were absent and unable to cast dissenting votes.[91] Central to Johnson's control was "The Treatment",[92] described by two journalists:

> The Treatment could last ten minutes or four hours. It came, enveloping its target, at the Johnson Ranch swimming pool, in one of Johnson's offices, in the Senate cloakroom, on the floor of the Senate itself - wherever Johnson might find a fellow Senator within his reach. Its tone could be supplication, accusation, cajolery, exuberance, scorn, tears, complaint, and the hint of threat. It was all of these together. It ran the gamut of human emotions. Its velocity was breathtaking and it was all in one direction. Interjections from the target were rare. Johnson anticipated them before they could be spoken. He moved in close, his face a scant millimeter from his target, his eyes widening and narrowing, his eyebrows rising and falling. From his pockets poured clippings, memos, statistics. Mimicry, humor, and the genius of analogy made The Treatment an almost hypnotic experience and rendered the target stunned and helpless.[93]

In 1956, during the Suez Crisis, Johnson tried to prevent the U.S. government from criticizing Israel for its invasion of the Sinai Peninsula.[94] Along with much of the rest of the nation, Johnson was appalled by the threat of possible Soviet domination of space exploration implied by the launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, and used his influence to ensure passage of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, which established NASA.[57] Johnson helped establish the Senate Aeronautical and Space Committee, and made himself its first chairman.[95]

During his tenure as Majority Leader, Johnson did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto,[96][97] and shepherded the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 to passage ‍--‌ the first civil rights bills to pass Congress since the Enforcement Acts and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 during Reconstruction.[103] Johnson negotiated a middle course between Northern liberal senators and the Southern bloc of senators who had opposed such legislation by removing key enforcement provisions,[104][105] such as Title III, which authorized the attorney general to initiate civil action for preventive relief in a wide range of civil rights matters.[106] Being a Southerner was seen as an impossible barrier for a presidential candidate[107] and towards the end of his Senate career as well as not signing the Southern Manifesto, he distanced himself further from the Southern Caucus in 1959 by joining the Democrat's Western regional conference.[108]

## Campaigns of 1960

[edit]

See also: 1960 United States presidential election

1960 campaign logo

In 1960, Johnson's success in the Senate rendered him a potential Democratic presidential candidate. James H. Rowe repeatedly urged Johnson to launch a campaign in early 1959, but Johnson thought it was better to wait, thinking that Senator John F. Kennedy's candidacy would create a division in the ranks that could then be exploited.[109] Johnson's strategy was to sit out the primaries and to rely on his legislative record as Senate Majority Leader, the support of Southern Democrats, and the favors owed by Democratic senators to him and by Democratic representatives to his close ally Sam Rayburn, the Speaker of the House.[109] In July 1960, Johnson finally entered the campaign. Johnson's late entry, coupled with his reluctance to leave Washington, D.C., allowed rival John F. Kennedy to secure a substantial early lead in securing support from Democratic state party officials. Johnson underestimated Kennedy's endearing charm and intelligence in comparison to his perceived crude and wheeling-dealing "Landslide Lyndon" style.[110] Caro suggests that Johnson's hesitancy to enter the race resulted from his fear of losing.[111]

Johnson attempted in vain to capitalize on Kennedy's youth, poor health, and failure to take a position regarding McCarthyism.[112] He had formed a "Stop Kennedy" coalition with Adlai Stevenson, Stuart Symington, and Hubert Humphrey, but it proved a failure. Despite Johnson having the support of established Democrats and the party leadership, this did not translate into popular approval. Johnson received 409 votes on the only ballot at the Democratic convention to Kennedy's 806, and so the convention nominated Kennedy. Tip O'Neill was a representative from Kennedy's home state of Massachusetts at that time, and he recalled that Johnson approached him at the convention and said, "Tip, I know you have to support Kennedy at the start, but I'd like to have you with me on the second ballot." O'Neill replied, "Senator, there's not going to be any second ballot."[113]

### Vice presidential nomination

[edit]

Main article: 1960 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

After much discussion with party leaders and others, Kennedy offered Johnson the vice presidential nomination at the Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel on July 14, the morning after Kennedy was nominated, and Johnson accepted. From that point to the actual nomination that evening, several facts are in dispute, including whether convention chairman LeRoy Collins' had the two-thirds majority required to begin the convention's proceedings.[114] Kennedy's choice of Johnson as his running mate was intended to attract Southern votes.[115] Kennedy was a liberal Bostonian and a Roman Catholic. Johnson was more conservative, a Southerner, and a member of the Disciples of Christ.[116][117] Nevertheless, labor leaders were unanimous in their opposition to Johnson. AFL-CIO president George Meany called Johnson "the arch-foe of labor", and Illinois AFL-CIO president Reuben Soderstrom asserted Kennedy had "made chumps out of leaders of the American labor movement".[118][119]

### Re-election to U.S. Senate

[edit]

At the same time as his vice presidential run, Johnson also sought a third term in the U.S. Senate. According to Robert Caro:

> Johnson won an election for both the vice presidency of the United States, on the Kennedy–Johnson ticket, and for a third term as senator (he had Texas law changed to allow him to run for both offices). When he won the vice presidency, he made arrangements to resign from the Senate, as he was required to do under federal law, as soon as it convened on January 3, 1961.[120]

Johnson was re-elected senator with 1,306,605 votes (58 percent) to Republican John Tower's 927,653 (41.1 percent). Fellow Democrat William A. Blakley was appointed to replace Johnson, but lost a special election in May 1961 to Tower.

## Vice presidency (1961–1963)

[edit]

President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Johnson outside the White House in August 1961 Vice President Johnson and Attorney General Robert Kennedy meeting with civil rights leaders at the White House on June 22, 1963

See also: Presidency of John F. Kennedy

After the election, Johnson was concerned about the traditionally ineffective nature of his new office and sought authority not allotted to him as vice president. He initially sought a transfer of the authority of Senate majority leader to the vice presidency, since that office made him president of the Senate, but faced vehement opposition from the Democratic Caucus, including members whom he had counted as his supporters.[121]

Johnson sought to increase his influence within the executive branch. He drafted an executive order for Kennedy's signature, granting Johnson "general supervision" over matters of national security, and requiring all government agencies to "cooperate fully with the vice president in the carrying out of these assignments". Kennedy's response was to sign a non-binding letter requesting Johnson to "review" national security policies instead.[122] Kennedy similarly turned down early requests from Johnson to be given an office adjacent to the Oval Office and to employ a full-time staff within the White House.[123] In 1961, Kennedy appointed Johnson's friend Sarah T. Hughes to a federal judgeship. Johnson tried but failed to have Hughes nominated at the beginning of his vice presidency. House Speaker Sam Rayburn wrangled the appointment from Kennedy in exchange for support of an administration bill.

Many members of the Kennedy White House were openly contemptuous of Johnson, including the president's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and they ridiculed his comparatively brusque and crude manner. Then Congressman Tip O'Neill recalled that the Kennedy brothers "had a disdain for Johnson that they didn't even try to hide.... They actually took pride in snubbing him."[124]

Kennedy made efforts to keep Johnson busy and informed, telling aides, "I can't afford to have my vice president, who knows every reporter in Washington, going around saying we're all screwed up, so we're going to keep him happy."[125] Kennedy appointed him to jobs such as the head of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, where Johnson worked with African Americans and other minorities. Kennedy may have intended this to remain a nominal position, but Taylor Branch contends in his book Pillar of Fire that Johnson pushed the Kennedy administration's actions further and faster for civil rights than Kennedy originally intended.[citation needed]

Johnson went on multiple minor diplomatic missions, which gave him some insights into global issues and opportunities for self-promotion. During his visit to West Berlin on August 19–20, 1961, Johnson sought to calm Berliners who were outraged by the building of the Berlin Wall.[126] He also attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings. Kennedy gave Johnson control over all presidential appointments involving Texas, and appointed him chairman of the President's Ad Hoc Committee for Science.[127]

Kennedy also appointed Johnson Chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council. The Soviets beat the United States with the first crewed spaceflight in April 1961, and Kennedy gave Johnson the task of evaluating the U.S. space program and recommending a project that would allow the United States to catch up or beat the Soviets.[128] Johnson recommended that the United States gain the leadership role by committing to landing an American on the Moon in the 1960s.[129][130] Kennedy assigned priority to the space program, but Johnson's appointment provided cover in case of a failure.[131]

In August 1963, Johnson was touched by a Senate scandal when Bobby Baker, the Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate and a protégé of Johnson's, came under investigation by the Senate Rules Committee for alleged bribery and financial malfeasance. One witness alleged that Baker arranged for the witness to give kickbacks for the Vice President. Baker resigned in October, and the investigation did not expand to Johnson. The negative publicity, however, fed rumors in Washington circles that Kennedy was planning on dropping Johnson from the Democratic ticket in the 1964 presidential election. However, on October 31, 1963, a reporter asked if he intended and expected to retain Johnson on the ticket. Kennedy replied, "Yes to both those questions."[132] There is little doubt that Robert Kennedy and Johnson hated each other,[133] yet John and Robert Kennedy agreed that dropping Johnson from the ticket could produce heavy losses in the South.[134][135]

## Presidency (1963–1969)

[edit]

Main article: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson

### Succession

[edit]

Main article: First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson

Further information: Assassination of John F. Kennedy

Johnson is sworn in as president aboard Air Force One at Dallas Love Field two hours and eight minutes following Kennedy's assassination as Mrs. Johnson and Mrs. Kennedy look on.

President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[136] Later that day, Johnson took the presidential oath of office aboard Air Force One.[137] Cecil Stoughton's iconic photograph of Johnson taking the oath of office as Mrs. Kennedy looks on is the most famous photo ever taken aboard a presidential aircraft.[138][137] Johnson was sworn in by District Court judge Sarah T. Hughes and is to date the only president in U.S. history to be sworn in by a woman.[139][140]

Johnson was convinced of the need to make an immediate show of transition of power after the assassination to provide stability to a grieving nation.[141] He and the Secret Service, not knowing whether the assassin acted alone or as part of a broader conspiracy, felt compelled to return rapidly to Washington, D.C.; this was greeted by some with assertions that he was in too much haste to assume power.[136] In response to the public demand for answers and the growing number of conspiracy theories, Johnson established a commission headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, known as the Warren Commission, to investigate Kennedy's assassination.[142] The commission conducted extensive research and hearings and unanimously concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination.[143]

Johnson at a July 1965 Cabinet meeting

When Johnson assumed office, he asked the existing Cabinet to remain in place.[144] Despite his notoriously poor relationship with Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy stayed on as Attorney General until September 1964, when he resigned to run for the U.S. Senate.[145] Four of the Kennedy cabinet members Johnson inherited—Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman, and Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz—served until the end of Johnson's presidency.[146] Other Kennedy holdovers, including Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, left office during Johnson's tenure. Although Johnson had no official chief of staff, Walter Jenkins presided over daily operations at the White House. George Reedy, who was Johnson's second-longest-serving aide, assumed the post of press secretary when John F. Kennedy's own Pierre Salinger left that post in March 1964.[147] Horace Busby served primarily as a speechwriter and political analyst.[148] Bill Moyers handled scheduling and speechwriting part-time.[149]

### Taxation and budget

[edit]

The new president thought it advantageous to quickly pursue one of Kennedy's primary legislative goals ‍--‌ a tax cut. Johnson worked closely with Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia to negotiate a reduction in the budget below $100 billion in exchange for what became overwhelming Senate approval of the Revenue Act of 1964. The act cut individual income tax rates across the board by approximately 20 percent, cut the top marginal tax rate from 91 to 70 percent, and slightly reduced corporate tax rates.[150] Passage of the long-stalled tax cut facilitated efforts to move ahead on civil rights legislation.[151] Despite a period of strong economic growth, heavy spending on the Vietnam War and on domestic programs contributed to a rising budget deficit, as well as a period of inflation that would continue into the 1970s.[152] To counter this, Johnson reluctantly signed a second tax bill, the Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968, which included a mix of tax increases and spending cuts, producing a budget surplus.[153][154]

### Civil Rights Act of 1964

[edit]

Main article: Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson meeting with civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. (left), Whitney Young, and James Farmer in the Oval Office on January 18, 1964

On November 27, 1963, Johnson delivered his "Let Us Continue" speech to Congress, saying that "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the Civil Rights Bill for which he fought so long."[155] The wave of national grief following the assassination gave enormous momentum to Johnson's promise to carry out Kennedy's plans.[156]

Johnson asked Robert Kennedy to spearhead the undertaking on Capitol Hill. This provided adequate political cover for Johnson should the effort fail, but if it were successful, Johnson would receive ample credit.[157] Biographer Caro notes that the bill Kennedy had submitted was facing the same tactics that prevented the passage of civil rights bills in the past: Southern congressmen and senators used congressional procedure to prevent it from coming to a vote.[158] In particular, they held up all of the major bills Kennedy had proposed and that were considered urgent, especially the tax reform bill, to force the bill's supporters to pull it.[158] For Johnson's civil rights bill to reach the House floor for a vote, the president needed to find a way to circumvent Representative Howard W. Smith, the chairman of the House Rules Committee. Johnson used a discharge petition to force it onto the House floor.[159] Facing a growing threat that they would be bypassed, the Rules Committee approved the bill and moved it to the floor of the full House, which soon passed it by a vote of 290–110.[160] Johnson convinced Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield to put the House bill directly into consideration by the full Senate, bypassing the Senate Judiciary Committee and its segregationist chairman James Eastland.[161] Since bottling up the civil rights bill in a committee was no longer an option, the anti-civil rights senators were left with the filibuster as their only remaining tool. Overcoming the filibuster required the support of at least 20 Republicans, who were growing less supportive because their party was about to nominate for president a candidate who opposed the bill.[162] According to Caro, Johnson ultimately could convince Republican leader Everett Dirksen to support the bill that amassed the necessary Republican votes to overcome the filibuster in March 1964; the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 71–29.[163][164]

Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2.[164] The act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, or sex.[165] It prohibited racial segregation in public accommodations and employment discrimination, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination.[166] The following evening, Johnson told aide Bill Moyers, "I think we may have lost the South for your lifetime – and mine", anticipating a backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party.[167][168]

### Great Society

[edit]

Main article: Great Society

President Johnson formally presented his specific goals for the Great Society during a speech at the University of Michigan, May 1964.

By early 1964, Johnson had begun to use the name "Great Society" to describe his domestic program.[169] Johnson's Great Society program encompassed movements of urban renewal, modern transportation, clean environment, anti-poverty, healthcare reform, crime control, and educational reform.[170] To ensure the passage of his programs, Johnson placed an unprecedented emphasis on relations with Congress.[171]

### 1964 presidential election

[edit]

Main articles: Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign and 1964 United States presidential election

Further information: 1964 Democratic National Convention

In Spring 1964, Johnson was not optimistic about his prospects of being elected president.[172] A pivotal change took place in April when he assumed personal management of negotiations between the railroad brotherhood and the railroad industry over the issue of featherbedding. Johnson emphasized to the parties the potential impact upon the economy of a strike. After considerable horse-trading, especially with the carriers who won promises from the president for greater freedom in setting rights and more liberal depreciation allowances from the Internal Revenue Service, Johnson obtained an agreement. This substantially boosted his self-confidence and image.[173]

Robert F. Kennedy was widely considered an impeccable choice for Johnson's vice presidential running mate but Johnson and Kennedy had never liked each other, and Johnson, afraid that Kennedy would be credited with his election as president, consistently opposed the idea.[174] Kennedy was undecided about accepting an offer as Johnson's running mate, knowing that the prospect rankled Johnson. Barry Goldwater's poor polling numbers was perceived as reducing the political significance of Johnson's selection of a running mate.[175] Hubert Humphrey's selection as vice president then became a foregone conclusion and was thought to strengthen Johnson in the Midwest and industrial Northeast.[176] Knowing the degree of frustration inherent in the office of vice president, Johnson put Humphrey through a gauntlet of interviews to guarantee his loyalty. Having made the decision, he kept the announcement from the press until the last moment to maximize media speculation and coverage.[177]

In preparation for the Democratic convention in Atlantic City, Johnson requested the FBI send 30 agents to cover convention activities; the objective of the squad was to inform the White House staff of any disruptive activities. The squad's focus narrowed upon the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) delegation, which sought to displace the white segregationist delegation regularly selected in the state. The squad's activities included wiretaps of Martin Luther King's room and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). From beginning to end, the squad's assignment was carefully couched in terms of the monitoring of disruptive activities that might endanger the president and other high-ranking officials.[178]

Johnson was very concerned about potential political damage from media coverage of racial tensions exposed by a credentials fight between the MFDP and the segregationist delegation, and he assigned Humphrey to manage the problem.[179] The convention's Credentials Committee declared that two MFDP delegates in the delegation be seated as observers and agreed to "bar future delegations from states where any citizens are deprived of the right to vote because of their race or color".[180] The MFDP rejected the committee's ruling. The convention became the apparent personal triumph that Johnson craved, but a sense of betrayal caused by the marginalization of the MFDP would trigger disaffection with Johnson and the Democratic Party from the left; SNCC chairman John Lewis would call it a "turning point in the civil rights movement".[181]

Results of the 1964 presidential election. Johnson won 486 electoral college votes (61.1% of the popular vote) to Barry Goldwater's 52.

Early in the 1964 presidential campaign, Barry Goldwater appeared to be a strong contender, with strong support from the South, which threatened Johnson's position as he had predicted in reaction to the passage of the Civil Rights Act. However, Goldwater lost momentum as his campaign progressed. On September 7, 1964, Johnson's campaign managers broadcast the "Daisy ad": it portrayed a little girl picking petals from a daisy, followed by a countdown and explosion of a nuclear bomb. The message conveyed was that electing Goldwater risked a nuclear war. Goldwater's campaign message was best symbolized by the bumper sticker displayed by supporters claiming "In your heart, you know he's right". Opponents captured the spirit of Johnson's campaign with bumper stickers that said "In your heart, you know he might" and "In your guts, you know he's nuts".[182] CIA Director William Colby asserted that Tracy Barnes instructed the CIA to spy on the Goldwater campaign and the Republican National Committee to provide information to Johnson's campaign.[183] Johnson won the presidency by a landslide with 61.05 percent of the vote, making it the highest ever share of the popular vote.[184] At the time, this was also the widest popular margin in the 20th century ‍--‌ more than 15.95 million votes ‍--‌ this was later surpassed by incumbent President Nixon's victory in 1972.[185] In the Electoral College, Johnson defeated Goldwater by a margin of 486 to 52. Johnson won 44 states, compared to Goldwater's six. Voters also gave Johnson the largest majorities in Congress since FDR's election in 1936 ‍--‌ a Senate with a 68–32 majority and a House with a 295–140 Democratic margin.[186]

### Voting Rights Act

[edit]

Main article: Voting Rights Act of 1965

President Lyndon B. Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks at the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965

Soon after the 1964 election, civil rights organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began a push for federal action to protect the voting rights of racial minorities.[187] On March 7, 1965, these organizations began the Selma to Montgomery marches in which Selma residents proceeded to march to Alabama's capital, Montgomery, to highlight voting rights issues and present Governor George Wallace with their grievances. On the first march, demonstrators were stopped by state and county police, who shot tear gas into the crowd and trampled protesters. Televised footage of the scene, which became known as "Bloody Sunday", generated outrage across the country.[188] In response to the rapidly increasing political pressure upon him, Johnson decided to immediately send voting rights legislation to Congress, and to address the American people in a speech before a Joint session of Congress. He began:

> I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy. I urge every member of both parties, Americans of all religions and of all colors, from every section of this country, to join me in that cause. ... Rarely in any time does an issue lay bare the secret heart of America itself. Rarely are we met with a challenge, not to our growth or abundance, or our welfare or our security, but rather to the values and the purposes and the meaning of our beloved nation. The issue of equal rights for American Negroes is such an issue. And should we defeat every enemy, and should we double our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to this issue, then we will have failed as a people and as a nation. For, with a country as with a person, 'what is a man profited if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?'[188][189]

Johnson and Dirksen established a strong bipartisan alliance in favor of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, precluding the possibility of a Senate filibuster defeating the bill. In August 1965, the House approved the bill by a vote of 333 to 85, and Senate passed the bill by a vote of 79 to 18.[190] The landmark legislation outlawed discrimination in voting, thus allowing millions of Southern blacks to vote for the first time. The results were significant; between the years of 1968 and 1980, the number of Southern black elected state and federal officeholders nearly doubled.[189] In Mississippi, the voter registration rate of African Americans rose from 6.7 percent to 59.8 percent between 1964 and 1967, a reflection of a broader increase in African-American voter registration rates.[191]

After the murder of civil rights worker Viola Liuzzo, Johnson went on television to announce the arrest of four Ku Klux Klans men implicated in her death. He angrily denounced the Klan as a "hooded society of bigots," and warned them to "return to a decent society before it's too late". Johnson was the first president to arrest and prosecute members of the Klan since Ulysses S. Grant.[b][192] He turned to themes of Christian redemption to push for civil rights, mobilizing support from churches.[193] At the Howard University commencement address on June 4, 1965, he said that both the government and the nation needed to help achieve these goals: "To shatter forever not only the barriers of law and public practice but the walls which bound the condition of many by the color of his skin. To dissolve, as best we can, the antique enmities of the heart which diminish the holder, divide the great democracy, and do wrong ‍--‌ great wrong ‍--‌ to the children of God ..."[194]

### Fair Housing Act

[edit]

See also: Civil Rights Act of 1968

The Fair Housing Act, a component of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, outlawed several forms of housing discrimination and effectively allowed many African Americans to move to the suburbs.[195] Johnson submitted a bill to Congress in April 1966 that barred house owners from refusing to enter into agreements on the basis of race; the bill immediately garnered opposition from many of the Northerners who had supported the last two major civil rights bills.[196] Though a version of the bill passed the House, it failed to win Senate approval, marking Johnson's first major legislative defeat.[197] The law gained new impetus after the April 4, 1968, assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the civil unrest across the country that followed.[198] The bill passed Congress on April 10 and was quickly signed into law by Johnson.[198][199]

### War on Poverty

[edit]

Main article: War on poverty

Further information: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § War on Poverty

President Johnson's poverty tour in 1964

In his 1964 State of the Union Address Johnson stated, "this administration today, here and now, declares an unconditional war on poverty in America. Our aim is not only to relieve the symptoms of poverty but to cure it–and above all, to prevent it."[200] In August 1964, Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which would create the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to oversee local Community Action Agencies (CAA) charged with dispensing aid to those in poverty.[201] Each CAA was required to have "maximum feasible participation" from local residents, who would design and operate anti-poverty programs unique to their communities' needs.[202] This was threatening to local political leaders who saw CAAs as alternative power structures in their own communities, funded and encouraged by the OEO.[203][204][205] In 1967, the Green Amendment gave city governments the right to decide which entity would be the official CAA for their community. The net result was a halt to the citizen participation reform movement.[206][207]

The Economic Opportunity Act created the Job Corps and AmeriCorps VISTA, a domestic version of the Peace Corps.[208] Modeled after the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Job Corps was a residential education and job-training program that provided academic and vocational skills to low-income at-risk young people.[209][210] VISTA deployed volunteers on community projects across the nation to address issues such as illiteracy, inadequate housing, and poor health.[209] By the end of 1965, 2,000 volunteers had signed on.[211] Congress also agreed to Upward Bound, a program that trained low-income students in the skills they needed for college.[212] The act reflected Johnson's belief that the government could best help the impoverished by providing them with economic opportunities.[213]

To combat homelessness, Johnson signed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, which provided rent subsidies for the elderly and disabled, construction of 240,000 housing units, and $3 billion for urban renewal. In September 1965, Johnson would go on to sign legislation that would establish the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), to oversee the newly funded housing programs. Providing an additional $1.1 billion for roads, health clinics, and other public works was the Appalachian Regional Development Act, a measure to improve living standards in Appalachia.[214][215]

During the Johnson administration, national poverty declined significantly, with the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line dropping from 23 to 12 percent.[3] Johnson took an additional step in the War on Poverty with an urban renewal effort, the "Demonstration Cities Program". To be eligible, a city was required to demonstrate its readiness to "arrest blight and decay and make a substantial impact on the development of its entire city". Johnson requested an investment of $400 million per year totaling $2.4 billion. In late 1966, Congress passed a substantially reduced program costing $900 million, which Johnson later called the Model Cities Program. The New York Times wrote 22 years later that the program was largely a failure.[216]

### Healthcare reform

[edit]

Further information: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Medicare and Medicaid

Former president Truman and wife Bess at Johnson's signing of the Medicare Bill in 1965, as Lady Bird and Hubert Humphrey look on

Johnson's initial effort to improve healthcare was the creation of The Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Strokes (HDCS). These diseases accounted for 71 percent of the nation's deaths in 1962.[217]

In 1965, Johnson turned his focus to hospital insurance for the aged under Social Security.[218] The key player in initiating this program, named Medicare, was Representative Wilbur Mills, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. To reduce Republican opposition, Mills suggested that Medicare be fashioned as three layers: hospital insurance under Social Security; a voluntary insurance program for doctor visits; and an expanded medical welfare program for the poor, known as Medicaid.[219] The bill passed the house by a margin of 110 votes on April 8. The effort in the Senate was considerably more complicated, but the Medicare bill passed Congress on July 28.[220] Medicare now covers tens of millions of Americans.[221]

### Immigration

[edit]

See also: Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

President Johnson signs the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 as U.S. Senators Edward Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy, and others look on.

The sweeping Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 reformed the country's immigration system and repealed the National Origins Formula, which had restricted emigration from countries outside of Western Europe and the Western Hemisphere. The annual rate of inflow doubled between 1965 and 1970, and doubled again by 1990, with dramatic increases from Asia and Latin America, including Mexico.[66] Scholars give Johnson little credit for the law, which was not one of his priorities; he had supported the McCarren–Walter Act of 1952, which proved unpopular with reformers.[222]

### Federal funding for education

[edit]

See also: Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Further information: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Education

First Lady Lady Bird Johnson visits a Head Start class, 1966.

Johnson, whose own ticket out of poverty was a public education in Texas, believed that education was an essential component of the American dream, especially for minorities.[223] He made education the top priority of the Great Society agenda, with an emphasis on helping poor children. Buoyed by his landslide victory in the 1964 election, in early 1965 Johnson proposed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which would double federal spending on education from $4 billion to $8 billion.[224] The bill quickly passed both houses of Congress by wide margins.[225] ESEA increased funding to all school districts, but directed more money going to districts that had large proportions of students from poor families.[226]

Although ESEA solidified Johnson's support among K–12 teachers' unions, neither the Higher Education Act nor the new endowments mollified the college professors and students growing increasingly uneasy with the war in Vietnam.[227][228] Johnson's second major education program was the Higher Education Act of 1965, which increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships, gave low-interest loans to students, and established a Teacher Corps.[229] Johnson also established Head Start, an early education program to help prepare children from disadvantaged families for success in public schools.[230] In 1967, Johnson signed the Public Broadcasting Act to create educational television programs to supplement broadcast networks.[231]

In 1965, Johnson set up the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, to support the study of literature, history, and law, and arts such as music, painting, and sculpture.[232]

### Transportation

[edit]

Further information: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Transportation

In March 1966, Johnson sent to Congress a transportation message which included the creation of a new Transportation Department, comprising the Commerce Department's Office of Transportation, the Bureau of Public Roads, the Federal Aviation Agency, the Coast Guard, the Maritime Administration, the Civil Aeronautics Board, and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The bill passed the Senate after some negotiation over navigation projects; in the House, passage required negotiation over maritime interests and the bill was signed October 15, 1965.[233]

### Environment

[edit]

Further information: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Environment

Johnson signing the Clean Air Act

During his tenure as president, Johnson signed over 300 conservation measures into law, forming the legal basis of the modern environmental movement.[234] He signed into law the Clean Air Act of 1963, which had been proposed by President Kennedy. The Clean Air Act set emission standards for stationary emitters of air pollutants and directed federal funding to air quality research.[235] In 1965, the act was amended by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, which directed the federal government to establish and enforce national standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from new motor vehicles and engines.[236] In September 1964, Johnson signed the Wilderness Act, which established the National Wilderness Preservation System (preserving 9.1 million acres of forestland from industrial development),[237][238] and signed a law establishing the Land and Water Conservation Fund, which aids the purchase of land used for federal and state parks.[239][240]

In 1965, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson took the lead in calling for passage of the Highway Beautification Act.[241] The act called for control of outdoor advertising, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation's growing Interstate Highway System and the existing federal-aid primary highway system. It also required certain junkyards along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development.[242]

### Gun control

[edit]

Though Johnson had already introduced a gun control bill on June 6, 1968, after the assassination of Robert Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson's press secretary Liz Carpenter, in a memo to the president, worried that the country had been "brainwashed by high drama," and that Johnson "need[ed] some quick dramatic actions" that addressed "the issue of violence." In October, Johnson signed the Gun Control Act of 1968, but did not invoke the memory of Robert Kennedy as he had so often done with his brother–an omission historian Jeff Shesol has argued was motivated by Johnson's longstanding contempt for Robert.[243] The measure prohibited convicted felons, drug users, and the mentally ill from purchasing handguns and raised record-keeping and licensing requirements.[244] It also banned mail order sales of rifles and shotguns.[245]

### Urban riots

[edit]

Main article: Ghetto riots (1964–1969)

Further information: Long, hot summer of 1967 and King assassination riots

Soldiers direct traffic away from an area of South Central Los Angeles burning during the 1965 Watts riots. 1967 Newark riots

The nation experienced a series of "long hot summers" of civil unrest during the Johnson years. They started with the Harlem riots in 1964, and the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965. The momentum for the advancement of civil rights came to a sudden halt following the riots in Watts. After 34 people were killed and $35 million (equivalent to $349.22 million in 2024) in property was damaged, the public feared an expansion of the violence to other cities, and so the appetite for additional programs in Johnson's agenda was lost.[246][247]

In what is known as the "Long hot summer of 1967", more than 150 riots erupted across the United States.[248] The Boston Globe called it "a revolution of black Americans against white Americans, a violent petition for the redress of long-standing grievances."[249] The Newark riots left 26 dead and 1,500 injured.[249] The Detroit riot resulted in 43 deaths, 2250 injuries, 4,000 arrests, and millions of dollars' worth of property damage. Governor George Romney sent in 7,400 national guard troops to quell fire bombings, looting, and attacks on businesses and police. Johnson finally sent in federal troops with tanks and machine guns.[250] At an August 2, 1967, cabinet meeting, Attorney General Ramsey Clark warned that untrained and undisciplined local police forces and National Guardsmen might trigger a "guerrilla war in the streets,"[251][252] as evidenced by the climate of sniper fire in Newark and Detroit. Snipers created a dangerous situation for both law enforcement and civilians, with shooters often targeting from rooftops and other concealed locations.[253][254]

Johnson's popularity plummeted as a massive white political backlash took shape, reinforcing the sense Johnson had lost control of the streets of major cities and his own party.[255] The president created the 11-member Kerner Commission to study the causes behind the recurring outbreaks of urban civil disorder, headed by Illinois Governor Otto Kerner.[66] The commission's 1968 report suggested legislative measures to promote racial integration and alleviate poverty and concluded that the nation was "moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal."[256] According to Press Secretary George Christian, Johnson was unsurprised by the riots, saying: "What did you expect? ... When you put your foot on a man's neck and hold him down for three hundred years, and then you let him up, what's he going to do? He's going to knock your block off."[257]

### Backlash against Johnson (1966–1967)

[edit]

In 1966, the press sensed a credibility gap between what Johnson was saying in press conferences and what was happening in the Vietnam War, which led to less favorable coverage of Johnson and his administration.[258]

By the end of 1966, Democratic Governor Warren E. Hearnes of Missouri warned that Johnson would lose the state by 100,000 votes, despite winning by a margin of 500,000 in 1964. "Frustration over Vietnam; too much federal spending and ... taxation; no great public support for your Great Society programs; and ... public disenchantment with the civil rights programs "had eroded the President's standing, the governor reported.[259] There were bright spots; in January 1967, Johnson boasted that wages were the highest in history, unemployment was at a 13-year low, and corporate profits and farm incomes were greater than ever; a 4.5 percent jump in consumer prices was worrisome, as was the rise in interest rates. Johnson asked for a temporary 6 percent surcharge in income taxes to cover the mounting deficit caused by increased spending. Johnson's approval ratings stayed below 50 percent and, in December 1966, his disapproval rating surpassed his approval rating. In January 1967, the number of his strong supporters had plunged to 16 percent, from 25 percent four months before.

Asked to explain his diminished popularity, Johnson said, "I am a dominating personality, and when I get things done I don't always please all the people."[260] Johnson also blamed the press, saying they showed "complete irresponsibility and lie and misstate facts and have no one to be answerable to", and "the preachers, liberals and professors" who had turned against him.[261]

In the congressional elections of 1966, the Republicans gained three seats in the Senate and 47 in the House, reinvigorating the conservative coalition, which made it more difficult for Johnson to pass additional Great Society legislation. However, Congress ultimately passed almost 96 percent of the administration's Great Society programs.[262]

### Space program

[edit]

Further information: Space Race and Space policy of the United States

Former President Johnson (center left) and Vice President Spiro Agnew (center right) witness the liftoff of Apollo 11, the first manned space aircraft to land on the Moon, on July 16, 1969

During the Johnson administration, NASA conducted the Gemini crewed space program, developed the Saturn V rocket and its launch facility, and prepared to make the first crewed Apollo program flights. On January 27, 1967, the nation was stunned when the entire crew of Apollo 1 was killed in a cabin fire during a spacecraft test on the launch pad, stopping Apollo in its tracks. Rather than appointing another Warren-style commission, Johnson accepted Administrator James E. Webb's request for NASA to do its own investigation.[263]

Johnson maintained his staunch support of Apollo through Congressional and press controversy, and the program recovered. The first two crewed missions, Apollo 7 and the first crewed flight to the Moon, Apollo 8, were completed by the end of Johnson's term. He congratulated the Apollo 8 crew, saying, "You've taken ... all of us, all over the world, into a new era."[264][265] On July 16, 1969, Johnson attended the launch of the first Moon landing mission Apollo 11, becoming the first former or incumbent U.S. president to witness a rocket launch.[266]

### Vietnam War

[edit]

Main article: Vietnam War

Further information: United States in the Vietnam War and Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson § Vietnam

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and General Westmoreland in Da Nang in August 1965

The Vietnam War began in 1955 as Communist forces started operating in South Vietnam. By the time Johnson took office, there were 16,700 American military personnel in South Vietnam.[267] Despite some misgivings, Johnson ultimately came to support escalation of the U.S. role in Vietnam.[268] Like the vast majority of American leaders in the mid-1960s, he was determined to prevent the spread of Communism.[269] Johnson's decision to escalate was also influenced heavily by reputation. Under pressure from pro-war politicians like Barry Goldwater, Johnson feared that if he made the decision to not stand firm in Vietnam he would lose domestic political credibility as well as contribute to a decline in the international reputation of the U.S.[270] On October 11, 1963, President Kennedy had signed NSAM 263 ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year following recommendations of the McNamara–Taylor mission report.[271][272][273] On November 26, Johnson signed NSAM 273 which reaffirmed the Kennedy administration withdrawal approval and continued support for South Vietnam.[274][275] In August 1964, ambiguous evidence suggested two U.S. destroyers had been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Although Johnson very much wanted to keep discussions about Vietnam out of the 1964 election campaign, he felt forced to respond to the supposed Communist aggression. He obtained from Congress the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on August 7, 1964, giving blanket congressional approval for use of military force to repel future attacks.[276]

Tens of thousands of Vietnamese civilians were killed during the bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder.[277]

Johnson decided on a systematic bombing campaign, which became known as Operation Rolling Thunder, in February 1965 after an attack by Viet Cong guerrillas on Pleiku Air Base, killing eight Americans.[278] The U.S. would continue to bomb North Vietnam until late 1968.[279] In March 1965, McGeorge Bundy called for American ground operations; Johnson agreed and also quietly changed the mission from defensive to offensive operations.[280] On March 8, 1965, 3,500 troops went ashore near Da Nang, the first time U.S. combat forces had been sent to mainland Asia since the Korean War.[281] In June, South Vietnamese Ambassador Maxwell D. Taylor reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective and that the South Vietnamese army was outclassed and in danger of collapse.[282] In late July, McNamara and Johnson's top advisors recommended an increase in U.S. soldiers from 75,000 to over 200,000.[283] Johnson agreed but felt boxed in by unpalatable choices. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist, and if he did not, he thought he risked being impeached.[284] By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam.[285] Throughout 1965, few members of Congress or the administration openly criticized Johnson's handling of the war.[286]

President Johnson shakes hands with U.S. airmen at Cam Ranh Bay in South Vietnam, c. October 1966.

In early 1966, Senator Robert F. Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed "on a road from which there is no turning back, a road that leads to catastrophe for all mankind."[287] Soon thereafter, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator James William Fulbright, held televised hearings examining the administration's Vietnam policy.[288] In July, polling results indicated that Americans favored the bombing campaign by a five-to-one margin; however, in August a Defense Department study indicated that the bombing campaign was having minimal impact on North Vietnam.[289] By late 1966, multiple sources began to report progress was being made against the North Vietnamese logistics and infrastructure; Johnson was urged to begin peace discussions. English philosopher Bertrand Russell initiated the International War Crimes Tribunal to condemn the American effort.[290] The gap with Hanoi, however, was an unbridgeable demand on both sides for a unilateral end to bombing and withdrawal of forces.[291] Johnson grew more and more anxious about justifying war casualties, and talked of the need for decisive victory, despite the unpopularity of the cause.[292] By the end of 1966, it was clear that the air campaign and the pacification effort had both failed, and Johnson agreed to McNamara's new recommendation to add 70,000 troops in 1967 and the CIA's recommendations to increased bombings against North Vietnam.[293] The bombing escalation ended secret talks being held with North Vietnam, but U.S. leaders did not consider North Vietnamese intentions in those talks to be genuine.[294]

A female demonstrator offers a flower to a soldier during a 1967 anti-war demonstration at the Pentagon.

By the middle of 1967 nearly 70,000 Americans had been killed or wounded in the war, which was being commonly described in the news media and elsewhere as a "stalemate."[295] In January and February, probes were made to assess North Vietnamese's willingness to discuss peace, but they fell on deaf ears. Ho Chi Minh declared that the only solution was a unilateral U.S. withdrawal.[296] A Gallup, Inc. poll in July 1967 showed that 52 percent of Americans disapproved of the president's handling of the war, and only 34 percent thought progress was being made.[297] Nonetheless, Johnson agreed to an increase of 55,000 troops, bringing the total to 525,000.[298] In August, Johnson, with the Joint Chiefs' support, decided to expand the air campaign and exempted only Hanoi, Haiphong and a buffer zone with China from the target list.[299] Later that month McNamara told a Senate subcommittee that an expanded air campaign would not bring Hanoi to the peace table. The Joint Chiefs were astounded, and threatened mass resignation; McNamara was summoned to the White House for a three-hour dressing down. Nevertheless, Johnson had received reports from the CIA confirming McNamara's analysis at least in part. In the meantime an election establishing a constitutional government in the South was concluded and provided hope for peace talks.[300]

With the war arguably in a stalemate and in light of the widespread disapproval of the conflict, Johnson convened a group of veteran government foreign policy experts, informally known as "the Wise Men": Dean Acheson, General Omar Bradley, George Ball, McGeorge Bundy, Arthur Dean, C. Douglas Dillon, Abe Fortas, Averell Harriman, Henry Cabot Lodge, Robert Daniel Murphy, and Maxwell D. Taylor.[301] They unanimously opposed leaving Vietnam, and encouraged Johnson to "stay the course."[302] Afterward, on November 17, in a nationally televised address, the president assured the American public, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress." Less than two weeks later, Robert McNamara announced his resignation as Defense Secretary. Behind closed doors, he had begun regularly expressing doubts over Johnson's war strategy, angering the president. He joined a growing list of Johnson's top aides who resigned over the war, including Bill Moyers, McGeorge Bundy, and George Ball.[287][303] In October, with ever-increasing public protests against the war, Johnson engaged the FBI and the CIA to investigate, monitor, and undermine anti-war activists.[304] In mid-October, there was a demonstration of 100,000 at the Pentagon; Johnson and Dean Rusk were convinced that foreign communist sources were behind the demonstration, but that was refuted in the CIA's findings.[305]

#### Tet Offensive

[edit]

Walt Rostow, Johnson's national security advisor, meeting with Johnson in the Situation Room in 1968, where the two reviewed a map of the region where the Battle of Khe Sanh was being waged

On January 30, 1968, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army began the Tet Offensive against South Vietnam's five largest cities, including Saigon. While the Tet Offensive failed militarily, it was a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. In February 1968, influential news anchor Walter Cronkite of CBS News expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America".[306] Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26 percent then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam, while 63 percent disapproved.[307] College students and others protested, burned draft cards, and chanted, "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"[308]

The Tet Offensive convinced senior leaders of the Johnson administration, including the "Wise Men" and new Defense Secretary Clark Clifford, that further escalation of troop levels would not help bring an end to the war.[309] Johnson was initially reluctant to follow this advice, but ultimately agreed to allow a partial bombing halt and to signal his willingness to engage in peace talks.[310] On March 31, 1968, Johnson announced that he would halt the bombing in North Vietnam, while at the same time announcing that he would not seek re-election.[311] He also escalated U.S. military operations in South Vietnam in order to consolidate control of as much of the countryside as possible before the onset of serious peace talks.[312] Talks began in Paris in May, but failed to yield any results.[313] Two of the major obstacles in negotiations were the unwillingness of the United States to allow the Viet Cong to take part in the South Vietnamese government, and the unwillingness of North Vietnam to recognize the legitimacy of South Vietnam.[314] In October 1968, when the parties came close to an agreement on a bombing halt, Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon intervened with the South Vietnamese, promising better terms so as to delay a settlement on the issue until after the election.[315] Johnson sought a continuation of talks after the 1968 election, but the North Vietnamese argued about procedural matters until after Nixon took office.[316]

### Dominican Republic

[edit]

Like President Kennedy, Johnson sought to isolate Cuba, which was under the rule of the Soviet-aligned Fidel Castro.[317]

In 1965, the Dominican Civil War broke out between the government of President Donald Reid Cabral and supporters of former president Juan Bosch.[318] On the advice of Abe Fortas, Johnson dispatched over 20,000 Marines to the Dominican Republic.[319] Their role was not take sides but to evacuate American citizens and restore order. The U.S. also helped arrange an agreement providing for new elections. Johnson's use of force in ending the civil war alienated many in Latin America, and the region's importance to the administration receded as Johnson's foreign policy became increasingly dominated by the Vietnam War.[318]

### Soviet Union

[edit]

Main article: Cold War

Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin (left) next to Johnson during the Glassboro Summit Conference

Though actively engaged in containment in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, Johnson made it a priority to seek arms control deals with Moscow.[320] The Soviet Union also sought closer relations to the United States during the mid-to-late 1960s, partly due to the increasingly worse Sino-Soviet split. Johnson attempted to reduce tensions with China by easing restrictions on trade, but the beginning of China's Cultural Revolution ended hopes of a greater rapprochement.[321] Johnson was concerned with averting the possibility of nuclear war, and he sought to reduce tensions in Europe.[322] The Johnson administration pursued arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, signing the Outer Space Treaty and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and laid the foundation for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.[320] Johnson held a largely amicable meeting with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin at the Glassboro Summit Conference in 1967, and in July 1968 the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, in which each signatory agreed not to help other countries develop or acquire nuclear weapons. A planned nuclear disarmament summit between the United States and the Soviet Union was scuttled after Soviet forces violently suppressed the Prague Spring, an attempted democratization of Czechoslovakia.[323]

### Surveillance of Martin Luther King

[edit]

Johnson continued the FBI's wiretapping of Martin Luther King Jr. authorized by the Kennedy administration under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.[324] Johnson also authorized the tapping of phone conversations of others, including the Vietnamese friends of a Nixon associate.[325]

### International trips

[edit]

Further information: List of international trips made by the President of the United States § Lyndon B. Johnson

Countries visited by Johnson during his presidency

Johnson made eleven international trips to twenty countries during his presidency.[326] He flew five hundred twenty-three thousand miles (841,690 km) aboard Air Force One while in office. His October 1966 visit to Australia sparked demonstrations from anti-war protesters.[327] One of the most unusual international trips in presidential history occurred before Christmas 1967. The President began the trip by going to the memorial for Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt, who was presumed drowned in a swimming accident. The White House did not reveal in advance to the press that the President would make the first round-the-world presidential trip. The trip was twenty-six thousand nine hundred fifty-nine miles (43,386.3 km) completed in only 112.5 hours (4.7 days). Air Force One crossed the equator twice, stopped at Travis Air Force Base, in Honolulu, Pago Pago, Canberra, Melbourne, Vietnam, Karachi, and Rome.[328]

### 1968 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 1968 United States presidential election

See also: Dump Johnson movement

Johnson meeting with Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon in the White House in July 1968

As he had served less than two years of President Kennedy's term, Johnson was constitutionally eligible for election to a second full term in the 1968 presidential election.[329][330] Despite Johnson's growing unpopularity, conventional wisdom held that it would be impossible to deny re-nomination to a sitting president.[331] In September 1967 Johnson openly admitted he was considering dropping out of the race for re-election.[332] Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire presidential primary on March 12,[333] but in a March 31 speech, Johnson shocked the nation when he announced he would not run for re-election by concluding with the line: "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president".[334] The next day, his approval ratings increased from 36 percent to 49 percent.[335]

Historians have debated the factors that led to Johnson's surprise decision. Shesol says Johnson wanted out of the White House but also wanted vindication; when the indicators turned negative he decided to leave.[336] Woods writes that Johnson realized he needed to leave in order for the nation to heal.[337] Dallek says that Johnson had no further domestic goals, and realized that his personality had eroded his popularity. His health was not good, and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign; his wife was pressing for his retirement and his base of support continued to shrink. Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker.[338] Bennett, however, says Johnson "had been forced out of a reelection race in 1968 by outrage over his policy in Southeast Asia."[339] Johnson may also have hoped that the convention would ultimately choose to draft him back into the race.[340]

Vice President Hubert Humphrey entered the race after Johnson's withdrawal, making the 1968 Democratic primaries a three-way contest between Humphrey, Kennedy, and McCarthy. Kennedy cut into McCarthy's liberal and anti-war base, while also winning the support of the poor and working class. He won a series of primary victories, but was assassinated in June by Sirhan Sirhan, an Arab nationalist.[341] With Johnson's support, Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, held in Chicago in late August. Violent police attacks against anti-war protesters in Chicago marred the convention.[342]

Humphrey's polling numbers improved after a September 30 speech in which he broke with Johnson's war policy, calling for an end to the bombing of North Vietnam.[343] In what was termed the October surprise, Johnson announced to the nation on October 31, 1968, that he had ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam", effective November 1, should the North Vietnamese government be willing to negotiate and citing progress with the Paris peace talks.[344]

Republican nominee Richard Nixon won the election.[343]

### Judicial appointments

[edit]

Appointed by Johnson in 1967, Thurgood Marshall (left) became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court

See also: Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointments and Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies

Johnson appointed Justices Abe Fortas (1965) and Thurgood Marshall (1967) to the Supreme Court of the United States. Johnson anticipated court challenges to his legislative measures in 1965 and thought it advantageous to have a "mole" in the Supreme Court to provide him with inside information, as he was able to get from the legislative branch. Abe Fortas in particular Johnson thought could fill the bill. The opportunity arose when an opening occurred for ambassador to the UN, with Adlai Stevenson's death; Associate Justice Arthur Goldberg accepted Johnson's offer to transfer to the UN position. Johnson insisted on Fortas assuming Goldberg's seat, over Fortas's wife's objection that it was too early in his career.[345] When Earl Warren announced his retirement in 1968, Johnson nominated Fortas to succeed him as Chief Justice of the United States, and nominated Homer Thornberry to succeed Fortas as associate justice. However, Fortas's nomination was filibustered by senators, and neither nominee was voted upon by the full Senate.[citation needed]

## Post-presidency (1969–1973)

[edit]

> On Inauguration Day (January 20, 1969), Johnson saw Nixon sworn in, then got on the plane to fly back to Texas. When the front door of the plane closed, Johnson pulled out a cigarette ‍--‌ his first cigarette he had smoked since his heart attack in 1955. One of his daughters pulled it out of his mouth and said, "Daddy, what are you doing? You're going to kill yourself." He took it back and said, "I've now raised you, girls. I've now been President. Now it's my time!" From that point on, he went into a very self-destructive spiral.

— Historian Michael Beschloss[346]

After leaving the presidency in January 1969, Johnson went home to his ranch in Stonewall, Texas, accompanied by former aide and speechwriter Harry J. Middleton, who would draft Johnson's first book, The Choices We Face, and work with him on his memoirs, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency 1963–1969, published in 1971.[347] That year, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum opened on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin. He donated his Texas ranch in his will to the public to form the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, with the provision that it "remain a working ranch and not become a sterile relic of the past".[348]

Johnson with longer hair during an interview in August 1972, five months before his death

Johnson gave Nixon high grades in foreign policy, but worried that his successor was being pressured into removing U.S. forces from South Vietnam before the South Vietnamese were able to defend themselves. "If the South falls to the Communists, we can have a serious backlash here at home," he warned.[349]

During the 1972 presidential election, Johnson only reluctantly endorsed Democratic nominee George McGovern, a senator from South Dakota; McGovern had long opposed Johnson's foreign and defense policies. Johnson wanted to attend the Democratic National Convention, but was advised not to attend as he would not be welcome. The McGovern nomination and platform dismayed him. Nixon could be defeated, Johnson insisted, "if only the Democrats don't go too far left".[350] Johnson felt Edmund Muskie would be more likely to defeat Nixon; however, he declined to try to stop McGovern receiving the nomination as he felt his unpopularity within the Democratic Party was such that anything he said was more likely to help McGovern. Johnson's protégé John Connally had served as President Nixon's Secretary of the Treasury and then stepped down to head "Democrats for Nixon", a group funded by Republicans. It was the first time that Connally and Johnson were on opposite sides of a general election campaign.[351]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Marriage and children

[edit]

On November 17, 1934, Johnson married Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor from Karnack, Texas. The two first met after he attended Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. for one semester.[352] During their first date, Johnson asked her to marry him; many dates later, she finally agreed.[353] The wedding was officiated by Arthur R. McKinstry at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in San Antonio.[354] They had two daughters: Lynda Bird in 1944 and Luci Baines in 1947. Johnson gave his children names with the LBJ initials; his dog was named Little Beagle Johnson, and his home was the LBJ Ranch in the Texas Hill Country. His initials were on his cufflinks, ashtrays, and clothes.[355] During his marriage, Johnson had affairs with "numerous"[356] women, including socialite Alice Marsh, who was considered, outside his marriage, his most important relationship.[356]

### Health

[edit]

Johnson wearing a cowboy hat at his Texas ranch, 1972

On July 2, 1955, at age 46, Johnson, a 60-cigarette-per-day smoker, suffered a near-fatal heart attack, which inspired him to discontinue smoking. Five months later, Johnson's doctors reported he had made "a most satisfactory recovery".[357][358]

Johnson may have suffered a second heart attack following President Kennedy's assassination, but the diagnosis released to the public was that he had an angina attack.[359]

On November 8, 1965, Johnson underwent surgery at Bethesda Naval Hospital to remove his gallbladder and a kidney stone. After the procedure, Johnson's doctors reported that the president had come through the surgery "beautifully as expected."[360] He was able to resume his duties the following day, and he met with reporters a couple of days later to reassure the nation that he was recovering well. Although Johnson was incapacitated during surgery, there was no transfer of presidential power to Vice President Humphrey.[361][362]

In March 1970, Johnson suffered an attack of angina and was taken to Brooke Army General Hospital in San Antonio. He had gained more than 25 pounds (11 kg) since leaving the White House; he now weighed around 235 pounds (107 kg) and was urged to lose considerable weight. By the summer of 1970, again gripped by chronic chest pains, Johnson lost 15 pounds (6.8 kg) in less than a month on a crash water diet. He had also resumed smoking shortly before Christmas 1971, having not smoked since his near-fatal heart attack in July 1955.[350]

In April 1972, Johnson had another major heart attack while visiting his daughter, Lynda, in Virginia. "I'm hurting real bad",[350] he confided to friends. The chest pains returned nearly every afternoon ‍--‌ jolting pains that left him frightened and breathless. A portable oxygen tank was kept by his bed, and he periodically interrupted what he was doing to lie down and don the mask. He continued to smoke heavily and, although nominally on a low-calorie, low-cholesterol diet, kept to it only intermittently. Meanwhile, he began to experience severe abdominal pains, diagnosed as diverticulosis. His heart condition rapidly worsened and surgery was recommended. Johnson flew to Houston to consult with heart specialist Michael DeBakey, where he learned his condition was terminal. DeBakey found that despite two of Johnson's coronary arteries being in urgent need of a coronary bypass, his heart was in such poor condition that he likely would have died during surgery.[349]

## Death

[edit]

President Richard Nixon paying his last tributes to his predecessor, former president Johnson in 1973 Johnson's grave

Johnson recorded an hour-long television interview with newsman Walter Cronkite at his ranch on January 12, 1973, in which he discussed his legacy, particularly about the civil rights movement. He was still smoking heavily, and told Cronkite that it was better for his heart "to smoke than to be nervous".[363]

At approximately 3:50 P.M. Central on January 22, 1973, Johnson suffered his final heart attack in his bedroom. He managed to telephone the Secret Service agents on the ranch, who found him still holding the telephone receiver, unconscious and "appear[ing] to be dead".[364] They attempted resuscitation, and Johnson was airlifted in one of his planes to San Antonio International Airport, en route to Brooke Army Medical Center. However, cardiologist and Army colonel George McGranahan pronounced him dead on arrival at the airport at 4:33 P.M. Johnson was 64.[364]

Shortly after the former president was pronounced dead, Johnson's press secretary Tom Johnson (no relation) telephoned Cronkite to tell him. Cronkite was anchoring CBS Evening News live at the moment Johnson reached him, which enabled him to report on President Johnson's death as he received direct information.[365] Nixon mentioned Johnson's death in a speech he gave the day after Johnson died, announcing the peace agreement to end the Vietnam War.[366][367]

### Funeral

[edit]

Johnson was honored with a state funeral. Initially, his body lay in repose at the LBJ Presidential Library in Austin.[368] Afterwards, Johnson's body was flown to Washington.[368] Texas Congressman J. J. Pickle and former Secretary of State Dean Rusk eulogized him when he lay in state at the Capitol.[369][368]

The state funeral took place on January 25 at the National City Christian Church in Washington, D.C., where he had often worshiped as president. The service was presided over by President Nixon and attended by foreign dignitaries, led by Eisaku Satō, who had served as Japanese prime minister during Johnson's presidency.[370] Eulogies were given by George Davis, the church's pastor, and W. Marvin Watson, Johnson's last Postmaster General and a longtime advisor.[371]

Later that same day, Johnson was buried in his family's private cemetery in Gillespie County, Texas, near the house in which he was born. Billy Graham officiated the service. He and former Texas governor Connally gave eulogies. Several hundred people were in attendance.[372]

The state funeral, the last for a president until Richard Nixon's in 1994, occurred the same week as Nixon's second inauguration.[373] As Johnson died only two days after the inauguration,[368][373] various activities surrounding the inauguration were canceled.[373]

## Personality and public image

[edit]

According to biographer Randall Woods, Johnson posed in many different roles:

> "Johnson the Son of the Tenant Farmer, Johnson the Great Compromiser, Johnson the All-Knowing, Johnson the Humble, Johnson the Warrior, Johnson the Dove, Johnson the Romantic, Johnson the Hard-Headed Pragmatist, Johnson the Preserver of Traditions, Johnson the Crusader for Social Justice, Johnson the Magnanimous, Johnson the Vindictive or Johnson the Uncouth, LBJ the Hick, Lyndon the Satyr, and Johnson the Usurper".[374]

Johnson had his particular brand of persuasion, known as "The Johnson Treatment".[375] "There was no more powerful majority leader in American history," biographer Robert Dallek writes. Dallek stated that Johnson had biographies on all the senators, knew what their ambitions, hopes, and tastes were and used it to his advantage in securing votes. Another Johnson biographer noted, "He could get up every day and learn what their fears, their desires, their wishes, their wants were and he could then manipulate, dominate, persuade and cajole them." As president, Johnson vetoed 30 bills; no other president in history vetoed so many bills and never had a single one overridden by Congress. He was often seen as an ambitious, tireless, and imposing figure who was ruthlessly effective at getting legislation passed. He typically worked 18- to 20-hour days without a break and had no regular leisure activities. He stood 6 feet 3.5 inches (1.918 m) tall.[376][377][378]

Johnson's cowboy hat and boots reflected his Texas roots and love of the rural hill country. From 250 acres (100 ha) of land that he was given by an aunt in 1951, he created a 2,700-acre (1,100 ha) working ranch with 400 cattle. The National Park Service keeps a herd descended from Johnson's and maintains the ranch property.[379]

Biographer Randall Woods argues that Social Gospel themes Johnson learned from childhood allowed him to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, and explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach to Christian internationalism and nation-building. For example, in a 1966 speech he quoted at length from the Social Creed of the Methodist Church, adding "It would be very hard for me to write a more perfect description of the American ideal."[380]

## Legacy

[edit]

Part of a series on

Progressivism

Movements

* 50501 movement
* BLM
* Conservation movement
* ECG
* Ethical movement
* Environmental movement
* Indivisible movement
* Labour
* LGBTQ movements
* #MeToo
* Occupy Wall Street
* Reform
* Social hygiene
* "The Resistance"
* Taiwan independence
* YIMBY

Ideas

* Direct democracy
* Economic development
* Environmentalism
* Broad measures of economic progress
* Gender equality
* Green politics
* Human enhancement
* Indigenous rights
* Intersectionality
* Liberation theology
* Metaphysics
* Minority rights
* LGBTQ rights
* Multiculturalism
* Modernism
* Post
* Moral universalism
* Progress
* Philosophy of progress
* Progressive education
* In Latin America
* Progressive stack
* Progressive nationalism
* Progressive taxation
* Religious liberalism
* Reparations for slavery
* In the US
* Scientific management
* Scientific progress
* Social change
* Social constructivism
* Social justice
* Social justice warrior
* Social organization
* Social progress
* List of countries
* Solidarity unionism
* Strategic essentialism
* Sustainable design
* Ecological engineering
* Sustainable development
* Techno-progressivism
* Welfare state
* Women's suffrage
* Workplace democracy
* Youth rights

Variants

* Christian
* Confucian
* Conservative
* Economic
* Islamic
* Neoliberal
* Techno

Ideologies

* Ecevitism
* Kirchnerism
* Lulism
* Roosevelt Republican

Activists

* Abbott (Edith)
* Abbott (Grace)
* Addams
* Armstrong
* Ahmed
* Ajamu X
* Alexander
* Alinsky
* Archer
* Belmont
* Bond
* Brandeis
* Breckinridge
* Cambell
* Cloward
* Dees
* Gilman
* Hammer
* Hanna
* Hassan
* Heumann
* Huang
* Jackson (Esther)
* Jackson (George)
* Jackson (Jesse)
* Kahane
* King (Shaun)
* King (Jr.)
* Lennon
* Ludmer
* Markey
* McIlrath
* Mckesson
* Page
* Pearson
* Roosevelt (Eleanor)
* Rothblatt
* Seligmann
* Smeeth
* Soros (Alexander)
* Soros (George)
* Su
* Walia
* Windsor
* Wong (Alice)
* Wong (Joshua)
* Woodhull

Commentators

* Bedborough
* Brewis
* Cohen
* Conover
* Criado Perez
* Danskin
* Duberman
* Ellis
* Faust
* Favreau
* Fiorentini
* Glaude
* Goldberg
* Hartmann
* Hasan
* Jennings
* Klippenstein
* Kochinski
* Krugman
* Kulinski
* Levy
* Lovett
* Marshall
* McKay
* Miller (Stephanie)
* Moore
* Morgan
* Nagle
* Oliver
* Pakman
* Pfeiffer
* Piker
* Rather
* Reich (Robert)
* Reid
* Seder
* Sharpton
* Smith
* Stewart
* Thorn
* Vietor
* Withers
* Wise
* Wynn
* Welles
* Zuckerberg

Intellectuals

* Addams
* Allen
* Anderson
* Benedict
* Benjamin
* Ben-Moshe
* Beveridge
* Black
* Blackwell
* Bornstein
* Brand
* Brandeis
* Butler
* Carpenter
* de Condorcet
* Cornell
* Davis (Mike)
* Dewey
* DiAngelo
* Douglas (Kelly)
* Douglas (William)
* Du Bois
* Dyson
* Ellis
* Fredrickson
* Friedan
* Gilmore
* Hammonds
* Helms
* Hirschfeld
* hooks
* Jeffries
* Karenga
* Keller
* Kendi
* McIntosh
* Merriam
* Meyers
* Mills
* Money
* Moore
* Oastler
* Ostrowski
* Painter
* Patterson
* Peled-Elhanan
* Rawls
* Reich (Wilhelm)
* Roberts
* Rothstein
* Saini
* Sanger
* Seuss
* Shaw
* Stanley
* Stein
* TallBear
* Wachowskis (Lana/Lilly)
* Wells
* Welsing
* West
* Whedon
* Wilderson III
* Zuboff

Politicians

* Albanese
* Ardern
* Attlee
* Boric
* Brandt
* Bryan
* Casar
* Crockett
* da Silva
* Debs
* Drees
* Frost
* Gorbachev
* Harris
* Hawkins
* Hessel
* Hunter
* Jackson
* Jayapal
* Johnson
* Kennedy (John F.)
* Kennedy (Ted)
* Khanna
* La Follette
* La Guardia
* Lai
* Layton
* Lee (Barbara)
* Lee (Summer)
* Lewis
* Lyuh
* Mamdani
* Manley
* Markey
* McGovern
* Merkley
* Mottley
* Murayama
* Murphy (Emily)
* Murphy (Chris)
* Nader
* Nehru
* Norris
* Norton
* Obrador
* Ocasio-Cortez
* Omar
* Petro
* Pocan
* Pressley
* Raskin
* Roosevelt (Franklin)
* Roosevelt (Theodore)
* Sánchez
* Sanders
* Tlaib
* Trudeau
* Tsai
* Turner
* Wallace
* Walz
* Warren
* Weaver
* Wilson (Harold)
* Yamamoto
* Yavlinsky
* Zapatero

Literature

* Looking Backward (1888)
* Equality (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* Man and Superman (1903)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The Open Conspiracy (1928)
* The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933)
* Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle (1936)
* Beveridge Report (1942)
* Rules for Radicals (1971)
* Humanist Manifesto II (1973)
* Woman Hating (1974)
* The Handmaid's Tale (1985)
* Black Athena (1987–2006)
* The Racial Contract (1997)
* War Against the Weak (2003)
* The Audacity of Hope (2006)
* The Invention of the Jewish People (2008)
* The New Jim Crow (2010)
* The Speech (2011)
* Our Revolution (2016)
* White Rage (2016)
* The Color of Law (2017)
* Inferior (2017)
* Not All Dead White Men (2018)
* White Fragility (2018)
* Invisible Women (2019)
* How to Be an Antiracist (2019)
* Race After Technology (2019)
* Superior (2019)
* Nice Racism (2021)

Organizations

* Amadeu Antonio Foundation
* ACLU
* ASHA
* BLMGNF
* CGS
* Brennan Center for Justice
* Color of Change
* Democracy Alliance
* Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
* Equality and Human Rights Commission
* ENAR
* Fabian Society
* "Coefficients"
* FIRM
* Ford Foundation
* ILGA
* InCAR
* IPPA
* MacArthur Foundation
* Movement for Black Lives
* No one is illegal
* NWRO
* New SDS
* OSF
* Our Revolution
* PFAW
* Progressive Alliance
* Progressive International
* Progressive League
* Progressive Majority
* ProgressNow
* Red Flare
* RWJF
* SftP
* Tides Foundation

Media

* CTXT
* HuffPost
* Jacobin
* Jezebel
* Lucifer
* Mother Jones
* MSNBC
* The Nation
* New Statesman
* The Progressive
* Salon
* Searchlight
* The Young Turks
* Rational Wiki

By region

* Japan
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* United States

Related

* Accelerationism
* Communitarianism
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Critical theory
* Democratic capitalism
* Democratic socialism
* Red–green alliance
* Social democracy
* Left-libertarianism
* Libertarian socialism
* Left-wing populism
* Liberalism
* Classical radicalism
* Social liberalism
* In United States
* New Left
* Pink tide
* Progress Studies
* Progressive Era
* Technocracy
* Unitarian Universalism
* Western Marxism

* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum located on the campus of the University of Texas in Austin

Scholars have viewed Johnson through the lens of both his legislative achievements and his lack of success in the Vietnam War. His overall rating among historians has remained relatively steady, and his average ranking is higher than any of the eight presidents who followed him, although similar to Reagan and Clinton.[381] In public polling of presidential favorability of Johnson and the presidents who succeeded him Johnson tends to appear more toward the bottom of lists, typically excepting Donald Trump, George W. Bush and Richard Nixon, and sometimes Gerald Ford.

Historian Kent Germany explains:

> The man who was elected to the White House by one of the widest margins in U.S. history and pushed through as much legislation as any other American politician now seems to be remembered best by the public for succeeding an assassinated hero, steering the country into a quagmire in Vietnam, cheating on his saintly wife, exposing his stitched-up belly, using profanity, picking up dogs by their ears, swimming naked with advisers in the White House pool, and emptying his bowels while conducting official business. Of all those issues, Johnson's reputation suffers the most from his management of the Vietnam War, something that has overshadowed his civil rights and domestic policy accomplishments and caused Johnson himself to regret his handling of "the woman I really loved ‍--‌ the Great Society."[382]

### Memorials

[edit]

See also: List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson

The Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973,[383] and the United States Department of Education headquarters was named after Johnson in 2007.[384] The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin was named in his honor, as is the Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland. Also named for him are schools in Austin and Laredo, Texas; Melbourne, Florida; and Jackson, Kentucky. Interstate 635 in Dallas is named the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated in 1976.

Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1980.[385] Texas created a state holiday on August 27 to mark Johnson's birthday, known as Lyndon Baines Johnson Day.[386]

### Major legislation signed

[edit]

* 1963: Clean Air Act[387]
* 1963: Higher Education Facilities Act[388][389]
* 1963: Vocational Education Act[390]
* 1964: Civil Rights Act
* 1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
* 1964: Wilderness Act
* 1964: Nurse Training Act[391]
* 1964: Food Stamp Act
* 1964: Economic Opportunity Act
* 1965: Housing and Urban Development Act
* 1965: Higher Education Act
* 1965: Older Americans Act
* 1965: Coinage Act
* 1965: Social Security Act
* 1965: Voting Rights Act
* 1965: Immigration and Nationality Services Act
* 1966: Animal Welfare Act
* 1966: Freedom of Information Act
* 1967: Age Discrimination in Employment Act[392]
* 1967: Public Broadcasting Act
* 1968: Architectural Barriers Act
* 1968: Bilingual Education Act
* 1968: Civil Rights Act
* 1968: Gun Control Act

### Significant regulatory changes

[edit]

* 1968: FCC creates national emergency number 9-1-1

## Works

[edit]

* National Aeronautics and Space Act (1962)[393]
* Choices We Face (1969)[394]
* The Vantage Point (1971)[395]

## See also

[edit]

* Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson
* Family of Lyndon B. Johnson
* History of the United States (1945–1964)
* History of the United States (1964–1980)
* Holocaust Museum Houston
* Johnson Doctrine
* List of presidents of the United States
* List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
* Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
* Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, University of Texas at Austin
* Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps
* Zephyr Wright

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Johnson was vice president under John F. Kennedy and became president upon Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. As this was prior to the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.
2. ^ President Grant, on October 17, 1871, suspended habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties, sent in troops, and prosecuted the Klan in the federal district court.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Lyndon Baines Johnson, 37th Vice President (1961–1963)". US Senate. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
2. ^ Papathanassiou, Manolis. "Biographies of Presidents – Lyndon Johnson". The Presidents of the USA. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
3. ^ a b Dallek, Robert (July 8, 2002). "Presidency: How Do Historians Evaluate the Administration of Lyndon Johnson?". History News Network. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
4. ^ "Survey of Presidential Leadership – Lyndon Johnson". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
5. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park: LBJ Ranch District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
6. ^ "JOHNSON, REBEKAH BAINES". Texas State Historical Association. June 15, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
7. ^ Johnson, Rebekah Baines (1965). A Family Album. McGraw Hill.
8. ^ Beschloss, Michael (December 2001). "Lyndon Johnson on the Record". Texas Monthly. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
9. ^ Beschloss, Michael (January 21, 2013). "Lyndon Johnson on the Record". Texas Monthly. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
10. ^ Newlon, Clarke (1970). L. B. J., the man from Johnson City. Dodd, Mead. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-396-04983-8.
11. ^ "George Washington Baines". Baylor University. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
12. ^ "Religion and President Johnson". Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. Archived from the original on December 5, 2000. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
13. ^ Banta, Joseph (January 1964). "President Lyndon B. Johnson". The Christadelphian. 101: 26.
14. ^ a b Braver, Rita (January 22, 2023). "LBJ and his monumental presidency". CBS News. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
15. ^ Greenbaum, Patty; Lewis, Lisa; Drake, Anne; Loven, Zazel, eds. (1990). Yearbook. New York, NY: Dolphin. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-385-41625-2.
16. ^ "Public School Products". Time. September 14, 1959.
17. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 44–48
18. ^ The Student Editorials of Lyndon Baines Johnson. LBJ Common Experience, Paper 1. 1968. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
19. ^ Van Oudekerke, Rodney (2011). Historic San Marcos: An Illustrated History. San Antonio, TX: Historical Publishing Network. p. 73\. ISBN 978-1-9353-7740-5 - via Google Books.
20. ^ Fredericks, Janet Patricia (1982). "I". The Educational Views of Lyndon Baines Johnson Prior to His Presidency (PhD). Loyola University Chicago. p. 6.
21. ^ "President Lyndon B. Johnson's Biography". Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
22. ^ "Remarks at Southwest Texas State College Upon Signing the Higher Education Act of 1965". Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2006.
23. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 69, 73–75
24. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 76–80
25. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 87–88
26. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 89–90
27. ^ "Biography: Lyndon B. Johnson". LBJ Presidential Library. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
28. ^ Woods (2006), p. 131
29. ^ Caro (1982), p. 275
30. ^ Caro, Robert. The Path to Power. Location 15443 (Kindle edition).
31. ^ "Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines) 1908-1973". Wilson Center.
32. ^ a b "JOHNSON, Lyndon Baines – Biographical Information". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
33. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson: Life in Brief". Miller Center. October 4, 2016.
34. ^ Folsom, Burton W. (2011). FDR Goes to War: How Expanded Executive Power, Spiraling National Debt, and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America. Threshold Editions. p. 220.
35. ^ Dallek (1991), p. 198.
36. ^ "Biography: Lyndon B. Johnson". LBJ Presidential Library. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
37. ^ Dallek (1991), pp. 177–184.
38. ^ Dallek (1991), pp. 170–174
39. ^ Mellen, Joan (2016). Faustian Bargains Lyndon Johnson and Mac Wallace in the Robber Baron Culture of Texas. p. 7.
40. ^ Currinder, Marian (February 7, 2019). "What LBJ can teach new Congress members about gaining power in the House". Vox. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
41. ^ Caro (2002), Ch. 31. The Compassion of Lyndon Johnson.
42. ^ Dallek (1991), p. 289.
43. ^ a b Sweany, Brian D. (February 2006). "Texas History 101". Texas Monthly. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
44. ^ Caro (1982), pp. 734–740.
45. ^ "TX US Senate - Special Election Race - Jun 28, 1941". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
46. ^ a b Dallek (1991), p. 327
47. ^ "TSHA | O'Daniel, Wilbert Lee [Pappy]". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
48. ^ Tolchin, Martin; Times, Special To the New York (February 11, 1990). "How Johnson Won Election He'd Lost". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
49. ^ "LBJ's Military Service". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved August 7, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
50. ^ "LBJ's Military Service". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved August 7, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
51. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved August 7, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
52. ^ a b "In-Depth Specials – The story behind Johnson's Silver Star". CNN. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
53. ^ LBJ's medal for valour 'was sham' The Guardian, July 6, 2001
54. ^ Tillman, Barrett; Sakaida, Henry (April 2001). "Silver Star Airplane Ride". US Naval Institute. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
55. ^ "LBJ's Military Service". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved August 7, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
56. ^ "LBJ's Military Service". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved August 7, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
57. ^ a b "Biography Lyndon B. Johnson". LBJ Presidential Library.
58. ^ Texas State Historical Association (1949). "Texas Almanac, 1949-1950". The Portal to Texas History. The Dallas Morning News. p. 474. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
59. ^ a b c "Lyndon B. Johnson: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. October 4, 2016.
60. ^ Caro 1990 p. 231.
61. ^ Caro 1990 p. 225.
62. ^ Dallek 1991, pp. 318–319, 321.
63. ^ Dallek 1991, pp. 319, 321.
64. ^ Dale Baum and James L. Hailey (Autumn 1994). "Lyndon Johnson's Victory in the 1948 Texas Senate Race: A Reappraisal". Political Science Quarterly. 109 (4): 595–613\. doi:10.2307/2151840. JSTOR 2151840. "To the east in neighboring Jim Wells County - home of the notorious Box 13, which happened to be the only box in the county dominated by Parr's operatives - LBJ managed to acquire, according to the estimates, a four-percentage-point net gain over Stevenson, or about only 387 votes (of which at least two hundred were patently fraudulent)."
65. ^ Caro (1990), pp. 360–361
66. ^ a b c d Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York City: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04195-4.
67. ^ Woods (2006), p. 217
68. ^ Dallek (1991), p. 346
69. ^ Zeitz, Joshua (2019). Building the Great Society: Inside Lyndon Johnson's White House. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 13.
70. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 530.
71. ^ Caro (2002), Ch. 7. A Russell of the Russells of Georgia.
72. ^ Mayer, Michael S. (2009). The Eisenhower Years. p. 356.
73. ^ Schultz, Randy (2002). Lyndon B. Johnson. p. 22.
74. ^ Dallek (1991), p. 375.
75. ^ Caro (2002), Ch. 10–12.
76. ^ CQ Press (2012). Guide to Congress. SAGE Publications. p. 355.
77. ^ Dallek (1991), pp. 372–373.
78. ^ "Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973". LBJ Presidential Library.
79. ^ The American Presidents. Grolier Incorporated. 1992. p. 171.
80. ^ Dallek (1991), pp. 394–396.
81. ^ "Bipartisan Quadrille". Concord Historical Society. January 23, 2018.
82. ^ Caro, Robert A. (December 18, 1989). "The Johnson Years: Buying And Selling". The New Yorker.
83. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 529.
84. ^ Caro (2002).
85. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson Master of the Senate". United States Senate. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
86. ^ Goldfield, David (2014). "Border Men: Truman, Eisenhower, Johnson, and Civil Rights". The Journal of Southern History. 80 (1): 7–38\. JSTOR 23796842.
87. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 6.
88. ^ "The Years of Lyndon Johnson III: Master of the Senate". Robert A Caro - author's site. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
89. ^ Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt. p. 12.
90. ^ Woods (2006), p. 262
91. ^ "LBJ". American Experience. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
92. ^ "The New York Times, The Johnson Treatment: Lyndon B. Johnson and Theodore F. Green". Afterimagegallery.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
93. ^ Evans, Rowland; Novak, Robert (1966). Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power. [New York] New American Library. p. 104.
94. ^ "The Future Foretold: Lyndon Baines Johnson's Congressional Support for Israel". University of Texas at Austin.
95. ^ "Senate Papers of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1949-1961". LBJ Presidential Library.
96. ^ Badger, Tony (1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto". The Historical Journal. 42 (2). Cambridge University Press: 517–534\. doi:10.1017/S0018246X98008346. JSTOR 3020998. S2CID 145083004.
97. ^ "Senate – March 12, 1956" (PDF). Congressional Record. 102 (4). U.S. Government Printing Office: 4459–4461. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
98. ^ "LBJ (Parts 1–2)". American Experience. Season 4. Episode 1. September 30, 1991. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
99. ^ "JFK (Part 1)". American Experience. Season 25. Episode 7. November 11, 2013. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
100. ^ "Senate – August 7, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. 103 (10). U.S. Government Printing Office: 13900. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
101. ^ "Senate – August 29, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. 103 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 16478. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
102. ^ "Senate – April 8, 1960" (PDF). Congressional Record. 106 (6). U.S. Government Printing Office: 7810–7811. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
103. ^ [98][99][100][101][102]
104. ^ "Biography Lyndon B. Johnson". LBJ Presidential Library. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
105. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson Master of the Senate". United States Senate.
106. ^ Mayer, Michael S. (2009). The Eisenhower Years. p. 359.
107. ^ Caro (2002), Ch. 5. The Path Ahead.
108. ^ "National Affairs: Go West, Lyndon". Time Magazine. February 23, 1959. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
109. ^ a b Robert A. Caro (2014). "Chapter 1 The Prediction". The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 9780679405078.
110. ^ Dallek (1991), p. 560
111. ^ Caro 2012, Part I (passim).
112. ^ Dallek (1991), p. 570
113. ^ Farrell, John A. (2001). Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century: A Biography. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-26049-7.
114. ^ Dallek (1991), pp. 578–582
115. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson". LBJ Presidential Library.
116. ^ Lawrence, WH (July 15, 1960). "Johnson is Nominated for Vice President; Kennedy Picks Him to Placate the South". New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
117. ^ "LBJ". PBS American Experience.
118. ^ Caro (2012), p. 406
119. ^ Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018). Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO. 3. Peoria, IL: CWS Publishing. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-0-9982575-3-2.
120. ^ Caro (2002), p. 1035
121. ^ "Vice Presidents of the United States – Lyndon B. Johnson (1963)" (PDF). United States Senate. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
122. ^ Caro (2012), pp. 170–171
123. ^ Caro (2012), p. 172
124. ^ O'Neill, Tip; Novak, William (1987). Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill. New York: Random House. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-394-55201-9.
125. ^ Caro (2012), p. 176
126. ^ Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 51‒57.
127. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 15
128. ^ Kennedy to Johnson, "Memorandum for Vice President" Archived January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, April 20, 1961.
129. ^ Johnson to Kennedy, "Evaluation of Space Program" Archived November 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, April 28, 1961.
130. ^ Evans, Ben (2010). Foothold in the Heavens: The Seventies. p. 193.
131. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 16
132. ^ "Kennedy Denied Talk of Dropping Johnson". The New York Times. November 23, 1963. p. 9.
133. ^ Shesol, Jeff (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy and the Feud that Defined a Decade. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393318559.
134. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 42–44
135. ^ Savage, Sean J. (2012). JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 196–197\. ISBN 978-0791461693.
136. ^ a b Dallek (1998), pp. 49–51
137. ^ a b Walsh (2003), pp. xv, 2, 17, 73–78
138. ^ terHorst & Albertazzie (1979), pp. 223, 225–226
139. ^ Bell, Jack (1965). The Johnson Treatment: how Lyndon B. Johnson took over the presidency and made it his own. New York: Harper & Row. p. 13.
140. ^ terHorst & Albertazzie (1979), p. 226
141. ^ Walsh (2003), pp. 77–78
142. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 51
143. ^ Holland, Max (1995). "The Key to the Warren Report" (PDF). American Heritage. 46 (7): 50–59. Retrieved February 22, 2025.
144. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet". Austin, Texas: The Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
145. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 58
146. ^ Onion, Rebecca (November 22, 2013). "'I Rely On You. I Need You.' How LBJ Begged JFK's Cabinet To Stay". Slate. New York City: The Slate Group.
147. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 66
148. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 67
149. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 68
150. ^ Bernstein (1996), pp. 37–38
151. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 73–74.
152. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), p. 318
153. ^ Zelizer (2015), pp. 300–302.
154. ^ The Balance https://www.thebalance.com/us-deficit-by-year-3306306
155. ^ "1963 Year in Review – Transition to Johnson". UPI. November 19, 1966. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
156. ^ Walsh (2003), p. 78
157. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 115
158. ^ a b Caro (2012), p. 459
159. ^ Caro (2012), p. 462
160. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 116
161. ^ Zelizer (2015), pp. 101–102.
162. ^ Caro (2012), p. 463
163. ^ Caro (2012), p. 465
164. ^ a b Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy And His Times. pp. 644–645.
165. ^ "Evaluating the success of the Great Society". The Washington Post.
166. ^ Zelizer, pp. 128–129.
167. ^ Kaiser, Charles (January 23, 2023). "'We may have lost the south': what LBJ really said about Democrats in 1964". The Guardian. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
168. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 120
169. ^ Isenberg, Nancy (2017). White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America. Viking. p. 232\. ISBN 9780670785971.
170. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 81–82.
171. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 530–532.
172. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 127
173. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 124–126
174. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 135–137
175. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 140–142
176. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 157
177. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 157–159
178. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 161–163
179. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 164
180. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 165
181. ^ Lewis, John; D'Orso, Michael (1998). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. Harcourt Brace. ISBN 978-0-15-600708-5.
182. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 170
183. ^ Usdin, Steve (May 22, 2018). "When the CIA Infiltrated a Presidential Campaign Politico". Politico.
184. ^ Leip, David. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
185. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 182
186. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 184
187. ^ Williams, Juan (2002). Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 253. ISBN 0-14-009653-1.
188. ^ a b May, Gary (March 6, 2015). ""The American Promise" — LBJ's Finest Hour". BillMoyers.com. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
189. ^ a b Dallek (1998), p. 218.
190. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 175–176
191. ^ Zelizer (2015), p. 228.
192. ^ McFeely (2002), Grant: A Biography, pp. 369–371.
193. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 759–787
194. ^ Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965. Volume II, entry 301, pp. 635–640. (1966)
195. ^ Fletcher, Michael (May 18, 2014). "Great Society at 50: Prince George's illustrates domestic programs' impact — and limits". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
196. ^ Zelizer (2015), pp. 235–236.
197. ^ Zelizer (2015), pp. 244–246.
198. ^ a b Kotz, Nick (2005). "14. Another Martyr". Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the laws that changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 417. ISBN 0-618-08825-3.
199. ^ Risen, Clay (April 2008). "The Unmaking of the President: Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy". Smithsonian Magazine. pp. 3, 5 and 6 in online version. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
200. ^ Bornet (1983), pp. 54–55
201. ^ Zelizer (2015), pp. 132–134.
202. ^ G. Calvin Mackenzie and Robert Weisbrot. The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s. p. 102.
203. ^ G. Calvin Mackenzie and Robert Weisbrot. The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s. p. 103.
204. ^ Mayor Daley on the Community Action Program The Miller Center
205. ^ "LBJ and Senator Richard Russell on the Community Action Program Archived 2016-06-06 at the Wayback Machine," audio recording June 2, 1966: conversation excerpt (President Johnson and Georgia Sen. Richard Russell express dislike and distrust of Community Action Program), Conversation Number: WH6606.01 #10205, The Miller Center
206. ^ Tolbert, Jovita A. "A Brief History of Community Action" (PDF). NASCSP. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2016.
207. ^ Gillette, Michael L. (2010). Launching the War on Poverty: An Oral History. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–236.
208. ^ Zelizer (2015), pp. 135–136.
209. ^ a b "Economic Opportunity Act". Encyclopedia Britannica.
210. ^ "Job Corps". USA.gov.
211. ^ "Volunteers in Service to America". Encyclopedia Britannica.
212. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 227.
213. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 535, 538–539.
214. ^ "In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed two historic housing bills within four weeks of each other". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
215. ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2007). Turning Points—Actual and Alternate Histories: America in Revolt During the 1960s and 1970s. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 50.
216. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 320–322
217. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 204
218. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 205
219. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 208
220. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 209
221. ^ "Medicare Celebrates 35 Years of Keeping Americans Healthy". Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
222. ^ Lerner, Mitchell B. (2012). A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 211–17\. ISBN 978-1-4443-3389-3. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
223. ^ Bernstein (1996), pp. 183–213
224. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 195–198.
225. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 200–201.
226. ^ Bernstein (1996), p. 195.
227. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 563–568
228. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 196–202
229. ^ "Higher Education Act". LBJ Presidential Library. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
230. ^ Zelizer (2015), p. 184.
231. ^ Clark, Charles S. (September 18, 1992). "Public Broadcasting: Will political attacks and new technologies force big changes?". No. 35\. CQ Press. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
232. ^ "National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, 20 US Code § 952". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
233. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 315–316
234. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson and the Environment" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
235. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 213–214
236. ^ Adelman, S. Allan (Fall 1970). "Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions: State or Federal Responsibility?". Catholic University Law Review. 20 (1). Washington, D.C.: Columbus School of Law, The Catholic University of America: 157–170. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
237. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 204–207
238. ^ "Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society"". U.S. History: From Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
239. ^ "Land & Water Conservation Fund". Forest Society. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
240. ^ "Anniversary of the Wilderness Act and Land and Water Conservation Bill". GovInfo. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
241. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 208–209
242. ^ "How the Highway Beautification Act Became a Law". U.S. Department of Transportation. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
243. ^ Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt. pp. 459–460.
244. ^ "History of gun-control legislation". The Washington Post. December 22, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
245. ^ Dolak, Kevin (November 21, 2013). "Gun Debate Spurred by Kennedy Assassination Rages on Today". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
246. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 222–223
247. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Franchise". Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
248. ^ McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014). The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137269638.
249. ^ a b Dallek (1998), p. 412.
250. ^ McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014). The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–9, 40–41\. ISBN 978-1-137-26963-8.
251. ^ Hinton, Elizabeth (2016). From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press. p. 108.
252. ^ Flamm, Michael W. (2017). In the Heat of the Summer: The New York Riots of 1964 and the War on Crime. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 276.
253. ^ Bigart, Homer (July 16, 1967). "Newark Riot Deaths at 21 As Negro Sniping Widens; Hughes May Seek U.S. Aid". The New York Times.
254. ^ Roberts, Gene (July 26, 1967). "Troops Battle Detroit Snipers, Firing Machine Guns From Tanks; Lindsay Appeals To East Harlem; Detroit Toll Is 31 Rioters Rout Police-- Guardsmen Released To Aid Other Cities". The New York Times. The New York Times.
255. ^ Woods, Randall (2006), pp. 790–795.; Michael W. Flamm. Law And Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s (2005).
256. ^ ""Our Nation Is Moving Toward Two Societies, One Black, One White—Separate and Unequal": Excerpts from the Kerner Report". History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web. Source: United States. Kerner Commission, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968). American Social History Productions. Retrieved July 12, 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
257. ^ Kotz, Nick (2005). "14. Another Martyr". Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the laws that changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-618-08825-6.
258. ^ Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference – 93 years young!". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008.
259. ^ Phillips, David (2007). On This Day. iUniverse. p. 177\. ISBN 978-0-595-46288-9.
260. ^ Nelson, Phillip (2014). LBJ: From Mastermind to the "colossus" : The Lies, Treachery, and Treasons Continue. New York: Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-62873-692-2.
261. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 391–396
262. ^ "The Impact of the Great Society Upon The Lives of Families and Young Children" (PDF). Infant & Toddler Coordinators Association. August 2005. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
263. ^ "James E. Webb – NASA Administrator, February 14, 1961 – October 7, 1968". History.NASA.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009.
264. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson". Clinton White House. 1990s. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
265. ^ Freidel, Frank; Sidey, Hugh (2006). "Lyndon B. Johnson". The Presidents of the United States of America. White House Historical Association. Retrieved February 19, 2017 - via The White House website.
266. ^ Shribman, David (July 11, 2019). "Column One: 50 years after Apollo 11, the moon's allure still resonates". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
267. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 289, 293
268. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 600–601.
269. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 604–605.
270. ^ Logevall, Frederick (2008). Making sense of the Vietnam wars: local, national, and transnational perspectives (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 91–108\. ISBN 9786611342067.
271. ^ Logevall, Frederick (1998), "Vietnam and the Question of What Might Have Been," in Mark J. White, ed. Kennedy: The New Frontier Revisited, New York: New York University Press, pp. 25, 27, 34-53
272. ^ National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 263, South Vietnam (Report). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
273. ^ MCNAMARA-TAYLOR REPORT ON VIETNAM (PDF). cia.gov (Report). Retrieved May 6, 2024.
274. ^ 331\. National Security Action Memorandum No. 273 — FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME IV, VIETNAM, AUGUST–DECEMBER 1963 (Report). United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. November 26, 1963. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
275. ^ Pentagon Papers, IV:B Evolution of the War, Counterinsurgency, The Kennedy Commitments, 1961–1963, 4. Phased Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, 1962–1964, p. 30
276. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 144–155.
277. ^ "Battlefield:Vietnam Timeline". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
278. ^ "Election and the Vietnam War - Lyndon B. Johnson". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
279. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), p. 309
280. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 255.
281. ^ Germany, Kent (October 4, 2016). "Lyndon B. Johnson: Foreign Affairs". The Miller Center. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
282. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 270
283. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 612–613.
284. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 272–277.
285. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 284.
286. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. 304–305, 308
287. ^ a b "The War in Vietnam: Escalation Phase". Santa Barbara, California: The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
288. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 369.
289. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 376
290. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 380
291. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 381.
292. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 386.
293. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 386–388.
294. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 390.
295. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 470–471.
296. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 445–447
297. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 474
298. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 473.
299. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 477.
300. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 478–479.
301. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 494.
302. ^ Glass, Andrew (March 25, 2010). "Johnson meets with 'The Wise Men,' March 25, 1968". Arlington, Virginia: Politico. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
303. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 495.
304. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 486–487
305. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 489
306. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 505–506.
307. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 509.
308. ^ "The Sixties." Junior Scholastic. February 11, 1994. p. 4.
309. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 511
310. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 683–684.
311. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 513
312. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 684–685.
313. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 538–541, 564
314. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 703.
315. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 584–585
316. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 597
317. ^ William O. Walker III, "The Struggle for the Americas: The Johnson Administration and Cuba", H.W. Brands, ed. The foreign policies of Lyndon Johnson : beyond Vietnam (1999) pp 61–97. online
318. ^ a b Herring (2008), pp. 732–736
319. ^ Alan McPherson, "Misled by himself: What the Johnson tapes reveal about the Dominican intervention of 1965." Latin American Research Review (2003) 38#2: 127–146. online
320. ^ a b H. W. Brands, ed. (1999). The Foreign Policies of Lyndon Johnson: Beyond Vietnam. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9780890968734.
321. ^ Herring (2008), pp. 730–732
322. ^ Schwartz, Thomas Alan (2003). Lyndon Johnson and Europe: In the Shadow of Vietnam. Harvard University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9780674010741. Retrieved August 23, 2016. "lyndon johnson prelude to detente."
323. ^ Herring (2008), pp. 755–757
324. ^ Garrow, David J. (July 8, 2002). "The FBI and Martin Luther King". The Atlantic.
325. ^ Sanchez, Julian (March 16, 2008). "Wiretapping's true danger". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
326. ^ "Travels of President Lyndon B. Johnson". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
327. ^ Humphries, David (November 12, 2011). "LBJ came all the way – but few followed". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
328. ^ Walsh (2003), p. 91
329. ^ "Johnson Can Seek Two Full Terms". The Washington Post. November 24, 1963. p. A2.
330. ^ Moore, William (November 24, 1963). "Law Permits 2 Full Terms for Johnson". The Chicago Tribune. p. 7.
331. ^ Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), p. 343
332. ^ Langguth, A.J. (2000). Our Vietnam 1954–1975. Simon & Schuster. p. 458\. ISBN 978-0-7432-1244-1.
333. ^ Clarke, Thurston (2008). The Last Campaign: Robert F. Kennedy and 82 Days That Inspired America. Henry Holt. p. 36.
334. ^ "Remarks on Decision not to Seek Re-Election (March 31, 1968)". The Miller Center, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
335. ^ Updegrove, Mark K. (2012). Indomitable will: LBJ in the presidency (1st ed.). New York: Crown. p. 272\. ISBN 978-0-307-88771-9.
336. ^ Jeff Shesol (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. W W Norton. pp. 545–47. ISBN 9780393040784. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
337. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 834–835
338. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 518–525.
339. ^ Anthony J. Bennett (2013). The Race for the White House from Reagan to Clinton: Reforming Old Systems, Building New Coalitions. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 160\. ISBN 9781137268600. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
340. ^ Nelson, Justin A. (December 2000). "Drafting Lyndon Johnson: The President's Secret Role in the 1968 Democratic Convention". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (4): 688–713\. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00139.x. JSTOR 27552141.
341. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 691–693.
342. ^ Patterson (1996), pp. 694–697.
343. ^ a b Sabato, Larry (March 16, 2016). "The Ball of Confusion That Was 1968". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
344. ^ "The President's Address to the Nation Upon Announcing His Decision To Halt the Bombing of North Vietnam". The American Presidency Project. October 31, 1968. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
345. ^ Dallek (1998), pp. 233–235
346. ^ Decisions That Shook the World, vol. 1, 38:18–47. Dir. Gerald Rafshoon. Camera Planet/Discovery Productions, 2004.
347. ^ "Harry J. Middleton Curriculum Vitae". LBJ Presidential Library Reading Room. February 25, 1971.
348. ^ Harris, Marvin (December 1999). "Taming the wild pecan at Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park". Park Science. 19 (2).
349. ^ a b Janos, Leo (July 1973). "The Last Days of the President". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
350. ^ a b c Janos, Leo (July 1973). "The Last Days of the President". The Atlantic.
351. ^ Ashman, Charles R. (1974). Connally: The Adventures of Big Bad John. New York: Morrow. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-688-00222-0.
352. ^ Tzatzev, Aleksi (September 8, 2012). "Six Law School Dropouts Who Went On To Become President". Business Insider. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
353. ^ Caro, Robert A. (1982–2012). The years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40507-8. OCLC 8590268.
354. ^ "A. R. McKinstry, 97 – Ex-Episcopal Bishop". The New York Times. December 29, 1991. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
355. ^ Steele, John (June 25, 1956). "A Kingmaker or a Dark Horse". Life. pp. 111–124. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
356. ^ a b Caro, Robert A. (January 28, 2019). "The Secrets of Lyndon Johnson's Archives". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
357. ^ "Lyndon Johnson To Retain Post". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. January 1, 1956.
358. ^ "Johnson To Continue As Demo Leader". Times Daily. January 1, 1956.
359. ^ Mirkin, Gabe (February 6, 2019). "Lyndon Baines Johnson's heart attacks". Villages-News: News, photos, events in The Villages, Florida.
360. ^ Gilbert, Robert E. (2010). "Presidential Disability and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment: The Difficulties Posed By Psychological Illness". Fordham Law Review. 79 (3): 843–879.
361. ^ Pappas, Theodore N. (July 1, 2017). "Politics and the president's gallbladder". Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 102 (7): 71–72\. PMID 28885794. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
362. ^ Gilbert, Robert E. (December 1995). "The Political Effects of Presidential Illness: The Case of Lyndon B. Johnson". Political Psychology. 16 (4). International Society of Political Psychology: 761–776\. doi:10.2307/3791892. JSTOR 3791892.
363. ^ "In His Final Days, LBJ Agonized Over His Legacy". PBS NewsHour. December 4, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
364. ^ a b "Lyndon Johnson, 36th President is Dead". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 23, 1973.
365. ^ From the archives: President Lyndon B. Johnson dies in 1973 on YouTube
366. ^ Claffey, Charles (January 25, 1973). "Johnson lies in state at Capitol; burial is today at Texas ranch". The Boston Globe. p. 1.
367. ^ Rusk, Dean (1990). Rusk, Richard; Papp, Daniel S. (eds.). As I Saw It. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-02650-7.
368. ^ a b c d Foley, Thomas (January 25, 1973). "Thousands in Washington Brave Cold to Say Goodbye to Johnson". Los Angeles Times. p. A1.
369. ^ "Lying in State or in Honor". US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). Retrieved September 1, 2018.
370. ^ United Press International (January 26, 1973). "LBJ buried near his Texas birthplace". The Boston Globe. p. 1\. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
371. ^ Johnson, Haynes; Witcover, Jules (January 26, 1973). "LBJ Buried in Beloved Texas Hills". The Washington Post. p. A1.
372. ^ "Johnson Family Cemetery". Johnson City, Texas: National Park Service, Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
373. ^ a b c Elsen, William A. (January 25, 1973). "Ceremonial Group Had Busy 5 Weeks". The Washington Post. p. D3.
374. ^ Woods, LBJ, pp. 639, 644–645., quoted in Germany, "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons." p. 1007.
375. ^ Jardine, Lisa (January 21, 2009). "Lyndon B Johnson: The uncivil rights reformer". The Independent. London. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
376. ^ Caro (1982), p. 146
377. ^ Dallek (1998), p. 12
378. ^ Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-316-17238-7.
379. ^ "Ranching the LBJ Way". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
380. ^ Woods (2006), pp. 27, 430, 465–466, 486–487
381. ^ "Siena College presidential surveys". Retrieved August 30, 2016.
382. ^ Kent B. Germany, "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons: A Review Essay" Journal of Southern History (2009) 75#4 pp 1001–1028 at p. 1005. in JSTOR
383. ^ McElheny, Victor K. (August 28, 1973). "Houston Space Center Is Rededicated to Johnson: New Stamp Issued". The New York Times. p. 24.
384. ^ "President Bush Signs H.R. 584, Designates U.S. Department of Education as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Federal Building". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved October 6, 2008 - via National Archives.
385. ^ Wolley, John T.; Peters, Gerhard (June 9, 1980). "Jimmy Carter, XXXIX President of the United States: 1977–1981, Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, June 9, 1980". The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
386. ^ United Press International (May 30, 1973). "Birthday of Johnson Now Texas Holiday". The New York Times. p. 45.
387. ^ "Remarks Upon Signing the Clean Air Act". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
388. ^ "Facilities Act of December 16, 1963". Higher-Ed.org. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
389. ^ "Remarks Upon Signing the Higher Education Facilities Act". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
390. ^ "Remarks Upon Signing the Vocational Education Bill". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
391. ^ "Remarks Upon Signing the Nurse Training Act of 1964". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
392. ^ "Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967". Finduslaw.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
393. ^ Griffith, Allison (1962). "Lyndon B. Johnson (introduction)". National Aeronautics and Space Act: A Study of the Development of Public Policy. Public Affairs Press. LCCN 62014610.
394. ^ Johnson, Lyndon B. (1969). Choices We Face. A Bantam extra. Bantam. LCCN 68059614.
395. ^ Johnson, Lyndon B. (1971). The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-084492-8. LCCN 74102146.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Bernstein, Irving (1996). Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195063127.
* Caro, Robert (1982). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-72945-7.
* Caro, Robert (1990). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-52835-9.
* Caro, Robert (2002). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master Of The Senate. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-72095-1.
* Caro, Robert (2012). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-71325-5.
* Dallek, Robert (1991). Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195079043.
* Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505465-1.
* Gould, Lewis L. (2010). 1968: The Election That Changed America. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-862-3.
* Patterson, James (1996). Grand Expectations: The United States 19451974. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195117974.
* Reeves, Richard (1993). President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-64879-4.
* terHorst, Jerald F.; Albertazzie, Col. Ralph (1979). The Flying White House: The story of Air Force One. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10930-8.
* Walsh, Kenneth T. (2003). Air Force One: a history of the presidents and their planes. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0004-3.
* Woods, Randall (2006). LBJ: Architect of American Ambition. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83458-0.

## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: Bibliography of Lyndon B. Johnson

* Andrew, John A. (1999). Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-185-3. OCLC 37884743.
* Berman, Larry (1991). Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam.
* Bornet, Vaughn Davis (1983). The Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0242-1.
* Brands, H.W. (1997). The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511377-8.
* Cohen, Warren I.; Tuckerm, Nancy Bernkopf, eds. (1994). Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy 1963–1968. Cambridge University Press.
* Colman, Jonathan (2010). The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson: The United States and the World, 1963–1969 (PDF). Edinburgh University Press.
* Dallek, Robert (2004). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-280-50296-5., abridged version of his two-volume biography
* Ellis, Sylvia (2013). Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
* Gavin, Francis J.; Lawrence, Mark Atwood, eds. (2014). Beyond the Cold War: Lyndon Johnson and the New Global Challenges of the 1960s. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199790692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-979069-2.
* Lichtenstein, Nelson, ed. (1976). Political Profiles: The Johnson Years. short biographies of 400+ key politicians
* Schulman, Bruce J. (1995). Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism: A Brief Biography with Documents. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-08351-9.
* Schwarz, Jordan A. (2011). The New Dealers: Power politics in the age of Roosevelt. Vintage. pp. 364–284\. ISBN 9780679747819.
* Vandiver, Frank E. (1997). Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson's Wars.
* Woods, Randall B. (2016). Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism.
* Zarefsky, David (1986). President Johnson's War on Poverty.

### Historiography

[edit]

* Catsam, Derek (2007). "The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment". History Compass. 6 (1): 314–344\. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x.
* Germany, Kent B. (2009). "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons: A Review Essay". Journal of Southern History. 75 (4): 1001–1028\. JSTOR 27779121.
* Lerner, Mitchell B. (2012). A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson. scholarly essays on all aspects of Johnson's career.

## External links

[edit]

* Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library & Museum
* Biography on WhiteHouse.gov (courtesy of the White House Historical Association)
*   * United States Congress. "Lyndon B. Johnson (id: J000160)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, November 12, 1999
* Lyndon B. Johnson at IMDb
* Works by or about Lyndon B. Johnson at the Internet Archive
* Works by Lyndon B. Johnson at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* Lyndon B. Johnson collected news and commentary at The New York Times
* Lyndon Baines Johnson: A Resource Guide (archived 2013) from the Library of Congress
* Extensive essays on Lyndon Johnson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
* LBJ — A documentary from the American Experience series produced by PBS (Video no longer available online)
* Lyndon B. Johnson: Original Letters & Historical Primary Sources from The Shapell Manuscript Foundation

* v
* t
* e

Lyndon B. Johnson

* 36th President of the United States (1963–1969)
* 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)
* U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)
* U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)

Presidency|

* Timeline
* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* Let Us Continue
* Great Society (Model Cities Program)
* Architectural Barriers Act
* Child Nutrition Act
* Clean Air Act
* Civil Rights Act of 1964
* Coinage Act of 1965
* Department of Housing and Urban Development
* Department of Transportation
* Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
* Head Start Program
* Job Corps
* Elementary and Secondary Education Act
* Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
* Civil Rights Act of 1968
* Fair Housing Act
* Truth in Lending Act
* Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968
* Food Stamp Act of 1964
* Glassboro Summit
* Gun Control Act of 1968
* Higher Education Act of 1965
* Upward Bound
* TRIO
* Teacher Corps
* Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
* Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
* Johnson Doctrine
* Dominican Republic occupation
* Medicare
* Medicaid
* Meritorious Service Medal
* National Endowment for the Arts
* National Endowment for the Humanities
* Executive Order 11246
* Executive Order 11375
* Older Americans Act
* Operation CHAOS
* Outer Space Treaty
* Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
* Foreign policy
* Vietnam War
* Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
* "Credibility gap"
* VISTA
* 24th Amendment
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* War on poverty
* White House Conference on Civil Rights
* Cannabis policy
* White House preservation
* State of the Union Address
* 1964
* 1965
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968
* 1969
* Cabinet
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court
* Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination
* controversies
* Johnson desk
* Presidential transition of Richard Nixon
* Executive Orders
* Presidential Proclamations

Life|

* Early years and career
* Operation Texas
* Texas Broadcasting Company
* Johnson Amendment
* Box 13 scandal
* Bashir Ahmad
* Charles E. Marsh
* Alice Marsh

Legacy and
memorials|

* Bibliography
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
* Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
* Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
* Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
* Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
* Memorial Grove on the Potomac
* U.S. Postage stamp
* USS Lyndon B. Johnson
* Black Jack (state funeral riderless horse)

Elections|

* United States House of Representatives
* 1937 (special)
* 1938
* 1940
* 1942
* 1944
* 1946
* United States Senate
* 1941 (special)
* 1948
* 1954
* 1960
* Democratic Party presidential primaries
* 1960
* 1964
* campaign
* 1968
* withdrawal
* Democratic National Conventions
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* Presidential elections
* 1960
* transition
* 1964

Public image|

* Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
* Daisy advertisement
* Johnson cult
* The Years of Lyndon Johnson
* Master of the Senate
* LBJ (1991 television film)
* Path to War (2002 film)
* All the Way (play, film)
* Selma (2014 film)
* LBJ (2017 film)

Family|

* Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife)
* Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)
* Luci Baines Johnson (daughter)
* Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)
* Sam Houston Johnson (brother)
* Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather)
* Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)
* George Washington Baines (great-grandfather)
* Chuck Robb (son-in-law)

* ← John F. Kennedy
* Richard Nixon →

* ← Richard Nixon
* Hubert Humphrey →

* Category

Offices and distinctions

| U.S. House of Representatives

Preceded by

James Buchanan

|  Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Texas's 10th congressional district
1937–1949  | Succeeded by

Homer Thornberry

Party political offices
Preceded by

Lee O'Daniel

|  Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Texas
(Class 2)
1948, 1954, 1960 | Succeeded by

William A. Blakley

Preceded by

Francis J. Myers

|  Senate Democratic Whip
1951–1953  | Succeeded by

Earle Clements

Preceded by

Ernest McFarland

|  Senate Democratic Leader
1953–1961  | Succeeded by

Mike Mansfield

Preceded by

Estes Kefauver

|  Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
1960 | Succeeded by

Hubert Humphrey

Preceded by

John F. Kennedy

|  Democratic nominee for President of the United States
1964
U.S. Senate
Preceded by

Lee O'Daniel

|  U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Texas
1949–1961
Served alongside: Tom Connally, Price Daniel, William A. Blakley, Ralph Yarborough | Succeeded by

William A. Blakley

Preceded by

Francis J. Myers

|  Senate Majority Whip
1951–1953  | Succeeded by

Leverett Saltonstall

Preceded by

Ernest McFarland

|  Senate Minority Leader
1953–1955  | Succeeded by

William F. Knowland

Preceded by

William F. Knowland

|  Senate Majority Leader
1955–1961  | Succeeded by

Mike Mansfield

New office |  Chair of the Senate Reception Room Committee
1955–1957  | Position abolished
Chair of the Senate Space Committee
1958–1961  | Succeeded by

Robert S. Kerr

Political offices
Preceded by

Richard Nixon

|  Vice President of the United States
1961–1963  | Succeeded by

Hubert Humphrey

Preceded by

John F. Kennedy

|  President of the United States
1963–1969  | Succeeded by

Richard Nixon

Awards and achievements
Preceded by

Martin Luther King Jr.

|  Time Person of the Year
1964  | Succeeded by

William Westmoreland

Preceded by

Baby boomers

|  Time Person of the Year
1967  | Succeeded by

Astronauts of Apollo 8

Preceded by

J. Edgar Hoover

|  Persons who have lain in state or honor
in the United States Capitol rotunda
1973  | Succeeded by

Hubert Humphrey

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the United States

Presidents and
presidencies|

1. George Washington (1789–1797)
2. John Adams (1797–1801)
3. Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
4. James Madison (1809–1817)
5. James Monroe (1817–1825)
6. John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
7. Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
8. Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
9. William Henry Harrison (1841)
10. John Tyler (1841–1845)
11. James K. Polk (1845–1849)
12. Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
13. Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
14. Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
15. James Buchanan (1857–1861)
16. Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
17. Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
20. James A. Garfield (1881)
21. Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
22. Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
23. Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
24. Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
25. William McKinley (1897–1901)
26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
27. William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
28. Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
29. Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
30. Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
31. Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
33. Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
35. John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
37. Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
38. Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
39. Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
40. Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
41. George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
42. Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
43. George W. Bush (2001–2009)
44. Barack Obama (2009–2017)
45. Donald Trump (2017–2021)
46. Joe Biden (2021–2025)
47. Donald Trump (2025–present)

Presidency
timelines|

* Washington
* J. Adams
* McKinley
* T. Roosevelt
* Taft
* Wilson
* Harding
* Coolidge
* Hoover
* F. D. Roosevelt
* Truman
* Eisenhower
* Kennedy
* L. B. Johnson
* Nixon
* Ford
* Carter
* Reagan
* G. H. W. Bush
* Clinton
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

* Category
* List

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* None (1963–1965)
* Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)

Secretary of State|

* Dean Rusk (1963–1969)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* C. Douglas Dillon (1963–1965)
* Henry H. Fowler (1965–1968)
* Joseph W. Barr (1968–1969)

Secretary of Defense|

* Robert McNamara (1963–1968)
* Clark Clifford (1968–1969)

Attorney General|

* Robert F. Kennedy (1963–1964)
* Nicholas Katzenbach (1964–1966)
* Ramsey Clark (1966–1969)

Postmaster General|

* John A. Gronouski (1963–1965)
* Larry O'Brien (1965–1968)
* W. Marvin Watson (1968–1969)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Stewart Udall (1963–1969)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Orville Freeman (1963–1969)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Luther H. Hodges (1963–1965)
* John T. Connor (1965–1967)
* Alexander Trowbridge (1967–1968)
* C. R. Smith (1968–1969)

Secretary of Labor|

* W. Willard Wirtz (1963–1969)

Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare|

* Anthony J. Celebrezze (1963–1965)
* John W. Gardner (1965–1968)
* Wilbur J. Cohen (1968–1969)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Robert C. Weaver (1966–1968)
* Robert Coldwell Wood (1969)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Alan S. Boyd (1967–1969)

Cabinet-level

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Adlai Stevenson II (1963–1965)
* Arthur Goldberg (1965–1968)
* George Ball (1968)
* James Russell Wiggins (1968–1969)

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions,
presidential
tickets,
and
presidential
primaries|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (St. Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (St. Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (St. Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1916 (St. Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* primaries
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* primaries
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* primaries
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* primaries
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* primaries
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* primaries
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* primaries
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* primaries
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* primaries
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* primaries
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* primaries
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* primaries
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* primaries
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* primaries
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* primaries
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* primaries
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* primaries
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
* primaries
* 2024 (Chicago): Harris/Walz
* primaries

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–2025)

U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–2023)
* Jeffries (2023–present)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–present)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* G. White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* J. White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison
* Martin

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia Democratic State Committee
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* House Caucus
* Factions
* Blue Dog Coalition
* Congressional Progressive Caucus
* Squad
* Justice Democrats
* New Democrat Coalition
* Problem Solvers Caucus

|

Campaign
committees|

* Democratic Attorneys General Association
* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors

Constituency
groups|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Strategic
groups|

* National Democratic Redistricting Committee
* National Democratic Training Committee

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Superdelegate
* Chairmanship elections
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025
* House caucus leadership elections
* 2006
* 2018
* Weekly Democratic Address

* v
* t
* e

Vice Presidents of the United States

1. John Adams (1789–1797)
2. Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
3. Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
4. George Clinton (1805–1812)
5. Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
6. Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
7. John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
8. Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
9. Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
10. John Tyler (1841)
11. George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
12. Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
13. William R. King (1853)
14. John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
15. Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
16. Andrew Johnson (1865)
17. Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
18. Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
19. William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
20. Chester A. Arthur (1881)
21. Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
22. Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
23. Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
24. Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
25. Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
26. Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
27. James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
28. Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
29. Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
30. Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
31. Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
32. John N. Garner (1933–1941)
33. Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
34. Harry S. Truman (1945)
35. Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
36. Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
37. Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
38. Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
39. Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
40. Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
41. Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
42. Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
43. George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
44. Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
45. Al Gore (1993–2001)
46. Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
47. Joe Biden (2009–2017)
48. Mike Pence (2017–2021)
49. Kamala Harris (2021–2025)
50. JD Vance (2025–present)

* Category
* List

* v
* t
* e

United States senators from Texas

Class 1|

* Rusk
* Henderson
* Ward
* Wigfall
* Flanagan
* Maxey
* Reagan
* Chilton
* Mills
* Culberson
* Mayfield
* Connally
* Daniel
* Blakley
* Yarborough
* Bentsen
* Krueger
* Hutchison
* Cruz

Class 2|

* S. Houston
* Hemphill
* Hamilton
* Coke
* Chilton
* Bailey
* Johnston
* Sheppard
* A. Houston
* O'Daniel
* Johnson
* Blakley
* Tower
* Gramm
* Cornyn

* v
* t
* e

United States Senate majority leaders

* Lodge
* Curtis
* Watson
* Robinson
* Barkley
* White
* Lucas
* McFarland
* Taft
* Knowland
* Johnson
* Mansfield
* Byrd
* Baker
* Stevens (acting)
* Baker
* Dole
* Byrd
* Mitchell
* Dole
* Lott
* Daschle
* Lott
* Daschle
* Frist
* Reid
* McConnell
* Schumer
* Thune

* v
* t
* e

United States Senate minority leaders

* Underwood
* Robinson
* McNary
* Austin
* McNary
* White
* Barkley
* Wherry
* Bridges
* Johnson
* Knowland
* Dirksen
* Scott
* Baker
* Byrd
* Dole
* Daschle
* Lott
* Daschle
* Lott
* Daschle
* Reid
* McConnell
* Reid
* Schumer
* McConnell
* Schumer

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party leaders in the United States Senate

* Underwood
* Robinson
* Barkley
* Lucas
* McFarland
* Johnson
* Mansfield
* Byrd
* Mitchell
* Daschle
* Reid
* Schumer

* v
* t
* e

United States Senate majority whips

* Lewis
* Curtis
* Jones
* Fess
* Lewis
* Minton
* Hill
* Wherry
* Myers
* Johnson
* Saltonstall
* Clements
* Mansfield
* Humphrey
* Long
* Kennedy
* Byrd
* Cranston
* Stevens
* Simpson
* Cranston
* Ford
* Lott
* Nickles
* Reid
* Nickles
* Reid
* McConnell
* Durbin
* Cornyn
* Thune
* Durbin
* Barrasso

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party whips in the United States Senate

* Lewis
* Gerry
* Sheppard
* Lewis
* Minton
* Hill
* Lucas
* Myers
* Johnson
* Clements
* Mansfield
* Humphrey
* Long
* Kennedy
* Byrd
* Cranston
* Ford
* Reid
* Durbin

* v
* t
* e

Civil rights movement (1954–1968)

Events
(timeline)|

| Prior to 1954|

* Journey of Reconciliation
* Executive Order 9981
* Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
* Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
* McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
* Baton Rouge bus boycott

|

1954–1959|

* Brown v. Board of Education
* Bolling v. Sharpe
* Briggs v. Elliott
* Davis v. Prince Edward County
* Gebhart v. Belton
* Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
* Read's Drug Store sit-in
* Emmett Till
* Montgomery bus boycott
* Browder v. Gayle
* Tallahassee bus boycott
* Mansfield school desegregation
* 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
* "Give Us the Ballot"
* Royal Ice Cream sit-in
* Little Rock Nine
* Cooper v. Aaron
* Civil Rights Act of 1957
* Ministers' Manifesto
* Dockum Drug Store sit-in
* Katz Drug Store sit-in
* Kissing Case
* Biloxi wade-ins

1960–1963|

* New Year's Day March
* Sit-in movement
* Greensboro sit-ins
* Nashville sit-ins
* Sibley Commission
* Atlanta sit-ins
* Savannah Protest Movement
* Greenville Eight
* Civil Rights Act of 1960
* Ax Handle Saturday
* New Orleans school desegregation
* Gomillion v. Lightfoot
* Boynton v. Virginia
* University of Georgia desegregation riot
* Rock Hill sit-ins
* Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
* Freedom Rides
* Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks
* Garner v. Louisiana
* Albany Movement
* Cambridge movement
* University of Chicago sit-ins
* "Second Emancipation Proclamation"
* Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
* Atlanta's Berlin Wall
* "Segregation now, segregation forever"
* Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
* 1963 Birmingham campaign
* Letter from Birmingham Jail
* Children's Crusade
* Birmingham riot
* 16th Street Baptist Church bombing
* John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
* Detroit Walk to Freedom
* March on Washington
* "I Have a Dream"
* Big Six
* St. Augustine movement

1964–1968|

* Twenty-fourth Amendment
* Chester school protests
* Bloody Tuesday
* 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
* Freedom Summer
* workers' murders
* Civil Rights Act of 1964
* Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
* Katzenbach v. McClung
* 1964–1965 Scripto strike
* 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
* "How Long, Not Long"
* SCOPE Project
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
* March Against Fear
* White House Conference on Civil Rights
* Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
* Loving v. Virginia
* Memphis sanitation strike
* King assassination
* funeral
* riots
* Civil Rights Act of 1968
* Poor People's Campaign
* Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
* Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
* 1968 Olympics Black Power salute

Activist
groups|

* Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
* American Friends Service Committee
* Atlanta Negro Voters League
* Atlanta Student Movement
* Black Panther Party
* Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
* Committee for Freedom Now
* Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
* An Appeal for Human Rights
* Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
* Council of Federated Organizations
* Dallas County Voters League
* Deacons for Defense and Justice
* Georgia Council on Human Relations
* Highlander Folk School
* Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
* Lowndes County Freedom Organization
* Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
* Montgomery Improvement Association
* NAACP
* Youth Council
* Nashville Student Movement
* Nation of Islam
* Northern Student Movement
* National Council of Negro Women
* National Urban League
* Operation Breadbasket
* Regional Council of Negro Leadership
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
* Southern Regional Council
* Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
* The Freedom Singers
* United Auto Workers (UAW)
* Wednesdays in Mississippi
* Women's Political Council

Activists|

* Juanita Abernathy
* Ralph Abernathy
* Victoria Gray Adams
* Zev Aelony
* Mathew Ahmann
* Muhammad Ali
* William G. Anderson
* Gwendolyn Armstrong
* Arnold Aronson
* Ella Baker
* James Baldwin
* Marion Barry
* Daisy Bates
* Harry Belafonte
* James Bevel
* Claude Black
* Gloria Blackwell
* Randolph Blackwell
* Unita Blackwell
* Ezell Blair Jr.
* Joanne Bland
* Julian Bond
* Joseph E. Boone
* William Holmes Borders
* Amelia Boynton
* Bruce Boynton
* Raylawni Branch
* Stanley Branche
* Ruby Bridges
* Aurelia Browder
* H. Rap Brown
* Ralph Bunche
* John H. Calhoun
* Guy Carawan
* Stokely Carmichael
* Johnnie Carr
* James Chaney
* J. L. Chestnut
* Shirley Chisholm
* Colia Lafayette Clark
* Ramsey Clark
* Septima Clark
* Xernona Clayton
* Eldridge Cleaver
* Kathleen Cleaver
* Josephine Dobbs Clement
* Charles E. Cobb Jr.
* Annie Lee Cooper
* Dorothy Cotton
* Claudette Colvin
* Vernon Dahmer
* Jonathan Daniels
* Abraham Lincoln Davis
* Angela Davis
* Joseph DeLaine
* Dave Dennis
* Annie Bell Robinson Devine
* John Wesley Dobbs
* Patricia Stephens Due
* Joseph Ellwanger
* Charles Evers
* Medgar Evers
* Myrlie Evers-Williams
* Chuck Fager
* James Farmer
* Walter Fauntroy
* James Forman
* Marie Foster
* Golden Frinks
* Andrew Goodman
* Robert Graetz
* Fred Gray
* Jack Greenberg
* Dick Gregory
* Lawrence Guyot
* Prathia Hall
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Fred Hampton
* William E. Harbour
* Vincent Harding
* Dorothy Height
* Audrey Faye Hendricks
* Lola Hendricks
* Aaron Henry
* Oliver Hill
* Donald L. Hollowell
* James Hood
* Myles Horton
* Zilphia Horton
* T. R. M. Howard
* Ruby Hurley
* Cecil Ivory
* Jesse Jackson
* Jimmie Lee Jackson
* Richie Jean Jackson
* T. J. Jemison
* Esau Jenkins
* Barbara Rose Johns
* Vernon Johns
* Frank Minis Johnson
* Clarence Jones
* J. Charles Jones
* Matthew Jones
* Vernon Jordan
* Tom Kahn
* Clyde Kennard
* A. D. King
* C.B. King
* Coretta Scott King
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Martin Luther King Sr.
* Bernard Lafayette
* James Lawson
* Bernard Lee
* Sanford R. Leigh
* Jim Letherer
* Stanley Levison
* John Lewis
* Viola Liuzzo
* Z. Alexander Looby
* Joseph Lowery
* Clara Luper
* Danny Lyon
* Malcolm X
* Mae Mallory
* Vivian Malone
* Bob Mants
* Thurgood Marshall
* Benjamin Mays
* Franklin McCain
* Charles McDew
* Ralph McGill
* Floyd McKissick
* Joseph McNeil
* James Meredith
* William Ming
* Jack Minnis
* Amzie Moore
* Cecil B. Moore
* Douglas E. Moore
* Harriette Moore
* Harry T. Moore
* Queen Mother Moore
* William Lewis Moore
* Irene Morgan
* Bob Moses
* William Moyer
* Elijah Muhammad
* Diane Nash
* Charles Neblett
* Huey P. Newton
* Edgar Nixon
* Jack O'Dell
* James Orange
* Rosa Parks
* James Peck
* Charles Person
* Homer Plessy
* Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Fay Bellamy Powell
* Rodney N. Powell
* Al Raby
* Lincoln Ragsdale
* A. Philip Randolph
* George Raymond
* George Raymond Jr.
* Bernice Johnson Reagon
* Cordell Reagon
* James Reeb
* Frederick D. Reese
* Walter Reuther
* Gloria Richardson
* David Richmond
* Bernice Robinson
* Jo Ann Robinson
* Angela Russell
* Bayard Rustin
* Bernie Sanders
* Michael Schwerner
* Bobby Seale
* Pete Seeger
* Cleveland Sellers
* Charles Sherrod
* Alexander D. Shimkin
* Fred Shuttlesworth
* Modjeska Monteith Simkins
* Glenn E. Smiley
* A. Maceo Smith
* Kelly Miller Smith
* Mary Louise Smith
* Maxine Smith
* Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
* Charles Kenzie Steele
* Hank Thomas
* Dorothy Tillman
* A. P. Tureaud
* Hartman Turnbow
* Albert Turner
* C. T. Vivian
* A. T. Walden
* Wyatt Tee Walker
* Hollis Watkins
* Walter Francis White
* Roy Wilkins
* Hosea Williams
* Kale Williams
* Robert F. Williams
* Q. V. Williamson
* Andrew Young
* Whitney Young
* Sammy Younge Jr.
* Bob Zellner
* James Zwerg

By region|

* Omaha, Nebraska
* South Carolina

Movement
songs|

* "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
* "If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
* "Kumbaya"
* "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
* "Oh, Freedom"
* "This Little Light of Mine"
* "We Shall Not Be Moved"
* "We Shall Overcome"
* "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"

Influences|

* Nonviolence
* Padayatra
* Sermon on the Mount
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Ahimsa
* Satyagraha
* The Kingdom of God Is Within You
* Frederick Douglass
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Mary McLeod Bethune

Related|

* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Jim Crow laws
* Lynching in the United States
* Plessy v. Ferguson
* Separate but equal
* Buchanan v. Warley
* Hocutt v. Wilson
* Powell v. Alabama
* Smith v. Allwright
* Hernandez v. Texas
* Loving v. Virginia
* African-American women in the movement
* Jews in the civil rights movement
* Fifth Circuit Four
* 16th Street Baptist Church
* Kelly Ingram Park
* A.G. Gaston Motel
* Bethel Baptist Church
* Brown Chapel
* Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
* Holt Street Baptist Church
* Edmund Pettus Bridge
* March on Washington Movement
* African-American churches attacked
* List of lynching victims in the United States
* Freedom Schools
* Freedom songs
* Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
* "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
* Voter Education Project
* 1960s counterculture
* African American founding fathers of the United States
* Eyes on the Prize

Legacy|

* In popular culture
* Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
* Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
* Civil Rights Memorial
* Civil Rights Movement Archive
* Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
* Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
* Freedom Rides Museum
* Freedom Riders National Monument
* King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
* Martin Luther King Jr. Day
* Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
* other King memorials
* Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
* National Civil Rights Museum
* National Voting Rights Museum
* St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
* Olympic Black Power Statue

Noted
historians|

* Taylor Branch
* Clayborne Carson
* John Dittmer
* Michael Eric Dyson
* Jonathan Eig
* Chuck Fager
* Adam Fairclough
* David Garrow
* David Halberstam
* Vincent Harding
* Steven F. Lawson
* Doug McAdam
* Diane McWhorter
* Charles M. Payne
* Thomas E. Ricks
* Timothy Tyson
* Akinyele Umoja
* Movement photographers

Civil rights movement portal

* v
* t
* e

Cold War

* United States
* Soviet Union
* NATO
* Warsaw Pact
* ANZUS
* METO
* SEATO
* NEATO
* Rio Pact
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
* Indonesian National Revolution
* Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)
* Operation Beleaguer
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Greek Civil War
* Baruch Plan
* Corfu Channel incident
* Turkish Straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* 1947 Polish parliamentary election
* Truman Doctrine
* Asian Relations Conference
* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
* Comecon
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Annexation of Hyderabad
* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo curtain
* McCarthyism
* First Indochina War
* Korean War
* Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* Iraqi Intifada (1952)
* Mau Mau rebellion
* East German uprising of 1953
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* Petrov Affair
* Domino theory
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of the Tuapse
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Algerian War
* Kashmir Princess
* Bandung Conference
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Cyprus Emergency
* "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences"
* 1956 Poznań protests
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Polish October
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Operation Gladio
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* Sputnik crisis
* Ifni War
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Kitchen Debate
* Cuban Revolution
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Sino-Soviet split
* Night Frost Crisis

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Laotian Civil War
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* John F. Kennedy
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Vietnam War
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen civil war
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Cambodian Civil War
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion
* Note Crisis

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1971 Bolivian coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* First Yemenite War
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* Paris Peace Accords
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Vietnam War
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
* Siege of Dhaka (1975)
* Sipahi-Janata revolution
* Angolan Civil War
* Indonesian invasion of East Timor
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Sino-Albanian split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Cambodian conflict
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Second Yemenite War
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen civil war
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation Denver
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid
* Finlandization

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* M. E. Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Pax Atomica
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

(← 1952) 1956 United States presidential election (→ 1960)

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Incumbent VP nominee: Richard Nixon

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Adlai Stevenson II
* VP nominee: Estes Kefauver

* Other candidates: John S. Battle
* Happy Chandler
* James C. Davis
* John F. Kennedy
* W. Averell Harriman
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Frank Lausche
* George Bell Timmerman Jr.

Third-party and independent candidates

American Vegetarian Party|

* Nominee: Herbert M. Shelton
* VP nominee: Symon Gould

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Enoch A. Holtwick
* VP nominee: Herbert C. Holdridge

Socialist Labor Party|

* Nominee: Eric Hass
* VP nominee: Georgia Cozzini

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Darlington Hoopes
* VP nominee: Samuel H. Friedman

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Farrell Dobbs
* VP nominee: Myra Tanner Weiss

Independents and other candidates|

* T. Coleman Andrews
* Gerald L. K. Smith

* Other 1956 elections: House
* Senate

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1956) 1960 United States presidential election (-> 1964)

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: John F. Kennedy
* campaign
* VP nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson

Other candidates
Ross Barnett
Pat Brown
Michael DiSalle
Paul C. Fisher
Hubert Humphrey
Lyndon B. Johnson
George H. McLain
Robert B. Meyner
Wayne Morse
Albert S. Porter
Adlai Stevenson II
George Smathers
Stuart Symington

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Richard Nixon
* campaign
* VP nominee: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

Other candidates
Barry Goldwater
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
James M. Lloyd
Nelson Rockefeller

Third-party and independent candidates

American Vegetarian Party|

Nominee
Symon Gould

National States' Rights Party|

Nominee
Orval Faubus
VP nominee
J. B. Stoner

Prohibition Party|

Nominee
Rutherford Decker
VP nominee
E. Harold Munn

Socialist Labor Party|

Nominee
Eric Hass
VP nominee
Georgia Cozzini

Socialist Workers Party|

Nominee
Farrell Dobbs
VP nominee
Myra Tanner Weiss

Independents and other candidates|

* Harry F. Byrd
* Merritt B. Curtis
* Lar Daly
* George Lincoln Rockwell
* Charles L. Sullivan
* Gabriel Green

* Other 1960 elections: House
* Senate

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1960) 1964 United States presidential election (-> 1968)

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson
* campaign
* Daisy
* Incumbent VP nominee: Hubert Humphrey

* Other candidates: Daniel Brewster
* Pat Brown
* Robert F. Kennedy
* Albert S. Porter
* Jennings Randolph
* John W. Reynolds Jr.
* George Wallace
* Matthew E. Welsh
* Sam Yorty

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Barry Goldwater
* campaign
* VP nominee: William E. Miller

* Other candidates: Hiram Fong
* Walter Judd
* Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
* Jim Rhodes
* Nelson Rockefeller
* William Scranton
* Margaret Chase Smith
* Harold Stassen

Third-party and independent candidates

American Vegetarian Party|

* Nominee: Symon Gould

National States' Rights Party|

* Nominee: John Kasper
* VP nominee: J. B. Stoner

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: E. Harold Munn
* VP nominee: Mark R. Shaw

Socialist Labor Party|

* Nominee: Eric Hass
* VP nominee: Henning A. Blomen

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Clifton DeBerry
* VP nominee: Ed Shaw

Independents and other candidates|

* George Lincoln Rockwell

* Other 1964 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(← 1964) 1968 United States presidential election (1972 →)

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Richard Nixon
* campaign
* VP nominee: Spiro Agnew

* Other candidates: Frank Carlson
* Clifford P. Case
* Hiram Fong
* John Lindsay
* Ronald Reagan
* Jim Rhodes
* Nelson Rockefeller
* Winthrop Rockefeller
* George W. Romney
* campaign
* Harold Stassen
* John A. Volpe

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* protests
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Hubert Humphrey
* campaign
* VP nominee: Edmund Muskie

* Other candidates: Roger D. Branigin
* John G. Crommelin
* Paul C. Fisher
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* withdrawal
* Robert F. Kennedy
* campaign
* Thomas C. Lynch
* Eugene McCarthy
* campaign
* George McGovern
* Dan K. Moore
* Channing E. Phillips
* George Smathers
* Stephen M. Young

American Independent Party|

| Candidates|

* Nominee: George Wallace
* campaign
* VP nominee: Curtis LeMay

|

Other third party and independent candidates

Communist Party|

* Nominee: Charlene Mitchell
* VP nominee: Michael Zagarell

Peace and Freedom Party|

* Nominee: Eldridge Cleaver
* VP nominee: Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: E. Harold Munn

Socialist Labor Party|

* Nominee: Henning A. Blomen

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Fred Halstead
* VP nominee: Paul Boutelle

Independents and other candidates|

* Dick Gregory
* Pat Paulsen
* Pigasus

* Other 1968 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)

Secretary of State|

* Dean Rusk (1961–1963)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* C. Douglas Dillon (1961–1963)

Secretary of Defense|

* Robert McNamara (1961–1963)

Attorney General|

* Robert F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

Postmaster General|

* J. Edward Day (1961–1963)
* John A. Gronouski (1963)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Stewart Udall (1961–1963)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Orville Freeman (1961–1963)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Luther H. Hodges (1961–1963)

Secretary of Labor|

* Arthur Goldberg (1961–1962)
* W. Willard Wirtz (1962–1963)

Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare|

* Abraham Ribicoff (1961–1962)
* Anthony J. Celebrezze  (1962–1963)

Cabinet-level

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Adlai Stevenson II (1961–1963)

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)
* Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
* Taylor Swift (2023)
* Donald Trump (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Individuals lain in state, in honor and in repose in the United States

State funerals in the United States

Lain in state|

| US Capitol rotunda|

* Clay (1852)
* Lincoln (1865, funeral)
* Stevens (1868)
* Sumner (1874)
* Wilson (1875)
* Garfield (1881)
* Logan (1886)
* McKinley (1901)
* L'Enfant (1909)
* Dewey (1917)
* Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)
* Harding (1923)
* W. H. Taft (1930)
* Pershing (1948)
* R. A. Taft (1953)
* Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)
* Kennedy (1963, funeral)
* MacArthur (1964)
* H. Hoover (1964)
* Eisenhower (1969)
* Dirksen (1969)
* J. E. Hoover (1972)
* Johnson (1973)
* Humphrey (1978)
* Blassie / Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)
* Pepper (1989)
* Reagan (2004, funeral)
* Ford (2006–07, funeral)
* Inouye (2012)
* McCain (2018)
* Bush (2018, funeral)
* Lewis (2020)
* Dole (2021)
* Reid (2022)
* Carter (2024–25, funeral)

|

National Statuary Hall|

* Cummings (2019)
* Ginsburg (2020, funeral)
* Young (2022)

House Chamber|

* Hooper (1875)

Herbert C. Hoover Building|

* Brown (1996)

Old Senate Chamber|

* Chase (1873)

Lain in honor|

| US Capitol rotunda|

* Chestnut and Gibson (1998)
* Parks (2005)
* Graham (2018)
* Sicknick (2021)
* Evans (2021)
* Williams (2022)

|

Lain in repose|

| East Room|

* Harrison (1841)
* Taylor (1850)
* Lincoln (1865, funeral)
* McKinley (1901)
* Harding (1923)
* Roosevelt (1945)
* Kennedy (1963, funeral)

|

Great Hall of the
US Supreme Court|

* Warren (1974)
* Marshall (1993)
* Burger (1995)
* Brennan (1997)
* Blackmun (1999)
* Rehnquist (2005)
* Scalia (2016)
* Stevens (2019)
* Ginsburg (2020, funeral)
* O'Connor (2023)

Senate Chamber|

* Byrd (2010)
* Lautenberg (2013)

Bold: Presidents and chief justices

Portals:

* 1960s
* Biography
* Civil rights movement
* History
* Liberalism
* Politics
* Texas
* United States

Lyndon B. Johnson at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* US Congress
* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* 2
* Te Papa (New Zealand)
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa