Mac operating systems

Series of Macintosh operating systems

"Mac OS" redirects here. For the now classic OS, formerly named that way, see Classic Mac OS.

For a list of all Apple operating systems, see List of Apple operating systems.

Mac operating systems were developed by Apple Inc. in a succession of two major series.

In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the classic Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded Mac OS in 1997, was pre-installed on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones shortly in the 1990s. It was noted for its ease of use, and also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors.[1][2]

The current Mac operating system is macOS, originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016.[3] It was developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of NeXT. It brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP, a Unix system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced, such as problems with memory management. The current macOS is pre-installed with every Mac and receives a major update annually.[4] It is the basis of Apple's current system software for its other devices – iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS.[5]

Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X, Apple experimented with several other concepts, releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to Unix-like systems or vice versa, A/UX, MAE, and MkLinux. Apple's effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects, code named Star Trek, Taligent, and Copland.

Although the classic Mac OS and macOS (Mac OS X) have different architectures, they share a common set of GUI principles, including a menu bar across the top of the screen; the Finder shell, featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like folders and a trash can; and overlapping windows for multitasking.

Before the arrival of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple's history of operating systems began with its Apple II computers in 1977, which run Apple DOS, ProDOS, and GS/OS; the Apple III in 1980 runs Apple SOS; and the Lisa in 1983 which runs Lisa OS and later MacWorks XL, a Macintosh emulator. Apple developed the Newton OS for its Newton personal digital assistant from 1993 to 1997.

Apple launched several new operating systems based on the core of macOS: iOS in 2007 for its iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch mobile devices, and in 2017 for its HomePod smart speakers; watchOS in 2015 for the Apple Watch; tvOS in 2015 for the Apple TV set-top box; and visionOS in 2024 for the Apple Vision Pro mixed reality headset.

## Classic Mac OS

[edit]

Main article: Classic Mac OS

The classic Mac OS is the original Macintosh operating system introduced in 1984 alongside the first Macintosh and remained in primary use on Macs until Mac OS X in 2001.[6][7]

Apple released the original Macintosh on January 24, 1984; its early system software is partially based on Lisa OS, and inspired by the Alto computer, which former Apple CEO Steve Jobs previewed at Xerox PARC.[6] It was originally named "System Software", or simply "System"; Apple rebranded it as "Mac OS" in 1996 due in part to its Macintosh clone program that ended one year later.[8]

Classic Mac OS is characterized by its monolithic design. Initial versions of the System Software run one application at a time. System 5 introduced cooperative multitasking. System 7 supports 32-bit memory addressing and virtual memory, allowing larger programs. Later updates to the System 7 enable the transition to the PowerPC architecture. The system was considered user-friendly, but its architectural limitations were critiqued, such as limited memory management, lack of protected memory and access controls, and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions.[2]

### Releases

[edit]

This text-only logo for classic Mac OS started with Mac OS 7.6, released in 1997.

Nine major versions of the classic Mac OS were released. The name "Classic" that now signifies the system as a whole is a reference to a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to Mac OS X.[9]

* Macintosh System Software – "System 1", released in 1984
* System Software 2, 3, and 4 – released between 1985 and 1987
* System Software 5 – released in 1987
* System Software 6 – released in 1988
* System 7 / Mac OS 7.6 – released in 1991
* Mac OS 8 – released in 1997
* Mac OS 9 – final major version, released in 1999

## Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS

[edit]

Main article: macOS

macOS Big Sur was released in 2020 to introduce the current design iteration of macOS.

The system was launched as Mac OS X, renamed OS X from 2012—2016,[10] and then renamed macOS as the current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the classic Mac OS in 2001.

The system was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS, but it has a history that is largely independent of the classic Mac OS. It is a Unix-based operating system[11][12] built on NeXTSTEP and other NeXT technology from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company and its CEO Steve Jobs returned to Apple.[13] Precursors to Mac OS X include OPENSTEP, Apple's Rhapsody project, and the Mac OS X Public Beta.

macOS is based on Apple's open source Darwin operating system, which is based on the XNU kernel and BSD.[14]

macOS is the basis for some of Apple's other operating systems, including iPhone OS/iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, and visionOS.

### Releases

[edit]

The "X" logo for Mac OS X versions 10.0 "Cheetah" and 10.1 "Puma", released in 2001

#### Desktop

[edit]

The first version of the system was released on March 24, 2001, supporting the Aqua user interface. Since then, several more versions adding newer features and technologies have been released. Since 2011, new releases have been offered annually.[4]

* Mac OS X 10.0 – codenamed "Cheetah", released Saturday, March 24, 2001
* Mac OS X 10.1 – codenamed "Puma", released Tuesday, September 25, 2001
* Mac OS X Jaguar – version 10.2, released Friday, August 23, 2002
* Mac OS X Panther – version 10.3, released Friday, October 24, 2003
* Mac OS X Tiger – version 10.4, released Friday, April 29, 2005
* Mac OS X Leopard – version 10.5, released Friday, October 26, 2007
* Mac OS X Snow Leopard – version 10.6, publicly unveiled on Monday, June 8, 2009
* Mac OS X Lion – version 10.7, released Wednesday, July 20, 2011
* OS X Mountain Lion – version 10.8, released Wednesday, July 25, 2012
* OS X Mavericks – version 10.9, released Tuesday, October 22, 2013
* OS X Yosemite – version 10.10, released Thursday, October 16, 2014
* OS X El Capitan – version 10.11, released Wednesday, September 30, 2015
* macOS Sierra – version 10.12, released Tuesday, September 20, 2016
* macOS High Sierra – version 10.13, released Monday, September 25, 2017
* macOS Mojave – version 10.14, released Monday, September 24, 2018
* macOS Catalina – version 10.15, released Monday, October 7, 2019
* macOS Big Sur – version 11, released Thursday, November 12, 2020
* macOS Monterey – version 12, released Monday, October 25, 2021
* macOS Ventura – version 13, released Monday, October 24, 2022
* macOS Sonoma \- version 14, released Tuesday, September 26, 2023
* macOS Sequoia \- version 15, released Monday, September 16, 2024
* macOS Tahoe \- version 26, announced Monday, June 9, 2025 and set to release sometime in late 2025

macOS 10.16's version number was updated to 11.0 in the third beta. The third beta version of macOS Big Sur is 11.0 Beta 3 instead of 10.16 Beta 3.

macOS 26's version number is based on the year following the year in which it will first be released, as is the case for all Apple operating systems released in 2025.

#### Server

[edit]

An early server computing version of the system was released in 1999 as a technology preview. It was followed by several more official server-based releases. Server functionality has instead been offered as an add-on for the desktop system since 2011.[15]

* Mac OS X Server 1.0 – code named "Hera", released in 1999
* Mac OS X Server – later called "OS X Server" and "macOS Server", released between 2001 and 2022.

## Other projects

[edit]

### Shipped

[edit]

#### A/ROSE

[edit]

Main article: A/ROSE

The Apple Real-time Operating System Environment (A/ROSE) is a small embedded operating system which runs on the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, an expansion card for the Macintosh. It is a single "overdesigned" hardware platform on which third-party vendors build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a NuBus-based expansion card. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988.[16]

#### A/UX

[edit]

Main article: A/UX

In 1988, Apple released its first UNIX-based OS, A/UX, which is a UNIX operating system with the Mac OS look and feel. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded UNIX market and Macintosh hardware lacking high-end design features present on workstation-class computers. Most of its sales was to the U.S. government, where MacOS lacks POSIX compliance.[17]

#### MAE

[edit]

Main article: Macintosh Application Environment

The Macintosh Application Environment (MAE) is a software package introduced by Apple in 1994 that allows certain Unix-based computer workstations to run Macintosh applications. MAE uses the X Window System to emulate a Macintosh Finder-style graphical user interface. The last version, MAE 3.0, is compatible with System 7.5.3. MAE was published for Sun Microsystems SPARCstation and Hewlett-Packard systems. It was discontinued on May 14, 1998.[18]

#### MkLinux

[edit]

Main article: MkLinux

Announced at the 1996 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), MkLinux is an open source operating system that was started by the OSF Research Institute and Apple in February 1996 to port Linux to the PowerPC platform, and thus Macintosh computers. In mid 1998, the community-led MkLinux Developers Association took over development of the operating system. MkLinux is short for "Microkernel Linux", which refers to its adaptation of the monolithic Linux kernel to run as a server hosted atop the Mach microkernel version 3.0.[19]

### Cancelled projects

[edit]

#### Star Trek

[edit]

Main article: Star Trek project

The Star Trek project (as in "to boldly go where no Mac has gone before") was a secret prototype beginning in 1992, to port the classic Mac OS to Intel-compatible x86 personal computers. In partnership with Apple and with support from Intel, the project was instigated by Novell, which was looking to integrate its DR-DOS with the Mac OS GUI as a mutual response to the monopoly of Microsoft's Windows 3.0 and MS-DOS. A team consisting of four from Apple and four from Novell was got the Macintosh Finder and some basic applications such as QuickTime, running smoothly. The project was canceled one year later in early 1993, but was partially reused when porting the Mac OS to PowerPC.[20][21]

#### Taligent

[edit]

Main article: Taligent

Taligent (a portmanteau of "talent" and "intelligent") is an object-oriented operating system and the company producing it. Started as the Pink project within Apple to provide a replacement for the classic Mac OS, it was later spun off into a joint venture with IBM as part of the AIM alliance, with the purpose of building a competing platform to Microsoft Cairo and NeXTSTEP. The development process never worked, and has been cited as an example of a project death march. Apple pulled out of the project in 1995 before the code had been delivered.[22]

#### Copland

[edit]

Main article: Copland (operating system)

Copland was a project at Apple to create an updated version of the classic Mac OS. It was to have introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking, and new underlying operating system features, yet still be compatible with existing Mac software. They originally planned the follow-up release Gershwin to add multithreading and other advanced features. New features were added more rapidly than they could be completed, and the completion date slipped into the future with no sign of a release. In 1996, Apple canceled the project outright and sought a suitable third-party replacement. Copland development ended in August 1996, and in December 1996, Apple announced that it was buying NeXT for its NeXTSTEP operating system.[23]

## Timeline

[edit]

Timeline of Mac operating systems

* v
* t
* e

## See also

[edit]

* Comparison of operating systems
* History of the graphical user interface
* Mac
* List of Mac software

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Gruber, John (January 21, 2009). "Three things OS X could learn from the Classic Mac OS". Macworld. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
2. ^ a b Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh: Mea Culpa". folklore.org. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
3. ^ Siracusa, John (March 24, 2006). "Five years of Mac OS X". Ars Technica. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2009. "Even Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes."
4. ^ a b Gruber, John. "Mountain Lion". Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
5. ^ Honan, Matthew (January 9, 2007). "Apple unveils iPhone". Macworld. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
6. ^ a b Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. No Starch Press. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
7. ^ "The Macintosh Product Introduction Plan". Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Stanford University. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010.
8. ^ Gruman, Galen (November 1997). "Why Apple Pulled the Plug". Macworld. Vol. 14, no. 11\. pp. 31–36.
9. ^ "A Brief History of the Classic Mac OS". Low End Mac. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
10. ^ "What is an operating system (OS)?". Apple Inc. July 15, 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
11. ^ "Mac OS X and Unix" (PDF). Apple Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
12. ^ "macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
13. ^ "Apple Computer, Inc. Agrees to Acquire NeXT Software Inc". Apple Computer. December 20, 1996. Archived from the original on January 16, 1999.
14. ^ "Mac OS X: What is BSD?". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
15. ^ "Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac OS X Lion" (Press release). Apple Inc. February 24, 2011. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
16. ^ "Inside the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform and A/ROSE". Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
17. ^ Crabb, Don (August 10, 1992). "Apple finally gets Unix right with A/UX 3.0". InfoWorld. pp. 68–69\. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
18. ^ "MAE screenshots". Archived from the original on January 24, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
19. ^ Barbou des Places, François; Stephen, Nick; Reynolds, Franklin D. (January 12, 1996). "Linux on the OSF Mach3 microkernel". Grenoble and Cambridge: OSF Research Institute. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
20. ^ Hormby, Tom (2005). "Star Trek: Apple's First Mac OS on Intel Project". Low End Mac. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
21. ^ Linzmayer, Owen W. (1999). Apple Confidential. San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press. ISBN 9781886411289. OCLC 245921029. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
22. ^ "Apple surrenders the Pink (to Microsoft) Archived August 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine", The Register, October 3, 2008.
23. ^ Widman, Jake (October 9, 2008). "Lessons Learned: IT's Biggest Project Failures". PCWorld. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Macintosh operating systems at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Operating systems by Apple

Apple II, III, Lisa|

* Apple II
* Apple DOS
* ProDOS
* GS/OS
* Apple III
* SOS
* Lisa
* Lisa OS
* MacWorks

Mac|

| Classic Mac OS|

* System 1
* Systems 2, 3, and 4
* System 5
* System 6
* System 7
* Mac OS 8
* Mac OS 9

|

macOS|

* History
* NeXTSTEP
* OpenStep
* Rhapsody
* Public Beta
* Core
* Darwin
* XNU
* Desktop
* Mac OS X
* Public Beta
* 10.0 (Cheetah)
* 10.1 (Puma)
* 10.2 Jaguar
* 10.3 Panther
* 10.4 Tiger
* 10.5 Leopard
* 10.6 Snow Leopard
* 10.7 Lion
* OS X
* 10.8 Mountain Lion
* 10.9 Mavericks
* 10.10 Yosemite
* 10.11 El Capitan
* macOS
* 10.12 Sierra
* 10.13 High Sierra
* 10.14 Mojave
* 10.15 Catalina
* 11 Big Sur
* 12 Monterey
* 13 Ventura
* 14 Sonoma
* 15 Sequoia
* 26 Tahoe
* Server
* Mac OS X Server 1.0

Other projects|

* Shipped
* A/ROSE
* A/UX
* AIX for Apple Network Servers
* MAE
* MkLinux
* PowerOpen Environment
* Cancelled
* Star Trek
* Taligent
* Copland
* Nukernel
* Vanguard

iOS derivatives|

| iOS|

* iPhone OS
* 1
* 2
* 3
* iOS
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 26

|

iPadOS|

* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 26

Others|

* tvOS
* visionOS
* watchOS
* audioOS
* bridgeOS

Others|

* Newton OS
* iPod software

List •  Category

* v
* t
* e

Classic Mac OS

Versions|

* System 1
* System 2, 3, and 4
* System 5
* System 6
* System 7
* Mac OS 7
* Mac OS 8
* Mac OS 9

Applications|

* Calculator
* Chooser
* Drive Setup
* DVD Player
* Finder
* Graphing Calculator
* Keychain Access
* PictureViewer
* PowerTalk
* QuickTime Player
* Network Browser
* Scrapbook
* Sherlock
* Software Update
* Stickies
* System Information
* SimpleText

Developer|

* HyperCard
* MacsBug
* Macintosh Programmer's Workshop
* ResEdit

Technology|

* Alias
* Appearance Manager
* Apple menu
* At Ease
* Balloon help
* Bomb error
* Command key (⌘)
* Control Panel
* Control Strip
* Creator code
* Dogcow
* Extensions
* Hierarchical File System
* HFS Plus
* Keychain
* Labels
* Macintosh File System
* Macintosh Toolbox
* Managers
* MultiFinder
* Multiprocessing Services
* Option key (⌥)
* OSType
* PICT
* QuickDraw
* QuickTime
* Resource fork
* Sosumi sound
* Startup sequence
* System folder
* System suitcase
* Type code
* WorldScript

Related articles|

* Memory management
* Old World ROM
* New World ROM
* Software
* Transition to PowerPC

* v
* t
* e

macOS

* History
* Architecture
* Built-in apps
* Server
* Software

Versions|

| Mac OS X|

* Server 1.0
* Public Beta
* 10.0 Cheetah
* 10.1 Puma
* 10.2 Jaguar
* 10.3 Panther
* 10.4 Tiger
* 10.5 Leopard
* 10.6 Snow Leopard

|

OS X|

* 10.7 Lion
* 10.8 Mountain Lion
* 10.9 Mavericks
* 10.10 Yosemite
* 10.11 El Capitan

macOS|

* 10.12 Sierra
* 10.13 High Sierra
* 10.14 Mojave
* 10.15 Catalina
* 11 Big Sur
* 12 Monterey
* 13 Ventura
* 14 Sonoma
* 15 Sequoia
* 26 Tahoe

Predecessors|

* Classic Mac OS
* NeXTSTEP
* Rhapsody

Applications|

| Core
applications|

* App Store
* Automator
* Calculator
* Calendar
* Chess
* Contacts
* Control Center
* Dictionary
* DVD Player
* FaceTime
* Finder
* Game Center
* Grapher
* Home
* Launchpad
* Mail
* Messages
* News
* Music
* Notes
* Notification Center
* Podcasts
* Photo Booth
* Photos
* Preview
* QuickTime Player
* Reminders
* Safari
* version history
* Shortcuts
* Siri
* Stickies
* TextEdit
* Time Machine

|

Developer
Tools|

| Xcode|

* Instruments
* FileMerge

|

Former|

* Interface Builder
* Dashcode
* Quartz Composer

Former|

* Dashboard
* Front Row
* iChat
* iPhoto
* iSync
* iTunes
* history
* Sherlock

Utilities|

* Activity Monitor
* AirPort Utility
* Archive Utility
* Audio MIDI Setup
* Bluetooth File Exchange
* Boot Camp
* ColorSync
* Configurator
* Console
* Crash Reporter
* Digital Color Meter
* Directory Utility
* DiskImageMounter
* Disk Utility
* Font Book
* Help Viewer
* Image Capture
* Installer
* Keychain Access
* Migration Assistant
* Script Editor
* System Settings
* System Information
* Terminal
* Universal Access
* VoiceOver

Discontinued|

* Grab
* Network Utility
* ODBC Administrator
* Remote Install Mac OS X
* Software Update

Technologies,
user interface|

* AirDrop
* AppKit
* Apple File System
* Apple menu
* Apple Push Notification service
* AppleScript
* Aqua
* Audio Units
* AVFoundation
* Bonjour
* Bundle
* CloudKit
* Cocoa
* ColorSync
* Command key
* Core Animation
* Core Audio
* Core Data
* Core Foundation
* Core Image
* Core OpenGL
* Core Text
* Core Video
* CUPS
* Cover Flow
* Darwin
* Dock
* FileVault
* Fonts
* Foundation
* Gatekeeper
* Grand Central Dispatch
* icns
* iCloud
* Kernel panic
* Keychain
* launchd
* Liquid Glass
* Mach-O
* Menu extra
* Metal
* Mission Control
* Night Shift
* OpenCL
* Option key
* Preference Pane
* Property list
* Quartz
* Quick Look
* Rosetta
* Smart Folders
* Speakable items
* Spotlight
* Stacks
* System Integrity Protection
* Uniform Type Identifier
* Universal binary
* WebKit
* XNU
* XQuartz

Deprecated|

* HFS+

Discontinued|

* ATSUI
* BootX
* Brushed metal
* Carbon
* Classic Environment
* Inkwell
* QuickTime
* Spaces
* Xgrid

* Italics denote upcoming products.
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Darwin-derived operating systems

History|

* Unix
* BSD
* Mach
* NeXTSTEP
* OpenStep
* GNUstep
* Rhapsody
* Classic Mac OS

macOS|

* Mac OS X
* Public Beta
* 10.0 (Cheetah)
* 10.1 (Puma)
* 10.2 Jaguar
* 10.3 Panther
* 10.4 Tiger
* 10.5 Leopard
* 10.6 Snow Leopard
* 10.7 Lion
* OS X
* OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
* 10.9 Mavericks
* 10.10 Yosemite
* 10.11 El Capitan
* macOS
* macOS 10.12 Sierra
* 10.13 High Sierra
* 10.14 Mojave
* 10.15 Catalina
* 11 Big Sur
* 12 Monterey
* 13 Ventura
* 14 Sonoma
* 15 Sequoia
* 26 Tahoe

Mac OS X
Server|

* 1.0 (Hera)
* Rhapsody
* 10.0 (Cheetah)
* 10.1 (Puma)
* 10.2 (Jaguar)
* 10.3 (Panther)
* 10.4 (Tiger)
* 10.5 Leopard Server
* 10.6 Snow Leopard Server

TV Software|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* Forks from iOS with 4

iOS|

* iPhone OS
* 1
* 2
* 3
* iOS
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 26

tvOS|

* TV Software
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* tvOS
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 26

| audioOS|

* 13.4
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 26

|

watchOS|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 26

| bridgeOS|

* 1
* 2
* 26

|

audioOS|

* 11
* 12
* 13
* Forks from tvOS with 13.4

iPadOS|

* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 26

| visionOS|

* 1
* 2
* 26

|

Non-Apple
distributions|

* OpenDarwin
* PureDarwin

* macOS version history
* Mac OS X Server version history
* tvOS version history
* iOS version history
* iPadOS version history
* watchOS version history
* audioOS version history
Italics denote upcoming products

* v
* t
* e

Software by Apple

Operating
systems|

* Apple DOS
* Apple III (SOS)
* Classic Mac OS
* Darwin
* iOS
* iPadOS
* GS/OS
* Lisa OS
* macOS (OS X)
* MacWorks XL
* ProDOS
* tvOS
* visionOS
* watchOS

Consumer|

* Bento
* Clips
* Final Cut Express
* Front Row
* GarageBand
* iCloud
* iDVD
* iLife
* iMovie
* iTunes
* iWork
* Keynote
* Pages
* Numbers
* iPhoto
* Logic Express
* Photomator
* Pixelmator
* Classic
* Pro

Professional|

* Aperture
* Apple Media Tool
* Apple Qmaster
* Color
* DVD Studio Pro
* FileMaker
* Final Cut Pro
* Motion
* Compressor
* Final Cut Studio
* Cinema Tools
* Logic Studio
* Logic Pro
* MacProject
* MacTerminal
* MainStage
* Shake
* Soundtrack Pro

Education|

* Classroom

Bundled|

* AppleWorks
* Books
* Calendar
* Contacts
* Mail
* Messages
* FaceTime
* MacDraw
* MacPaint
* MacWrite
* Music
* Passwords
* Photo Booth
* Photos
* Podcasts
* Safari
* TextEdit

Server|

* Apple Remote Desktop
* FoundationDB
* macOS Server
* WebObjects
* Xgrid
* Xsan

Developer|

* HyperCard
* iBooks Author
* Instruments
* Interface Builder
* Quartz Composer
* ResEdit
* Swift
* Xcode

Internet|

* .Mac
* Dashcode
* iAd Producer
* iChat
* iWeb
* MobileMe

on Windows|

* AirPort Utility
* AppleWorks
* Bonjour
* Boot Camp
* iCloud
* iTunes
* MobileMe
* QuickTime
* Software Update

List of Apple II application software • List of Mac software • List of Classic Mac OS software

* v
* t
* e

Apple Inc.

* History
* Outline
* Timeline of products
* Environment
* Marketing
* Supply chain
* Trade unions

Products|

| Hardware|

| Mac|

* iMac
* Pro
* MacBook
* Air
* Pro
* Mini
* Studio
* Pro
* Mac models
* grouped by CPU type

|

iPod|

* Classic
* Mini
* Nano
* Shuffle
* Touch

iPhone|

* Hardware
* History
* iPhone models

iPad|

* Mini
* Air
* Pro
* Accessories
* iPad models

AirPods|

* Pro
* Max

Other|

* Apple SIM
* AirTag
* Beats
* Pill
* HomePod
* Mini
* Silicon
* TV
* Vision Pro
* Watch

Software|

| Operating
systems|

* iOS / iPadOS
* iOS history
* iPadOS history
* Apps
* macOS
* History
* Server
* Apps
* tvOS
* watchOS
* bridgeOS
* Darwin
* Classic Mac OS
* visionOS

|

* CarPlay
* Classroom
* HomeKit
* Core Foundation
* Developer Tools
* FileMaker
* Final Cut Pro
* X
* Compressor
* Motion
* Logic Pro
* MainStage
* iLife
* GarageBand
* iMovie
* iPhoto
* iTunes
* iWork
* Keynote
* Numbers
* Pages
* Mail
* QuickTime
* Safari
* SceneKit
* Shazam
* Siri
* Swift
* Xcode

Services|

| Financial|

* Card
* Pay
* Wallet

|

Media|

* Arcade
* Books
* Music
* 1
* Beats Music
* Up Next
* Festival
* iTunes Radio
* App
* News
* Newsstand
* Podcasts
* TV
* +
* originals
* MLS Season Pass

Communication|

* FaceTime
* Walkie-Talkie
* iMessage
* iChat
* App
* Invites
* Game Center

Retail and
digital sales|

* App Store
* macOS
* iTunes Store
* Connect
* Store
* Fifth Avenue
* Michigan Avenue

Support|

* AppleCare+
* AASP
* Certifications
* Genius Bar
* ProCare
* One to One

Other|

* Apple Account (formerly Apple ID)
* Sign in with Apple
* One
* Developer
* iAd
* TestFlight
* WWDC
* iCloud
* MobileMe
* Find My
* Fitness
* Photos
* Maps
* Detailed City Experience
* Flyover
* Look Around

Companies|

| Subsidiaries|

* Anobit
* Apple IMC
* Apple Studios
* Beats
* Beddit
* Braeburn Capital
* Claris

|

Acquisitions|

* Anobit
* AuthenTec
* Beats
* Beddit
* BIS Records
* Cue
* EditGrid
* Emagic
* FingerWorks
* Intrinsity
* InVisage Technologies
* The Keyboard Company
* Lala
* Metaio
* NeXT
* Nothing Real
* P.A. Semi
* Power Computing
* PrimeSense
* Shazam Entertainment Limited
* Siri
* Texture
* Topsy

Partnerships|

* AIM alliance
* Kaleida Labs
* Taligent
* Akamai
* Arm
* DiDi
* Digital Ocean
* iFund
* Imagination
* Rockstar Consortium

Related|

* Advertising
* "1984"
* "Think different"
* "Get a Mac"
* iPod
* Product Red
* Ecosystem
* Events
* Criticism
* Right to repair
* Tax
* Headquarters
* Campus
* Park
* University
* Design
* IDg
* Typography
* Book
* History
* Codenames
* Apple FileWare
* Community
* AppleMasters
* Litigation
* 2024 U.S. antitrust case
* App Store antitrust case
* Non-recruiting agreements
* Price-fixing ebooks
* FBI encryption dispute
* Epic Games
* iOS app approvals
* Unions
* #AppleToo
* Depictions of Steve Jobs
* Linux
* Asahi Linux
* iPodLinux
* Car project

People|

| Executives|

| Current|

* Tim Cook (CEO)
* Jeff Williams (COO)
* Kevan Parekh (CFO)
* Katherine Adams (General Counsel)
* Eddy Cue
* Craig Federighi
* Isabel Ge Mahe
* John Giannandrea
* Lisa Jackson
* Greg Joswiak
* Sabih Khan
* Luca Maestri
* Deirdre O'Brien
* Dan Riccio
* Phil Schiller
* Johny Srouji
* John Ternus

|

Former|

* Michael Scott (CEO)
* Mike Markkula (CEO)
* John Sculley (CEO)
* Michael Spindler (CEO)
* Gil Amelio (CEO)
* Steve Jobs (CEO)
* Jony Ive (CDO)
* Angela Ahrendts
* Fred D. Anderson
* John Browett
* Guerrino De Luca
* Paul Deneve
* Al Eisenstat
* Tony Fadell
* Scott Forstall
* Ellen Hancock
* Nancy R. Heinen
* Ron Johnson
* David Nagel
* Peter Oppenheimer
* Mark Papermaster
* Jon Rubinstein
* Bertrand Serlet
* Bruce Sewell
* Sina Tamaddon
* Avie Tevanian
* Steve Wozniak

Board of
directors|

| Current|

* Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman)
* Tim Cook (CEO)
* Wanda Austin
* Alex Gorsky
* Andrea Jung
* Monica C. Lozano
* Ronald D. Sugar
* Susan L. Wagner

|

Former|

* Mike Markkula (Chairman)
* John Sculley (Chairman)
* Steve Jobs (Chairman)
* Gil Amelio
* Fred D. Anderson
* James A. Bell
* Bill Campbell
* Mickey Drexler
* Al Eisenstat
* Larry Ellison
* Al Gore
* Robert A. Iger
* Delano Lewis
* Arthur Rock
* Eric Schmidt
* Michael Scott
* Michael Spindler
* Edgar S. Woolard Jr.
* Jerry York

Founders|

* Steve Jobs
* Steve Wozniak
* Ronald Wayne

* Italics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Operating systems

General|

* Comparison
* Forensic engineering
* History
* List
* Timeline
* Usage share
* User features comparison

Variants|

* Disk operating system
* Distributed operating system
* Embedded operating system
* Hobbyist operating system
* Just enough operating system
* Mobile operating system
* Network operating system
* Object-oriented operating system
* Real-time operating system
* Supercomputer operating system

Kernel|

| Architectures|

* Exokernel
* Hybrid
* Microkernel
* Monolithic
* Multikernel
* vkernel
* Rump kernel
* Unikernel

|

Components|

* Device driver
* Loadable kernel module
* User space and kernel space

Process management|

| Concepts|

* Computer multitasking (Cooperative, Preemptive)
* Context switch
* Interrupt
* IPC
* Process
* Process control block
* Real-time
* Thread
* Time-sharing

|

Scheduling
algorithms|

* Fixed-priority preemptive
* Multilevel feedback queue
* Round-robin
* Shortest job next

Memory management,
resource protection|

* Bus error
* General protection fault
* Memory paging
* Memory protection
* Protection ring
* Segmentation fault
* Virtual memory

Storage access,
file systems|

* Boot loader
* Defragmentation
* Device file
* File attribute
* Inode
* Journal
* Partition
* Virtual file system
* Virtual tape library

Supporting concepts|

* API
* Computer network
* HAL
* Live CD
* Live USB
* Shell
* CLI
* User interface
* PXE

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template