Macedonian pronouns

Words in Macedonian that substitute for a noun or noun phrase

A pronoun (Macedonian: заменка) is a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase, or things previously mentioned or understood from the context. These are words like јас 'I', мене 'me', себе 'himself, herself', ова 'this', кој 'who, which', некој 'somebody', никој 'nobody', сите 'all', секој 'everybody'.

Macedonian pronouns decline for case ('падеж'), i.e., their function in a phrase as subject (ex. јас 'I'), direct object (него 'him'), or object of a preposition (од неа 'from her').

Based on their meaning and the function in the sentence, pronouns fall into the following categories:

Types of pronouns  | Examples

|

Demonstrative pronouns | ова (this), тоа (that), овде (here), таму (there)
Indefinite pronouns | некој (somebody), нешто (something)
Interrogative pronouns | кој (who), кого/кому (whom), што (what)
Personal pronouns | јас (I), ти (you), тој (he), таа (she), тоа (it), ние (we)
Possessive pronouns | мој (my), твој (your), нејзин (her), негов (his), наш (our)
Relative pronouns | кој (which), што (that), чиј (whose)
Reflexive pronoun
and reciprocal pronouns | себе (himself, herself), се (self)
Universal pronouns | сите (all), секој (everybody, each), сешто (everything), секаде (everywhere)

## Formal and informal "you" pronouns

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Main article: T-V distinction

Use of ти (second-person singular informal) is generally limited to friends and family, and is used among children. In formal usage only Вие (second-person singular formal) occurs; ти may be used among peers in a workplace, but it is rare in official documents. Вие should always be capitalized when used in this way as a sign of respect. Ти, used when referring to God, should also be capitalized.

## Personal pronouns

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Personal pronouns

Number  | Person  | Subject

Nominative

| Direct Complement

Accusative

| Indirect Complement
no preposition

Dative

| preposition
full  | short  | full  | short

possessive

Singular  | First  | јас  | мене  | ме  | мене  | ми  | мене
Second  | ти  | тебе  | те  | тебе  | ти  | тебе
Third  | Masculine  | тој  | него  | го  | нему  | му  | него
Feminine  | таа  | неа  | ја  | нејзе  | ѝ  | неа
Neuter  | тоа  | него  | го  | нему  | му  | него
Plural  | First  | ние  | нас  | нѐ  | нам  | ни  | нас
Second  | вие  | вас  | ве  | вам  | ви  | вас
Third  | тие  | нив  | ги  | ним  | им  | нив

## Possessive pronouns

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Possessive pronouns

Number  | Person  | Masculine  | Feminine  | Neuter  | Plural  | Short form
indefinite  | definite  | indefinite  | definite  | indefinite  | definite  | indefinite  | definite
Singular  | First  | мој  | мојот  | моја  | мојата  | мое  | моето  | мои  | моите  | ми
Second  | твој  | твојот  | твоја  | твојата  | твое  | твоето  | твои  | твоите  | ти
Third  | Masculine  | негов  | неговиот  | негова  | неговата  | негово  | неговото  | негови  | неговите  | му
Feminine  | нејзин  | нејзиниот  | нејзина  | нејзината  | нејзино  | нејзиното  | нејзини  | нејзините  | ѝ
Neuter  | негов  | неговиот  | негова  | неговата  | негово  | неговото  | негови  | неговите  | му
Plural  | First  | наш  | нашиот  | наша  | нашата  | наше  | нашето  | наши  | нашите  | ни
Second  | ваш  | вашиот  | ваша  | вашата  | ваше  | вашето  | ваши  | вашите  | ви
Third  | нивен/нивни  | нивниот  | нивна  | нивната  | нивно  | нивното  | нивни  | нивните  | им

## Interrogative pronouns

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Interrogative pronouns (прашални заменки) refer to an unknown person, object, quality or quantity and agree with the noun they denote in gender and number. Personal interrogative pronouns have two cases, nominative and genitive. There are also accusative and dative forms: кого and кому, respectively. The more analytical construction на кого is an optional alternative for the dative form. They are also used with nonhuman beings (animals and objects). Quality interrogative pronouns are used for asking one to specify the word in question. They are translated in English as what/what kind of/what sort of.

Interrogative pronouns

Gender  | Personal  | For quality
Nominative  | Accusative  | Dative  | Genitive
Masculine  | кој (who)  | кого (whom)  | кому (на кого) (to whom)  | чиј (whose)  | каков
Feminine  | која  | кого  | кому (на кого)  | чија  | каква
Neuter  | кое  | кого  | кому (на кого)  | чие  | какво
Plural
(all genders) | кои  | кого  | кому (на кого)  | чии  | какви

There is only one interrogative pronoun for quantity — колку and it is invariant for gender and number. It is used before plural nouns to ask about their quantity (then it is translated as how much/how many), and before an adjective or adverb to ask about the extent, degree, age, etc., of something or somebody (translated as how).

## Demonstrative pronominal adjectives

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| this (close to speaker) | the (close to listener) | that (far from both)

|
|
|

Masculine | овој | тој | оној
Feminine | оваа | таа | онаа
Neuter | ова | тоа | она
Plural | овие | тие | оние

## Reflexive pronouns

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Accusative  | Dative

|

Full  | Short  | Full  | Short
себе  | се  | себе  | си

An alternative full form, себеси, is used for emphasis.

Possessive reflexive pronouns

Full  | Short
Masculine  | Feminine  | Neuter  | Plural
(all genders)
Indefinite  | Definite  | Indefinite  | Definite  | Indefinite  | Definite  | Indefinite  | Definite
свој  | својот  | своја  | својата  | свое  | своето  | свои  | своите  | си

* Ана ѝ ја даде нејзината книга на Марија. (Ana gave her [Maria's] book to Maria.)
* Ана ѝ ја даде својата книга на Марија. (Ana gave her [Ana's] book to Maria.)

## Summative pronouns

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Summative pronouns

Type  | Masculine  | Feminine  | Neuter  | Plural
(all genders)
Personal  | секој  | секоја  | секое  | секои / сите
For quality  | секаков  | секаква  | секакво  | секакви
For quantity  | сиот  | сета  | сето  | сите

## Negative pronouns

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Negative pronouns

Gender  | Personal  | For quality  | For quantity
Nominative  | Genitive
Masculine  | никој  | ничиј  | никаков  | николку
Feminine  | никоја  | ничија  | никаква
Neuter  | никое  | ничие  | никакво
Plural
(all genders) | никои  | ничии  | никакви

## Indefinite pronouns

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Indefinite pronouns

Gender  | Personal  | For quality  | For quantity
Nominative  | Genitive
Masculine  | некој  | нечиј  | некаков  | неколку
Feminine  | некоја  | нечија  | некаква
Neuter  | некое  | нечие  | некакво
Plural
(all genders) | некои  | нечии  | некакви

## Relative pronouns

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Relative pronouns

Gender  | Personal
Nominative  | Genitive
Masculine  | којшто  | чијшто
Feminine  | којашто  | чијашто
Neuter  | коешто  | чиешто
Plural
(all genders) | коишто  | чиишто

## References

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* Macedonian by Victor Friedman, 2001, p. 29.

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