Magnetic drug delivery

Magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery is a means in which magnetic particles such as iron oxide nanoparticles are a component of a delivery vehicle for magnetic drug delivery, due to the simplicity with which the particles can be drawn to (external) magnetopuissant targets.[1][2] Magnetic nanoparticles can impart imaging and controlled release capabilities to drug delivery materials such as micelles, liposomes, and polymers.

## Synopsis

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Molecular magnets (single-molecule magnets) are a platform that incorporates insoluble (toxic) drugs into biocompatible carrier materials, without adding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles which might adversely affect patients susceptible to iron overdose. The drawbacks in conventional magnetic drug delivery methods can be overcome by switching from typical iron oxide nanoparticles to ones based on molecular magnets, such as Fe(salen)-based "anticancer nanomagnet" with proven cancer-fighting ability.[3][4][5] However, insoluble drugs including Fe(salen) also have some inherent drawbacks, such as poor water solubility, loss of magnetic activity in solvents, and potential cytotoxicity when accumulated in tissues and organs.

As an alternative synthetic method of magnetic drug delivery, a "non-iron oxide"-based smart delivery platform has been very recently developed by self-assembly of the Fe(salen) drugs into nano-cargoes encapsulated by a smart polymer, exhibiting bio-safe multifunctional magnetic capabilities, including MRI, magnetic field- and pH-responsive heat-releasing hyperthermia effects, and controlled release.[6]

## References

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1. ^ Arruebo, Manuel; Fernández-Pacheco, Rodrigo; Ibarra, M. Ricardo; Santamaría, Jesús (2007). "Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery". Nano Today. 2 (3): 22–32. doi:10.1016/S1748-0132(07)70084-1.
2. ^ Miller, Joel S.; Gatteschi, Dante (2011). "Molecule-based magnets". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (6): 3065–3066. doi:10.1039/C1CS90019F. PMID 21552607.
3. ^ Eguchi, Haruki; Umemura, Masanari; Kurotani, Reiko; Fukumura, Hidenobu; Sato, Itaru; Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Hoshino, Yujiro; Lee, Jin; Amemiya, Naoyuki; Sato, Motohiko; Hirata, Kunio; Singh, David J.; Masuda, Takatsugu; Yamamoto, Masahiro; Urano, Tsutomu; Yoshida, Keiichiro; Tanigaki, Katsumi; Yamamoto, Masaki; Sato, Mamoru; Inoue, Seiichi; Aoki, Ichio; Ishikawa, Yoshihiro (2015). "A magnetic anti-cancer compound for magnet-guided delivery and magnetic resonance imaging". Scientific Reports. 5: 9194. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9194E. doi:10.1038/srep09194. PMC 4361848. PMID 25779357.
4. ^ Sato, Itaru; Umemura, Masanari; Mitsudo, Kenji; Fukumura, Hidenobu; Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Hoshino, Yujiro; Nakashima, Hideyuki; Kioi, Mitomu; Nakakaji, Rina; Sato, Motohiko; Fujita, Takayuki; Yokoyama, Utako; Okumura, Satoshi; Oshiro, Hisashi; Eguchi, Haruki; Tohnai, Iwai; Ishikawa, Yoshihiro (2016). "Simultaneous hyperthermia-chemotherapy with controlled drug delivery using single-drug nanoparticles". Scientific Reports. 6: 24629. Bibcode:2016NatSR...624629S. doi:10.1038/srep24629. PMC 4840378. PMID 27103308.
5. ^ Ohtake, Makoto; Umemura, Masanari; Sato, Itaru; Akimoto, Taisuke; Oda, Kayoko; Nagasako, Akane; Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Fujita, Takayuki; Yokoyama, Utako; Nakayama, Tomohiro; Hoshino, Yujiro; Ishiba, Mai; Tokura, Susumu; Hara, Masakazu; Muramoto, Tomoya; Yamada, Sotoshi; Masuda, Takatsugu; Aoki, Ichio; Takemura, Yasushi; Murata, Hidetoshi; Eguchi, Haruki; Kawahara, Nobutaka; Ishikawa, Yoshihiro (2017). "Hyperthermia and chemotherapy using Fe(Salen) nanoparticles might impact glioblastoma treatment". Scientific Reports. 7: 42783. Bibcode:2017NatSR...742783O. doi:10.1038/srep42783. PMC 5316938. PMID 28218292.
6. ^ Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Eguchi, Haruki; Umemura, Masanari; Sato, Itaru; Yamada, Shigeki; Hoshino, Yujiro; Masuda, Takatsugu; Aoki, Ichio; Sakurai, Kazuo; Yamamoto, Masahiro; Ishikawa, Yoshihiro (2017). "Magnetic metal-complex-conducting copolymer core–shell nanoassemblies for a single-drug anticancer platform". NPG Asia Materials. 9 (3): e367. doi:10.1038/am.2017.29.

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Routes of administration, dosage forms

Oral|

| Digestive tract (enteral)|

| Solids|

* Tablet
* Capsule
* Pastille
* Time release technology
* Osmotic delivery system

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Liquids|

* Decoction
* Elixir
* Electuary
* Emulsion
* Effervescent powder or tablet
* Herbal tea
* Hydrogel
* Molecular encapsulation
* Powder
* Softgel
* Solution
* Suspension
* Syrup
* Tincture

Oral mucosa (buccal, sublabial, sublingual)|

| Solids|

* Orally disintegrating tablet
* Film
* Lollipop
* Sublingual drops
* Lozenges
* Effervescent tablet
* Chewing gum

|

Liquids|

* Mouthwash
* Toothpaste
* Ointment
* Spray

Respiratory tract (inhalation)|

| Solids|

* Dry-powder inhaler
* Smoking

|
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Liquids|

* Anesthetic vaporizer
* Heated humidified high-flow therapy
* Medical inhalants
* Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
* Nebulizer
* Vaporizer

Gas|

* Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula
* Oxygen concentrator
* Anaesthetic machine
* Medical inhalants
* Relative analgesia machine

Ophthalmic,
otic, nasal|

* Nasal spray
* Ear drops
* Eye drops
* Ointment
* Hydrogel
* Insufflation
* Mucoadhesive microdisc

Urogenital|

* Ointment
* Pessary
* Vaginal ring
* Douche
* Intrauterine device (IUD)
* Extra-amniotic infusion
* Intravesical infusion

Rectal (enteral)|

* Ointment
* Suppository
* Enema
* Solution
* Hydrogel
* Murphy drip
* Nutrient enema

Dermal (topical)|

* Ointment
* Topical cream
* Topical gel
* Liniment
* Paste
* Film
* DMSO solution
* Iontophoresis
* Hydrogel
* Liposomes
* Transfersome vesicles
* Cream
* Lotion
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* Dermal patch
* Transdermal patch
* Transdermal spray
* Jet injector

* Parenterals
* Injections
* infusions

(into tissue/blood)

| Skin (transdermal)|

* Intradermal
* Subcutaneous

* Injector pen

* Transdermal implant

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Organs|

* Intracavernous
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Central nervous system|

* Intracerebral
* Intrathecal
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Circulatory,
musculoskeletal|

* Intravenous
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