Maharaja of Mysore

Ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore

Maharaja of Mysore

Royal coat of arms (1893)

Details
Style| His Highness
First monarch| Yaduraya Wodeyar
Last monarch| Jayachamaraja Wodeyar
Formation| 1399
Abolition| 26 January 1950
Residence| Mysore Palace

The maharaja of Mysore was the king and principal ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore and briefly of Mysore State in the Indian Dominion roughly between the mid- to late-1300s and 1950. The maharaja's consort was called the maharani of Mysore.

In title, the role has been known by different names over time, from poleygar (Kannada, pāLegāra, for 'chieftain'[1][2]) during the early days of the fiefdom to raja (Sanskrit and Kannada, king–of especially a small region) during its early days as a kingdom to maharaja (Sanskrit and Kannada, [great] king–of a formidable kingdom[3]) for the rest of its period. In terms of succession, the successor was either a hereditary inheritor or, in case of no issue, handpicked by the reigning monarch or his privy council. All rulers under the Sanskrit-Kannada titles of raja or maharaja were exclusively from the house of Wadiyar.

As India gained independence from British Crown in 1947, Crown allies, most of which were princely India, ceded into the Dominion of India by 1950. With that, the title and the role of maharaja was replaced with that of rajpramukh and soon governor.

This article is part of a series about the kingdom of Mysore

* Kingdom of Mysore
* Mysore State
* Karnataka

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Ruling families

* Wadiyar dynasty

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Ruling titles

* Maharaja of Mysore

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Capitals

* Mysore
* Srirangapatna
* Bangalore (Summer residence)

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Overlords

* Vijayanagara Empire (1399–1646)
* British Raj (1857–1947)
* Indian Union (1947–1950)

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Prime ministers

* Dewan of Mysore

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Alliance

* French Kingdom
* British Raj

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Related

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Famous leaders

* Krishnaraja Wodeyar III
* Chamarajendra Wadiyar X
* Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV
* Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar
* Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar
* Kempananjammanni Devi
* Tipu
* M. Visvesvaraya
* Mirza Ismail

Arts and culture during Mysore Kingdom

* Mysore painting
* Mysorean culture
* Mysore Yoga
* Mysore society
* Mysore literature in Kannada
* Musicians of the kingdom of Mysore
* Mysore Dasara
* Vijayadashami

Government

* Administration
* Economy
* Mysore Commission
* Vani Vilas Regency
* Golden Era of Mysore Kingdom

Famous events and moments

* Foundation
* Anglo-Mysore Wars
* Maratha–Mysore wars
* Invasion of Malabar
* Invasion of Chirakkal

Mysore Brand

* Mysore silk
* Mysore Incense
* Mysore Sandal Soap
* Mysore Sandalwood Oil
* Mysore Betels
* Mysore Jasmine
* Mysore Turban
* Mysore Paints, Mysore Inks
* Mysore Pak
* Mysore Rosewood Inlay
* Mysorean rockets

Mysore Kingdom landmarks

* Mysore Palace
* Mysore Zoo
* Krishna Raja Sagara
* Bangalore Town
* Mysore City
* List of Heritage Buildings in Mysore

Mysore era firms and organisations

* Mysore Paper Mills
* Mysore Railways
* Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited
* Shivanasamudra Hydro-Electricity Power Station
* State Bank of Mysore
* Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant
* Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

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## Formation and abolishment

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While becoming more occupied with major fights in the late 1300s, the Vijayanagara emperor Harihara II started delegating protection of regions on the flanks of the empire to their respective local chieftains. Protection of the regions in and around present-day Mysore city fell on Yaduraya's shoulders, the Vijayanagara soldier stationed as a chieftain in the region at that time.

### Poleygars and rajas

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Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar III, who ruled from 1513 to 1553 over a few villages not far from the Kaveri river,[4][5] is said to have constructed a small fort and named it Mahisuranagara (Kannada for buffalo town), from which Mysore gets its name.[1][4][6] However, earlier references to the region as mahishaka dating back to mythology and the Vedic period exist.[7][8]

### Maharajas

[edit]

With the fall and decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar III's son and successor Maharaja Timmaraja Wodeyar II declared independence and assumed the title maharaja of Mysore.[9] During the reigns of kings Kanthirava Narasaraja I and Devaraja Wodeyar I, the kingdom saw great territorial expansion.[10] In the latter half of the 18th century, during the sultanate of the Hyder Ali-Tipu father-son duo dictating the kingdom in succession,[11] the maharajas went largely unrecognised or merely remained nominal rulers.[12] After the fall of Tipu, British Crown restored the kingdom to the Wadiyars as maharajas.[13]

### Governor

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After India's constitution into a republic in 1950, the last ruling Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar ceded the kingdom into the republic. However, like most kings in India at that time, the maharaja and his successors were allowed an annual payment (the privy purse), certain privileges, and the use of the title "Maharaja of Mysore."[a][14] Nevertheless, with the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India,[15][16][17] titles and privy purse all ended. With this, the role was replaced with Rajpramukh of Mysore, later renamed Governor of Mysore (now Governor of Karnataka). The role was thus incorporated into the democratic system, the governor being recommended by the Government of India and appointed by the President.[18]

## Maharajas

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Further information: List of Maharajas of Mysore

The first raja (and poleygar) of Mysore was Yaduraya. The last ruling king was Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar. The current head of the Wadiyar family is Yaduveera Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar. The reputation of the maharajas of Mysore has varied historically, ending, however with great reputation. Whereas for example Maharaja Kanthirava Narasaraja I was famous as a reckoning force,[19][20] his nephew's great-great-grandson Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar I was seen as weak and capricious.[21] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III both actively and monetarily contributed to arts and culture;[22][23][24] while Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X spawned democratic practices,[25] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV is praised for modernising Mysore Kingdom's economy and industries.

* A miniature art of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I, who despite having married nine wives, never bore an issue and the direct (male) lineage of Yaduraya ended with him

* A pencil sketch of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. He was a patron of arts and culture who also built numerous temples across the kingdom

* A monochrome of Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X. He instituted the Mysore Representative Assembly, the first parliamentary setup in British India

* A portrait of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV. The king is hailed the maker of Modern Mysore

* A portrait of the last ruling Maharaja of Mysore Jayachamaraja Wadiyar. He later served as the Rajpramukh and Governor of Mysore.

## See also

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* Governor of Karnataka
* List of governors of Karnataka
* Dewan of Mysore
* List of Dewans of Mysore

## Notes

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1. ^ Under terms accepted when princely states were absorbed into independent India

## Citations

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1. ^ a b Stein 1987, p. 82.
2. ^ Manor 1975, p. 33.
3. ^ Tej Ram Sharma (1989), A, Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 81-7022-251-6, "... Literally Maharaja means 'a great king' or Jinder Mahal ..."
4. ^ a b Simmons 2019, p. 6.
5. ^ Ramusack 2004, p. 28.
6. ^ Michell 1995, pp. 17–.
7. ^ Station, Anthropological Survey of India South India (1 January 1978). Cultural profiles of Mysore City. Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
8. ^ Vasudeva, Rashmi (3 November 2006). "Land of milk and honey". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
9. ^ Kamath 2001, pp. 220, 226, 234.
10. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series 1908, p. 20
11. ^ Robson, Francis (1786). The Life Of Hyder Ally: With an Account of His Usurpation of the Kingdom of Mysore. London: S Hooper, High Holborn. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
12. ^ Bowring, p. 29
13. ^ SARMAH, DIPAK (5 February 2020). "4". FORESTRY IN INDIA DURING BRITISH ERA: KARNATAKA CASE-STUDY. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64783-681-8.
14. ^ Ramusack 2004, p. 273: "The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli)."
15. ^ "The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971", indiacode.nic.in, Government of India, 1971, retrieved 9 November 2011
16. ^ Ramusack 2004, p. 278: "Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles, privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted."
17. ^ Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). An atlas and survey of South Asian history. M.E. Sharpe. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-56324-334-9. "Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' titles, privileges, and privy purses."
18. ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. p. 237, 241–44. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Karnataka as well.
19. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series 1908, p. 20, Michell 1995, p. 20
20. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series 1908, p. 20
21. ^ Wilks, Mark (1869). Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor, Etc.
22. ^ "Krishnaraja Wodeyar III". Wodeyars of Mysore. Kamat's Potpourri. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
23. ^ "Krishnaraja Wodeyar III". Wodeyars of Mysore. Kamat's Potpourri. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
24. ^ Laura Durnford. "Games afoot". Online webpage of Radio Netherlands, dated 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
25. ^ Assembly, Karnataka (India) Legislature Legislative (1989). The History of Karnataka Legislature: The Mysore Representative Assembly. Government Suburban Press.

## Sources used

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* Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series (1908), Mysore and Coorg, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. Pp. xvii, 365, 1 map.
* Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
* Manor, James (1975), "Princely Mysore before the Storm: The State-Level Political System of India's Model State, 1920–1936", Modern Asian Studies, 9 (1): 31–58, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00004868, JSTOR 311796, S2CID 146415366
* Michell, George (1995), Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the successor states: 1350–1750, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-44110-2`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
* Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-03989-4`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
* Simmons, Caleb (2019), Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-008890-3
* Stein, Burton (1987), Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-26693-9`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

## External links

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* Virtual Tour of Mysore Palace (archived 10 April 2012)

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Mysore topics

History|

* Wodeyar dynasty
* Maharaja of Mysore
* List
* Kingdom of Mysore
* Chamarajendra Wodeyar X
* Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV
* Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar
* Srikantadatta Wodeyar
* Yaduveer Wodeyar
* Dewan of Mysore
* List
* Mysore State

Places|

* Mysore Airport
* Mysore Zoo
* Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground
* Mysore Race Course
* Town Hall
* Dufferin Clock Tower

Tourist attractions|

| Palaces|

* Mysore Palace
* Jaganmohan Palace
* Lalitha Mahal
* Rajendra Vilas
* Jayalakshmi Vilas

|

Museums|

* Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts
* Regional Museum of Natural History
* Folklore Museum
* Rail Museum
* Oriental Research Institute

Religious buildings|

* Chamundi Temple
* St. Philomena's Cathedral

Art and culture|

* Mysore painting
* Ganjifa
* Mysore silk
* Mysore Dasara
* Mysore yoga

Civic administration|

* Mysore City Corporation

Cuisine|

* Mysore pak
* Masala dosa

Educational institutions|

* University of Mysore

Lakes|

* Hebbal Lake
* Karanji Lake
* Kukkarahalli Lake
* Lingambudhi Lake

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