Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Not to be confused with Mahmudul Hasan or Mahmud Deobandi.

Indian Muslim scholar and activist (1851–1920)

Shaykh al-Hind, Mawlānā

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

3rd Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband
In office
1890–1915
Preceded by| Syed Ahmad Dehlavi
Succeeded by| Anwar Shah Kashmiri
1st President of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
In office
November 1920 – 30 November 1920
Preceded by| Kifayatullah Dehlawi (as an interim president)
Succeeded by| Kifayatullah Dehlawi
Personal
Born| 1851

Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India

Died| 30 November 1920(1920-11-30) (aged 68–69)

Delhi, British India

Resting place| Mazar-e-Qasmi
Religion| Islam
Denomination| Sunni
Jurisprudence| Hanafi
Movement| Deobandi
Main interest(s)| Exegesis, Indian freedom movement
Notable idea(s)| Silk Letter Movement
Notable work(s)|

* Tarjuma Shaykh al-Hind
* Adilla-e-Kāmilah
* Īzah al-adillah

Alma mater| Darul Uloom Deoband
Teachers| Mahmud Deobandi, Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi
Tariqa| Chishtiya-Sabiriya-Imdadiya
Organization
Founder of| Jamia Millia Islamia
Senior posting
Disciple of|

* Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
* Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

Disciples

* List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Influenced

* His students, Deobandis

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (also known as Shaykh al-Hind; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the Indian independence movement, who co-founded the Jamia Millia Islamia University and launched the Silk Letter Movement for the freedom of India. He was the first student to study at the Darul Uloom Deoband seminary. His teachers included Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi and Mahmud Deobandi, and he was authorized in Sufism by Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Hasan served as the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the Quran in Urdu and authored books such as Adilla-e-Kāmilah, Īzah al-adillah, Ahsan al-Qirā and Juhd al-Muqill. He taught hadith at the Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the Sunan Abu Dawud. His major students included Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Sanaullah Amritsari and Ubaidullah Sindhi.

Hasan was a staunch opponent of the British Raj. He launched movements to overthrow their power in India but was arrested in 1916 and imprisoned in Malta. He was released in 1920, and was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the Khilafat committee. He wrote religious edicts in support of the Non-cooperation movement and travelled various parts of India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom movement. He presided the second general meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in November 1920 and was appointed its president. The Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College is named in his memory. In 2013, the Government of India released a commemorative postal stamp on his Silk Letter Movement.

## Early life

[edit]

See also: Usmani family of Deoband

Mahmud Hasan was born in 1851 in the town of Bareilly (in modern Uttar Pradesh, India) into the Usmani family of Deoband.[1][2] His father, Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi, who co-founded the Darul Uloom Deoband, was a professor at the Bareilly College and then served as the deputy inspector of madrasas.[1][3]

Hasan studied the Quran with Miyanji Manglori, and Persian with Abdul Lateef.[1] During the 1857 rebellion, his father was transferred to Meerut, and Hasan was shifted to Deoband, where he studied Persian and Arabic literature from the Dars-e-Nizami course with his uncle, Mehtab Ali.[1] He became the first student at the Darul Uloom Deoband;[4] and studied with Mahmud Deobandi.[5] He completed his formal studies in 1869 and went to Meerut to study the Sihah Sittah with Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi.[6] He attended the hadith discourses of Nanawtawi for two years, and studied Arabic literature with his father during the vacations.[7] He graduated in 1872 and received the turban of honour in 1873 in the first convocation of the Darul Uloom Deoband.[8][9] He was an authorized disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in Sufism.[10]

## Career

[edit]

### Darul Uloom Deoband

[edit]

See also: Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan was appointed a teacher at the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1873, the same year he completed his studies.[2] He became its principal in 1890,[9][11][12] succeeding Syed Ahmad Dehlavi.[13] He did not consider the Deoband seminary just a place of learning, but an institution established to compensate the loss of 1857 rebellion.[4]

A view of Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan formed the Thamratut-Tarbiyat (The Fruit of the Upbringing) in 1878.[14] It was established as an intellectual centre to train the students and graduates of the Darul Uloom Deoband.[15] It then took the form of Jamiatul Ansar (Community of Helpers), which started in 1909 with its first session held in Moradabad and presided over by Ahmad Hasan Amrohi.[16] Alongside his student Ubaidullah Sindhi, Hasan then started the Nizaratul Ma'arif al-Qur'ānia (Academy of Quranic Learning) in November 1913.[16][17] It aimed to increase the influence of Muslim scholars and to instruct and teach English-educated Muslims about Islam.[18] Hussain Ahmad Madani suggests that "the purpose behind establishing Nizaratul Maarif was to make Muslim youth stronger believers, and to instruct and guide them, specially western-educated Muslims, in the Quranic teachings in such a logical way that it would remove the poisonous impact of anti-Islam propaganda and ill-founded skepticism about practicality of Islamic belief and tenets in modern age."[19][20]

### Silk Letter Movement

[edit]

Main article: Silk Letter Movement

See also: Malta exiles and Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Hasan wanted to overthrow the British Raj in India; to achieve this, he focussed on two geographic areas.[21] The first was the area of autonomous tribes that lived between Afghanistan and India.[21] Asir Adrawi states, "this is the historical reality that people who came to invade India used that route, and Hasan's selection of this area for his movement was definitely the highest evidence of his prudence and insight."[22] The second area was within India; he wanted to influence all the sincere leaders who cared for the community to support his cause, and in this he was quite successful.[22] The scholars that worked on the first front included his students and companions such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Abdur-Raheem Sindhi, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul Peshawari.[23] They propagated the program of Hasan into the frontier areas and into those of the autonomous tribes.[24] The scholars that worked on the second front included Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Abdur-Raheem Raipuri and Ahmadullah Panipati.[25] Muhammad Miyan Deobandi states, "Shaikhul Hind used to watch carefully the nature and capability of his disciples and people who approached him. He selected some persons from amongst them and commanded them to reach Yaghistan and instigate the autonomous tribes to attack India."[26] The program designed to prepare the people inside India for a rebellion if the Afghani and Turkish governments provided military aid to the militia and people within the country rose up for the rebellion during the invasion by this army.[24] Yaghistan was the center of the movement of Mahmud Hasan.[27] The Provisional Government of India was designed by Hasan's pupil Ubaidullah Sindhi and his companions, and Mahendra Pratap was appointed the President.[28]

Hasan himself traveled to Hejaz to secure German and Turkish support in 1915.[29] He left Bombay on 18 September 1915, and was accompanied by scholars including Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri and Uzair Gul Peshawari.[30][31] On 18 October 1915, he went to Mecca where he had meetings with Ghalib Pasha, the Turkish governor, and Anwar Pasha, who was the defense minister of Turkey.[32][33] Ghalib Pasha assured him of assistance and gave him three letters, one addressed to the Indian Muslims, the second to the governor Busra Pasha, and the third to Anwar Pasha.[33] Hasan also had a meeting with the Djemal Pasha, the governor of Syria, who concurred with what Ghalib Pasha had said.[33] Hasan feared that if he returned to India, he might be arrested by the British, and asked that he be allowed to reach the Afghanistan border from where he could reach Yaghistan.[34] Djemal made an excuse and told him that if he feared arrest, he could stop at Hejaz or any other Turkish area.[34] Subsequently, the program called the Silk Letter Movement was leaked and its members were arrested.[35] Hasan was arrested in December 1916 alongside his companions and students, Hussain Ahmad Madani and Uzair Gul Peshawari, by Sharif Hussain, the Sharif of Mecca, who revolted against the Turks and allied with the British.[36][29] The Sharif then handed them over to the British,[37] and they were imprisoned in the Fort Verdala in Malta.[38]

### Khilafat movement

[edit]

Main article: Khilafat movement

Hasan was released in May 1920,[38] and by 8 June 1920 he had reached Bombay.[39] He was welcomed by major scholars and political figures including Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Shaukat Ali and Mahatma Gandhi.[40] His release was seen as a huge aid to the Khilafat Movement[40] and he was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the Khilafat Committee.[39][41]

Hasan inspired the scholars of Deoband seminary to join the Khilafat movement.[40] He issued a religious edict on the boycott of British goods; which was sought by the students of then Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.[42] In this edict, he advised the students to avoid supporting the government in any manner, to boycott the government funded schools and colleges, and to avoid government jobs.[43] Following this edict, a majority of students left the college.[44] This edict supported the Non-cooperation movement.[43] Hasan then travelled to Allahabad, Fatehpur, Ghazipur, Faizabad, Lucknow and Moradabad and guided Muslims in support of the movements.[45]

### Jamia Millia Islamia

[edit]

See also: Jamia Millia Islamia

Hasan was asked to preside over the foundational ceremony of the Jamia Millia Islamia, then known as the National Muslim University.[46] The University was established by Hasan alongside Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Hakim Ajmal Khan,[47] who were motivated by the demands of students of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) who were disappointed with the AMU's pro-British bias and who wanted a new university.[46][48] Hasan's servants, however, urged him not to accept the offer as he had grown increasingly weak and pale from his time of incarceration in Malta.[49][46] Hasan stated, in response to their concerns, "If my president-ship pains the British, then I shall definitely take part in this ceremony."[46] He was subsequently brought to Deoband railway station in a palanquin, from where he traveled to Aligarh.[46]

Hasan was not able to write anything, and asked his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani to prepare his presidential speech. He then made corrections and improvements to the prepared speech, and sent it to print. On 29 October 1920, this speech was read aloud by Usmani in the foundational ceremony of the university,[50] after which Hasan laid the foundation stone of the Jamia Millia Islamia.[49] Hasan said in the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst you are well aware that my elders and predecessors never issued an edict of disbelief over learning of a foreign language or acquiring the academic sciences of other nations. Yes, it was said that the final last effect of the English-education is that its seekers either colour themselves in that of the Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists through their atheistic insolence, or they worship the current government; then it is better to remain ignorant instead of seeking such education."[51] He concurred with Mahatma Gandhi's who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean as the milk, but mixed with a little bit of poison" and considered the Muslim National University, as an alembic which would separate this poison from academia.[51]

### Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

[edit]

Hasan presided over the second general meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, which was held in November 1920 in Delhi.[52] He was appointed the president of the Jamiat, a position he could not serve due to his death after few days [on 30 November].[53] The general meeting was held over three days starting from 19 November, and Hasan's presidential speech was read aloud by his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.[54] Hasan advocated a Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity and said that, if Hindus and Muslims unite, acquiring freedom was not much more difficult.[55][56] This was the last conference that Hasan attended.[56]

## Students

[edit]

Main article: List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Hasan's students number in thousands.[57] His major students include Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Asghar Hussain Deobandi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Husain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Kifayatullah Dihlawi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Sanaullah Amritsari, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul Peshawari.[9][58][59] Ebrahim Moosa states that his "fine cohort of students later gained renown in the madrasa network and made contribution to the public life in South Asia in fields as diverse as religious scholarship, politics, and institution-building."[60]

## Literary works

[edit]

### The translation of the Quran

[edit]

Hasan wrote an interlinear translation of the Quran in Urdu.[61] He later started to annotate this translation with explanatory notes, as he had just completed the fourth chapter An-Nisa, when he died in 1920.[62] The exegetical work was completed by his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, and is published as Tafsir-e-Usmāni.[63] It was later translated into Persian by a group of scholars, patronized by Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan.[64]

### Al-Abwāb wa Al-Tarājim li al-Bukhāri

[edit]

Hasan taught Sahih Bukhari at the Darul Uloom Deoband for a long time and, when he was incarcerated in Malta, he began to write a treatise explaining its chapter-headings.[65] In the hadith studies, the assignation of the chapter-headings in a collection of traditions is seen as a separate science.[66] Hasan started the treatise with fifteen principles on the subject, and then discussed the traditions from the chapter on revelation and incompletely covered the chapter on knowledge.[67] The treatise is entitled al-abwāb wa al-tarājim li al-Bukhāri (transl. An Explanation of the Chapter Headings of Imam Bukhari's Sahih) and spreads over 52 pages.[65]

### Adilla-e-Kāmilah

[edit]

As the Ahl-i Hadith movement was growing in India they started questioning the authority of Hanafi school of thought.[68] Ahl-i Hadith scholar Muhammad Hussain Batalvi compiled a set of ten questions[69] and announced a challenge with a reward for those who provided an answer, with ten rupees per answer. This was published from Amritsar and sent to Darul Uloom Deoband.[68] The Deoband's policy had been to avoid the issues which divide the Muslim community, but the Ahl-i Hadith people forced the issue. Subsequently, Hasan, at the request of his teacher Nanawtawi,[70] in return asked a series of questions in the form of a treatise, Adilla-e-Kāmilah (transl. The Perfect Argument), promising that, "if you answer these questions, we shall give you twenty rupees per answer."[71]

### Īzah al-Adillah

[edit]

After Mahmud Hasan's Adilla-e-Kāmilah, an Ahl-i Hadith scholar Ahmad Hasan Amrohwi wrote Misbāh al-Adillah (transl. A Lantern to the Argument) in response to Adilla-e-Kāmilah.[70] The Deobandi scholar waited for a while for any response from the original questioner, Muhammad Hussain Batalwi,[72] who then announced that Amrohwi's work was sufficient, and that he has himself had discarded the idea of writing the answers.[72] Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Izāh al-Adillah (transl. Elucidation of the Argument); a commentary on his earlier work Adilla-e-Kāmilah.[72]

### Ahsan al-Qirā

[edit]

Hasan has discussed the permissibility of Friday prayers in villages and rural areas in this book.[73] Syed Nazeer Husain had raised this issue and published a religious edict which decreed that there is no specification of any place [for the Friday prayers]. He stated that, wherever a least of two people gather, the Friday prayers are necessary.[73] Hanafi jurist and scholar, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, penned a fatwa over 14 pages in response, called the Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Strongest Ring) from the perspective of the Hanafi school of thought.[73]

Gangohi's work received criticism from the Ahl-i Hadith scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments.[73] Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt that the language of these works was insolent, and wrote a lengthy book, entitled Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Best Discourse in The Elucidation of The Strongest Ring), in response.[74]

### Juhd al-Muqill

[edit]

Shah Ismail Dehlvi and his companions who worked for the reformation of Muslims from Bidʻah (religious innovations), received wide criticism from the people who were associated with these innovations.[75] Dehlvi was in particular accused of blasphemy and was excommunicated from Islam.[75] Subsequently, Islamic scholar Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri wrote Tanzih al-Raḥmān (transl. The Glorification of the Merciful), in which he mentioned Dehlvi to be a member of extreme group of the Muʿtazila.[76] Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Juhd al-Muqill fī tanzīhi al-Mu'izzi wa al-Mudhill (transl. An Effort of an Insignificant on the Glorification of One who Graces and Disgraces), in two volumes.[77] The book discusses the attributes and qualities of Allah with the terminology of the Ilm al-Kalam, following the accent of Al-Taftazani's commentary Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi, on al-Nasafi's creed.[76] Hasan responded to the allegations made against Shah Ismail Dehlvi and other such scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.[77]

### Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd

[edit]

The written manuscripts of the Sihah Sittah were preserved in the libraries of Islamic nations, with the majority held at Mecca and Medina.[78] The Indian scholar Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri copied the manuscripts that existed in Mecca, and then studied them with Shah Muhammad Ishaq. When he returned to India he started publishing the copyedited editions of these hadith manuscripts from his press.[79] His pupil Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi continued the practice of copyediting the hadith manuscripts until all of the books were published in India.[78]

Later there was a push to copyedit the Sunan Abu Dawud, one among the six major books of the hadith. However, the editions that were published and the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other.[78] Hasan thus collected all the available manuscripts, copyedited the text and had several editions of it published in book form. These were published in 1900 from the Mujtabai Press in Delhi.[80]

## Death and legacy

[edit]

The Maulana Mahmud Hasan gate of Jamia Millia Islamia.

On 30 October 1920, a day after the foundation of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled to Delhi at the request of Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari. Several days later his health deteriorated and he received treatment from Ansari at his home in Daryaganj.[81][82] He died on 30 November 1920 in Delhi.[83] As the news of his death was announced, Hindus and Muslims closed their shops and gathered outside Ansari's house to pay tributes to Hasan.[84] Ansari then asked Hasan's brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan if he preferred Mahmud Hasan to be buried in Delhi with arrangements to be made at the Mehdiyan cemetery, or if preferred to bury him at Deoband with arrangements made for moving the body.[83] It was decided to bury him at Deoband because of his wish that he be buried near the grave of his teacher Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi.[85] His funeral prayers were offered multiple times. The people of Delhi offered the prayers outside Ansari's house, and then the body was moved to Deoband. As they reached the Delhi railway station, a plethora of people gathered and offered funeral prayers. Subsequently, prayers were offered at the Meerut City railway station and Meerut Cantt railway station.[85] His fifth and last funeral prayer was led by his brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan and he was buried in the Qasmi cemetery.[85]

Mahmud Hasan has had a number of honours. Ashraf Ali Thanwi called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of the World).[86] Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, he is the Leader of India, Sindh, the Arab and the Ajam".[86] A medical college in Saharanpur was named Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College after him.[87] In January 2013, the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee released a commemorative postal stamp on Hasan's Silk Letter Movement.[88]

Shaikhul Hind Academy, a department of Darul Uloom Deoband, is named in his memory.[89]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Adrawi 2012, p. 45.
2. ^ a b Tayyab 1990, p. 18.
3. ^ Rizwi 1980, pp. 93–94.
4. ^ a b Salam & Parvaiz 2020, pp. 48–49.
5. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 46.
6. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 47.
7. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 48.
8. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 49.
9. ^ a b c Rizwi 1981, p. 20.
10. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 68.
11. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 20.
12. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 72.
13. ^ Qasmi, Muhammadullah (October 2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. p. 748\. OCLC 1345466013.
14. ^ Deobandi 1946, p. 112.
15. ^ Hasan, Nayab (1 December 2017). "حضرت شیخ الہند کا تصورِ فلاحِ امت" [Shaykhul Hind's Concept of the Progress of Ummah]. Millat Times (in Urdu). Retrieved 27 July 2021.
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21. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 167.
22. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 168.
23. ^ Adrawi 2012, pp. 169–184.
24. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 185.
25. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 186.
26. ^ Deobandi 2013, p. 57.
27. ^ Tabassum 2006, p. 47.
28. ^ Rizwi 1981, pp. 137–138.
29. ^ a b Trivedi 1982, p. 659.
30. ^ Deobandi 2002, p. 56.
31. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 49.
32. ^ Deobandi 2002, p. 58.
33. ^ a b c Deobandi 2013, pp. 59–60.
34. ^ a b Deobandi 2013, p. 59-60.
35. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 184.
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37. ^ Deobandi 2013, p. 61.
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41. ^ Barbara D., Metcalf (2009). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 231\. ISBN 9781400831388.
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43. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 290.
44. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 79.
45. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 77.
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47. ^ Basheer, Intifada P. (29 October 2020). "Jamia Millia Islamia: A University That Celebrates Diversity". Outlook India. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
48. ^ "Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle". Milli Gazette. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
49. ^ a b Nizami 2011, p. 29.
50. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 291.
51. ^ a b Nizami 2011, p. 33.
52. ^ Wasif Dehlavi 1970, p. 56.
53. ^ Wasif Dehlavi 1970, p. 74.
54. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 295.
55. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 308.
56. ^ a b Nizami 2018, p. 132.
57. ^ Qasmi 1999, p. 64.
58. ^ Adrawi 2016, p. 233.
59. ^ Rehman 1967, pp. 217–218.
60. ^ Moosa 2015, p. 72.
61. ^ "The Translations of the Quran". The Islamic Quarterly. 40–41. London: Islamic Cultural Centre: 228. 1996.
62. ^ Adrawi 2012, pp. 335–336.
63. ^ Haqqani 2006, p. 268.
64. ^ Zaman 2018, p. 292.
65. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 336.
66. ^ "Shaykh (Maulana) Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi". Central Mosque. "Assigning chapter headings in a hadith collection is a science in itself, known among the scholars as al-abwab wa 'l-tarajim [chapters and explanations]."
67. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 337.
68. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 338.
69. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 344.
70. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 351.
71. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 339.
72. ^ a b c Adrawi 2012, p. 352.
73. ^ a b c d Adrawi 2012, p. 345.
74. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 346.
75. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 347.
76. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 348.
77. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 349.
78. ^ a b c Adrawi 2012, p. 369.
79. ^ Adrawi 2016, pp. 22–23.
80. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 370.
81. ^ Saad Shuja'abadi 2015, p. 24-25.
82. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 309.
83. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, pp. 310–311.
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86. ^ a b Thanwi, Ashraf Ali. Usmani, Mahmood Ashraf (ed.). Malfūzāt Hakīm al-Ummat (in Urdu). Vol. 5\. Multan: Idāra Tālīfāt-e-Ashrafia. p. 300.
87. ^ "Saharanpur medical college to be named after Madni". Times of India. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
88. ^ "Prez releases special stamp on 'Silk Letter Movement'". Business Standard. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
89. ^ Bijnori, Muhammad Salman, ed. (March 2021). "Hazrat Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi and Shaikhul Hind Academy, Darul Uloom Deoband: Imranullah Qasmi". Monthly Darul Uloom (in Urdu). 105 (3). Deoband: Darul Uloom: 47–48.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Adrawi, Asīr (April 2012). Hazrat Shaykhul Hind Hayāt awr Kārnāme [Shaykhul Hind: Life and works] (in Urdu). Deoband: Shaykhul Hind Academy.
* Adrawi, Asir (April 2016). Karwān-e-Rafta: Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind [The Caravan of the Past: Discussing Indian scholars] (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). Deoband: Darul Muallifeen.

* Deobandi, Muhammad Miyan (1946), Ulama-e-Haq awr Unke Mujahidana Karname [The True Scholars and Their Revolutionarly Struggles], vol. 1, Delhi: al-Jami'at Book Depot
* Deobandi, Muhammad Miyan (2013). Silk Letter Movement. Translated by Muhammadullah Qasmi (1st ed.). Shaikhul Hind Academy in association with Manak Publications. ISBN 978-93-7831-322-6.
* Deobandi, Muhammad Miyan (January 2002). Asīrān-e-Mālta [The Prisoners of Malta] (in Urdu). Deoband: Kutub Khana Naimia.
* Haqqani, Abdul Qayyum (January 2006). "Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Number". Monthly al-Qāsim (in Urdu). 9. Nowshera: Al-Qasim Academy, Jamia Abu Hurairah.
* Khimjee, Husein Akberali (1999). The legacy of the early twentieth-century Khilafat movement in India (Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
* Moosa, Ebrahim (2015). What is a Madrasa?. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-14-6962-013-8.
* Nizami, Zafar Ahmad (2011). Memārān-e-Jamia [The Builders of the Jamia] (in Urdu). New Delhi: Maktaba Jamia. ISBN 978-81-7587-475-6. OCLC 649685329.
* Nizami, Zafar Ahmad (2018). Khan, Rafaqat Ali (ed.). Āzādi-e-Hind Ki Jaddojahd Mai MusalamanoN Ka Kirdār 1857-1947: Delhi [The Role of Muslims in the Indian Freedom Struggle, 1857-1947: Delhi] (in Urdu). New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies. ISBN 978-93-84973-07-0.
* Qasmi, Muhammad Tayyib (July 1999). Bukhari, Muhammad Akbar Shah (ed.). 50 Misāli Shakhsiyāt [Fifty Exemplary Personalities] (in Urdu). Deoband: Maktaba Faiz-ul-Quran.
* Rehman, Mufti Azizur (July 1967). Tadhkirah Mashāyikh-e-Deoband [Discussing the Elders of Deoband] (2nd ed.). Bijnor: Madani Darul Taleef. pp. 213–231. OCLC 19927541.
* Rizwi, Syed Mehboob (1980). History of Dar al Ulum Deoband. Vol. 1\. Translated by Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi (1st ed.). Darul Uloom Deoband: Idara-e-Ehtemam.
* Rizwi, Syed Mehboob (1981). History of Dar al-Ulum Deoband. Vol. 2\. Translated by Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi (1st ed.). Darul Uloom Deoband: Idara-e-Ehtemam.
* Saad Shuja'abadi, Abu Muhammad Sana'ullah (2015). Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat [The Last Times of the Deobandi Scholars]. Saharanpur: Maktaba Rasheediya.
* Salam, Ziya Us; Parvaiz, Mohammad Aslam (February 2020). Madrasas in the Age of Islamophobia (1st ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-93-5328-929-4.
* Tabassum, Farhat (2006). Deoband Ulema's Movement for the Freedom of India (1st ed.). New Delhi: Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications. ISBN 81-7827-147-8.
* Tayyab, Mohammad (1990). The Role of Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-Ul-Hasan in the Indian Freedom Movement (Thesis). Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. OCLC 1012388751.
* Trivedi, Raj Kumar (1982). "Turco-German intrigue in India in Workd War I". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 43. Indian History Congress: 659. JSTOR 44141303. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
* Wasif Dehlavi, Hafizur Rahman (1970). Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah [A Historical Review the Jamiat Ulama] (in Urdu). OCLC 16907808.
* Wasti, Syed Tanvir (September 2006). "The Political Aspirations of Indian Muslims and the Ottoman Nexus". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (5). Taylor & Francis: 709–722. doi:10.1080/00263200600826331. JSTOR 4284490. S2CID 144026442. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
* Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (24 December 2018). Gräf, Bettina; Krawietz, Birgit; Amir-Moazami, Schirin (eds.). "Ways of Knowing Muslim Cultures and Societies: Studies in Honour of Gudrun Krämer". Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. 122. Brill: 280-297. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Arshad, Mawlāna Abdur Rasheed (January 2000). "Shaykhul Hind Mawlānā Maḥmūd Ḥasan". In Deobandi, Nawaz (ed.). Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband (in Urdu). Vol. 2\. Deoband: Nawaz Publications. pp. 434–522.
* Metcalf, Barbara D. (1982). Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05343-X. OCLC 889252131.
* Mujab, Muhammad (2001). Islamic sciences in india and indonesia: a comparative study (Thesis). India: Department of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 161–167. hdl:10603/58830.
* Shafi, Muhammad, ed. (2001). Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya (PDF) (in Urdu). Vol. 20\. Lahore, Pakistan: University of the Punjab. pp. 32–39.

## External links

[edit]

* Visit to Malta with Mufti Ahmad Khanpuri and Colleagues

* v
* t
* e

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Personal|

* Religion: Islam
* Sunni
* Jurisprudence: Hanafi
* Movement: Deobandi

Notable works and ideas|

* Silk Letter Movement
* Tarjuma Shaykh al-Hind
* Adilla-e-Kāmilah
* Īzah al-adillah
* Jamia Millia Islamia

Disciples and influenced|

* List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Legacy|

* Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College

* Category:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

* v
* t
* e

Usmani family of Deoband

19th/20th century|

* Fazlur Rahman Usmani (1831 – 1907)
* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851 – 1920)
* Aziz-ur-Rahman Usmani (1275 AH – 1928)
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887 – 1949)

20th century|

* Zafar Ahmad Usmani (1892 – 1974)
* Muhammad Shafi Usmani (1897 – 1976)
* Atiqur Rahman Usmani: (1901 – 1984)
* Shams Naved Usmani (1931 – 1993)
* Amir Usmani
* Fuzailur Rahman Hilal Usmani
* Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942 – 2006)

21st century|

Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Muhammad Rafi Usmani

* v
* t
* e

Muslim scholars of the Hanafi school

* by century (AH
* CE)

2nd/8th|

* Abu Hanifa (founder of the school; 699–767)
* Abu Yusuf (738–798)
* Ibn al-Mubarak (726–797)
* Muhammad al-Shaybani (749–805)
* Yahya ibn Ma'in (774–807)
* Waki' ibn al-Jarrah (d. 812)

3rd/9th|

* Isa ibn Aban (d. 836)
* Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad (777–854)
* Yahya ibn Aktham (d. 857)
* Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (d. 869)
* Al-Ḫaṣṣāf (d. 874)
* Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 882)

4th/10th|

* Al-Tahawi (843–933)
* Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944)
* Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (b. 874)
* Al-Jassas (917–981)
* Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (944–983)

5th/11th|

* Abu al-Husayn al-Basri (d. 1044)
* Karima al-Marwaziyya (969–1069)
* Ali Hujwiri (1009–1072)
* Al-Bazdawi (1010–1089)
* Al-Sarakhsi (d. 1090)
* Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (1030–1100)
* Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 1115)
* Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi

6th/12th|

* Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 1139)
* Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 1141)
* Yusuf Hamadani (1062–1141)
* Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (1067–1142)
* Al-Zamakhshari (1074–1143)
* Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 1180)
* Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 1184)
* Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 1185)
* Al-Kasani (d. 1191)
* Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 1197)
* Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (1135–1197)

7th/13th|

* Rumi (1207–1273)
* Jalaluddin Tabrizi (d. 1228)
* Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (1173–1235)
* Mu'in al-Din Chishti (1143–1236)
* Baba Farid (1173–1266)
* Abu Tawwama (d. 1300)
* Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 1310)

8th/14th|

* Nizamuddin Auliya (1238–1325)
* Uthman bin Ali Zayla'i (d. 1342)
* Shah Jalal Mujarrad (1271–1346)
* Uthman Siraj ad-Din (1258–1357)
* Ala al-Haq (1301–1384)
* Jahaniyan Jahangasht (1308–1384)
* Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 1384)
* Al-Taftazani (1322–1390)
* Ibn Abi al-Izz (1331–1390)
* Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (1350–1410)
* Al-Sharif al-Jurjani (1339–1414)

9th/15th|

* Nur Qutb Alam (d. 1416)
* Shams al-Din al-Fanari (1350–1431)
* 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (1377–1438)
* Husam ad-Din Manikpuri (d. 1449)
* Badr al-Din al-Ayni (1361–1451)
* Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (1388–1457)
* Ali Qushji (1403–1474)
* Khidr Bey (b. 1407)

10th/16th|

* Zenbilli Ali Cemali Efendi (1445–1526)
* Ibn Kemal (1468–1536)
* Abdul Quddus Gangohi (1456–1537)
* Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (1460–1549)
* Fahreddin-i Acemi (d. 1460)
* Muhammad Ghawth (1500–1562)
* Nagore Shahul Hamid (1504–1570)
* Mosleh al-Din Lari (1510–1572)
* Muhammad Birgivi (1522–1573)
* Ebussuud Efendi (1490–1574)
* Hamza Makhdoom (1494–1576)
* Wajihuddin Alvi (1490–1580)
* Taşköprülüzade Ahmet (1495–1561)
* Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri (1521–1595)
* Sadeddin Efendi (1536–1599)
* Mustafa Selaniki (d. 1600)
* Ali al-Qari (d. 1606)

11th/17th|

* Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)
* Esad Efendi (1570–1625)
* Kadızade Mehmed (1582–1635)
* 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (1551–1642)
* Mehmed Efendi (1595–1654)
* Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657)
* Jana Begum
* Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (1569–1659)
* Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)
* Syed Rafi Mohammad (d. 1679)
* Mir Zahid Harawi (d. 1689)
* Syed Inayatullah (d. 1713)

12th/18th|

* Shah Abdur Rahim (1644–1719)
* Zinat-un-Nissa Begum (1643–1721)
* Syed Hayatullah (d. 1722)
* Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (1641–1731)
* Syed Mohammad Zaman (d. 1756)
* Hashim Thattvi (1692–1761)
* Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)
* Shah Nuri Bengali (d. 1785)
* Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699–1781)
* Murtada al-Zabidi (1732–1790)
* Sanaullah Panipati (1730–1810)
* Syed Mohammad Rafi (d. 1803)
* Majduddin (d. 1813)

13th/19th|

* Çerkes Halil Efendi (d. 1821)
* Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (1743–1824)
* Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824)
* Fatima al-Fudayliya (d. 1831)
* Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831)
* Syed Mir Nisar Ali (1782–1831)
* Ibn Abidin (1784–1836)
* Haji Shariatullah (1781–1840)
* Shah Muhammad Ishaq (1783–1846)
* Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (1789–1851)
* Mahmud al-Alusi (1802–1854)
* Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861)
* Dudu Miyan (1819–1862)
* Karamat Ali Jaunpuri (1800–1873)
* Al-Maydani (1807–1861)
* Haji Dost Muhammad Qandhari (1801–1868)
* Mehr Ali Qadiri (1808–1868)
* Yusuf Ma Dexin (1794–1874)
* Naqi Ali Khan (1830–1880)
* Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (1832–1880)
* Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri (1810–1880)
* Yaqub Nanautawi (1833–1884)
* Mazhar Nanautawi (1821–1885)
* Ubaidullah Suhrawardy (1832–1885)
* Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (1848–1886)
* Siddiq Bharchundi (1819–1890)
* Rafiuddin Deobandi (1836–1890)
* Rahmatullah Kairanawi (1818–1891)
* Mustafa Ruhi Efendi (1800–1891)
* Mahmoodullah Hussaini (d. 1894)
* Syed Ahmad Dehlavi (died 1894)
* Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (1817–1899)
* Hafiz Ahmad Jaunpuri (1834–1899)
* Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1826–1905)
* Abdul Wahid Bengali (1850–1905)
* Syed Ahmadullah Maizbhandari (1826–1906)
* Fazlur Rahman Usmani (1831–1907)
* Abd Allah ibn Abbas ibn Siddiq (1854–1907)
* Muhammad Naimuddin (1832–1907)
* Hassan Raza Khan (1859–1908)
* Sayyid Muhammad Abid (1834–1912)
* Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (1850–1912)
* Kareemullah Shah (1838–1913)
* Shibli Nomani (1857–1914)
* Najib Ali Choudhury (fl. 1870s)

14th/20th|

| Barelvi|

* Asrarullah Hussaini (1856–1920)
* Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921)
* Muhammad Amjad (d. 1927)
* Ghulam Muhammad Dinpuri (1835–1936)
* Qasim Sadiq (1845–1942)
* Hamid Raza Khan (1875–1943)
* Amjad Ali Aazmi (1882–1948)
* Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi (1887–1948)
* Abdullah Barelvi (1841–1949)
* Jamaat Ali Shah (1834–1951)
* Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri (1868–1951)
* Kifayatullah Dehlawi (1875–1952)
* Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi (1885–1954)
* Abdul Aleem Siddiqi (1892–1954)
* Amin ul-Hasanat (1922–1960)
* Sardar Ahmad Chishti (1903–1962)
* Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907–1965)
* Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898–1970)
* Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi (1909–1970)
* ​Fazlur Rahman Ansari (1914–1974)
* Ghulam Mohiuddin Ghaznavi (1902–1975)
* Mustafa Raza Khan (1892–1981)
* Ziauddin Madni (1877–1981)
* Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi (1906–1981)
* Muslehuddin Siddiqui (1918–1983)
* Faiz-ul Hassan Shah (1911–1984)
* Shafee Okarvi (1930–1984)
* Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (1913–1986)
* Shujaat Ali Qadri (1941–1993)
* Waqaruddin Qadri (1915–1993)
* Abdul Wahab Siddiqi (1942–1994)
* Karam Shah Azhari (1918–1998)
* Sadruddin Islahi (1917–1998)
* Ghulam Ali Okarvi (1919–2000)
* Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri (1889–2001)
* Arshadul Qadri (1925–2002)
* Ibrahim Siddiqui (1930–2002)
* Shah Ahmad Noorani (1926–2003)
* Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi (1948–2009)

|

Deobandi|

* Imamuddin Punjabi (died 1916)
* Abdul Hamid Madarshahi (1869–1920)
* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920)
* Sufi Azizur Rahman (1862–1922)
* Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (1852–1927)
* Muhammad Ali Mungeri (1846–1927)
* Azizur Rahman Usmani (1859–1928)
* Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi (1862–1930)
* Ibrahim Ali Tashna (1872–1931)
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933)
* Sayyid Mumtaz Ali (1860–1935)
* Majid Ali Jaunpuri (d. 1935)
* Abul Muhasin Sajjad (1880–1940)
* Shukrullah Mubarakpuri (1895–1942)
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)
* Ibrahim Ujani (1863–1943)
* Habibullah Qurayshi (1865–1943)
* Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872–1944)
* Ilyas Kandhlawi (1885–1944)
* Asghar Hussain Deobandi (1877–1945)
* Sahool Bhagalpuri (d. 1948)
* Sulaiman Nadvi (1884–1953)
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949)
* Izaz Ali Amrohi (1882–1955)
* Manazir Ahsan Gilani (1892–1956)
* Hussain Ahmed Madani (1879–1957)
* Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi (1888–1959)
* Badre Alam Merathi (1898–1965)
* Azizul Haq (1903–1961)
* Maqsudullah (1883–1961)
* Abdul Qadir Raipuri (1878–1962)
* Ahmed Ali Lahori (1887–1962)
* Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi (1900–1962)
* Yusuf Kandhlawi (1917–1965)
* Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882–1967)
* Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (1896–1969)
* Khair Muhammad Jalandhari (1895–1970)
* Muhammad Ali Jalandhari (1895–1971)
* Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri (1907–1971)
* Abdur Rahman Kashgari (1912–1971)
* Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad (1889–1972)
* Deen Muhammad Khan (1900–1974)
* Zafar Ahmad Usmani (1892–1974)
* Muhammad Miyan Deobandi (1903–1975)
* Ibrahim Balyawi (1887–1976)
* Muhammad Faizullah (1892–1976)
* Abdul Wahhab Pirji (1895–1976)
* Athar Ali Bengali (1891–1976)
* Shafi Usmani (1897–1976)
* Yusuf Banuri (1908–1977)
* Syed Muhammad Ishaq (1915–1977)
* Ahmed Ali Badarpuri (1915–2000)
* Mehboob Rizwi (1911–1979)
* Sahvi Shah (1923–1979)
* Mufti Mehmood (1919–1980)
* Shah Abd al-Wahhab (1894–1982)
* Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1898–1982)
* Tayyib Qasmi (1897–1983)
* Shamsul Haq Afghani (1901–1983)
* Ibrahim Chatuli (1894–1984)
* Atiqur Rahman Usmani (1901–1984)
* Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908–1985)
* Azhar Shah Qaiser (1920–1985)
* Harun Babunagari (1902–1986)
* Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish (1900–1986)
* Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi (1910–1987)
* Muhammadullah Hafezzi (1895–1987)
* Abdul Aziz Malazada (1917–1987)
* Shamsul Huda Panchbagi (1897–1988)
* Abdul Haq Akorwi (1912–1988)
* Abdul Jalil Badarpuri (1925–1989)
* Abdul Matin Fulbari (1915–1990)
* Minnatullah Rahmani (1913–1991)
* Taqi Amini (1926–1991)
* Habib al-Rahman al-A'zami (1900–1992)
* Muhammad Yunus (1906–1992)
* Masihullah Khan (1912–1992)
* Abul Hasan Jashori (1918–1993)
* Shams Naved Usmani (1931–1993)
* Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi (1918–1995)
* Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (1907–1996)
* Athar Mubarakpuri (1916–1996)
* Shamsuddin Qasemi (1935–1996)
* Manzoor Nomani (1905–1997)
* Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri (1914–1997)
* Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi (1935–1998)
* Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1913–1999)
* Ismail Katki (1914–2005)
* Sharif Hasan Deobandi (1920–1977)
* Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)
* Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928–2005)
* Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942–2006)
* Syed Fazlul Karim (1935–2006)
* Abdullah Abbas Nadwi (1925–2006)
* Sirajussajidin Katki (1939–2006)
* Abrarul Haq Haqqi (1920–2006)
* Ubaidul Haq (1928–2007)
* Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927–2008)
* Obaidul Haque Wazirpuri (1934–2008)

* Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848–1917)
* Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri (1867–1921)
* Azimuddin Hanafi (1838–1922)
* Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi (1859–1927)
* Hamiduddin Farahi (1863–1930)
* Machiliwale Shah (d. 1932)
* Abdur Rab Jaunpuri (1875–1935)
* Meher Ali Shah (1859–1937)
* Ghulamur Rahman Maizbhandari (1865–1937)
* Muhammad Ishaq (1883–1938)
* Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique (1845–1939)
* Abd Allah Siraj (1876–1949)
* Khwaja Yunus Ali (1886–1951)
* Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873–1952)
* Al-Kawthari (1879–1952)
* Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954)
* Ghousi Shah (1893–1954)
* Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri (1898–1959)
* Abdul Batin Jaunpuri (1900–1973)
* Momtazuddin Ahmad (1889–1974)
* Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898–1974)
* Amimul Ehsan Barkati (1911–1974)
* Ghulam Mohiyuddin Gilani (1891–1974)
* Abul Wafa Al Afghani (1893–1975)
* Abdul Majid Daryabadi (1892–1977)
* Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)
* Abdur Rahim Firozpuri (1918–1987)
* Muntakhib al-Haqq (fl. 1980s)
* Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh (1915–1990)
* Ahmed Muhyuddin Nuri Shah Jilani (1915–1990)
* Sayed Moazzem Hossain (1901–1991)
* Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi (1909–1992)
* Ayub Ali (1919–1995)
* Mukhtar Ashraf (1916–1996)
* Abdul Haque Faridi (1903–1996)
* Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi (1917–1997)
* Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda (1917–1997)
* Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997)
* Ghulam Moinuddin Gilani (1920–1997)
* Naeem Siddiqui (1916–2002)
* Abdul Latif Fultali (1913–2008)
* Muhammad Abdullah (1932–2008)
* Naseeruddin Naseer Gilani (1949–2009)

15th/21st|

* Israr Ahmed (1932–2010)
* Marghubur Rahman (1914–2010)
* Abu Saeed Muhammad Omar Ali (1945–2010)
* Naseer Ahmad Khan Bulandshahri (1918–2010)
* Zafeeruddin Miftahi (1926–2011)
* Azizul Haque (1919–2012)
* Abdus Sattar Akon (1929–2012)
* Shah Saeed Ahmed Raipuri (1926–2012)
* Fazlul Haque Amini (1945–2012)
* Wahbi Sulayman Ghawji (1923–2013)
* Muhammad Fazal Karim (1954–2013)
* Qazi Mu'tasim Billah (1933–2013)
* Zubairul Hasan Kandhlawi (1950–2014)
* Nurul Islam Farooqi (1959–2014)
* Ahmad Naruyi (1963–2014)
* Asad Muhammad Saeed as-Sagharji (d. 2015)
* Abdur Rahman Chatgami (1920–2015)
* Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi (1935–2015)
* Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari (1935–2015)
* Sibtain Raza Khan (1927–2015)
* Muhiuddin Khan (1935–2016)
* Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi (1937–2016)
* Shah Turab-ul-Haq (1944–2016)
* Saleemullah Khan (1921–2017)
* Yunus Jaunpuri (1937–2017)
* Alauddin Siddiqui (1938–2017)
* Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018)
* Salim Qasmi (1926–2018)
* Akhtar Raza Khan (1943–2018)
* Iftikhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi (1922–2019)
* Yusuf Motala (1946–2019)
* Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri (1965–2019)
* Khalid Mahmud (1925–2020)
* Tafazzul Haque Habiganji (1938–2020)
* Muhammad Abdus Sobhan (1936–2020)
* Abdul Momin Imambari (1930–2020)
* Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (1940–2020)
* Salman Mazahiri (1946–2020)
* Shah Ahmad Shafi (1945–2020)
* Adil Khan (1957–2020)
* Khadim Hussain Rizvi (1966–2020)
* Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020)
* Azizur Rahman Hazarvi (1948–2020)
* Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi (1926–2021)
* Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (1930–2021)
* Muhammad Wakkas (1952–2021)
* Noor Alam Khalil Amini (1952–2021)
* Usman Mansoorpuri (1944–2021)
* Junaid Babunagari (1953–2021)
* Wali Rahmani (1943–2021)
* Ebrahim Desai (1963–2021)
* Abdus Salam Chatgami (1943–2021)
* Abdur Razzaq Iskander (1935–2021)
* Nurul Islam Jihadi (1916–2021)
* Faizul Waheed (1964–2021)
* Wahiduddin Khan (1925–2021)
* AbdulWahid Rigi (d. 2022)
* Abdul Halim Bukhari (1945–2022)
* Rafi Usmani (1936–2022)
* Delwar Hossain Sayeedi (1940–2023)
* Shahidul Islam (1960–2023)

Living|

* Saifur Rahman Nizami (b. 1916)
* Ghulam Rasool Jamaati (b. 1923)
* Syed Waheed Ashraf (b. 1933)
* Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani (b. 1935)
* Muhibbullah Babunagari (b. 1935)
* Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri (b. 1935)
* Abdul Qadir Pakistani (b. 1935)
* Nematullah Azami (b. 1936)
* Yusuf Ziya Kavakçı (b. 1938)
* Madni Miyan (b. 1938)
* Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri (b. 1938)
* Sultan Zauq Nadvi (b. 1939)
* Zia Uddin (b. 1941)
* Arshad Madani (b. 1941)
* Taqi Usmani (b. 1943)
* Kamaluddin Zafree (b. 1945)
* Muneeb-ur-Rehman (b. 1945)
* Qamaruzzaman Azmi (b. 1946)
* Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi (b. 1946)
* Abul Qasim Nomani (b. 1947)
* Idrees Dahiri (b. 1947)
* Farid Uddin Chowdhury (b. 1947)
* Farid Uddin Masood (b. 1950)
* Mahmudul Hasan (b. 1950)
* Mukhtaruddin Shah (b. 1950)
* Ilyas Qadri (b. 1950)
* Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi (b. 1951)
* Tahir-ul-Qadri (b. 1951)
* Abul Kalam Qasmi Shamsi (b. 1951)
* Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi (b. 1953)
* Tariq Jamil (b. 1953)
* Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi (b. 1953)
* Abdul Khaliq Madrasi (b. 1953)
* Sufyan Qasmi (b. 1954)
* Nadeem al-Wajidi (b. 1954)
* Nurul Islam Walipuri (b. 1955)
* Sajjad Nomani (b. 1955)
* Ghousavi Shah (b. 1955)
* Ameen Mian Quadri (b. 1955)
* Pir Sabir Shah (b. 1955)
* Abu Taher Misbah (b. 1956)
* Kaukab Noorani Okarvi (b. 1957)
* Hamid Saeed Kazmi (b. 1957)
* Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi (b. 1957)
* AFM Khalid Hossain (b. 1959)
* Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari (b. 1959)
* Abdul Aziz Ghazi]] (b. 1960)
* Shakir Ali Noori (b. 1960)
* Ruhul Amin (b. 1962)
* Mizanur Rahman Sayed (b. 1963)
* Hanif Jalandhari (b. 1963)
* Sajidur Rahman (b. 1964)
* Ibrahim Mogra (b. 1965)
* Saad Kandhlawi (b. 1965)
* Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi (b. 1967)
* Abdullah Maroofi (b. 1967)
* Arshad Misbahi (b. 1968)
* Abu Reza Nadwi (b. 1968)
* Mahfuzul Haque (b. 1969)
* Ilyas Ghuman (b. 1969)
* Bilal Abdul Hai Hasani Nadwi (b. 1969)
* Qasim Rashid Ahmad (b. 1970)
* Asjad Raza Khan (b. 1970)
* Syed Rezaul Karim (b. 1971)
* Riyadh ul Haq (b. 1971)
* Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri (b. 1971)
* Obaidullah Hamzah (b. 1972)
* Raza Saqib Mustafai (b. 1972)
* Manzoor Mengal (b. 1973)
* Syed Faizul Karim (b. 1973)
* Mamunul Haque (b. 1973)
* Husamuddin Fultali (b. 1974)
* Abdur Rahman Mangera (b. 1974)
* Faraz Rabbani (b. 1974)
* Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi (b. 1974)
* Adnan Kakakhail (b. 1975)
* Muhammad al-Kawthari (b. 1976)
* Harun Izhar (b. 1977)
* Amer Jamil (b. 1977)
* Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi (b. 1982)
* Shahinur Pasha Chowdhury (b. 1985)
* Abbas Siddiqui (b. 1987)
* Kaif Raza Khan (b. 2001)
* Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi
* Tauqeer Raza Khan
* Subhan Raza Khan
* Abdul Malek Halim
* Izharul Islam Chowdhury
* Amjad M. Mohammed
* Anwar-ul-Haq Haqqani
* Mukarram Ahmad
* Abdul Khabeer Azad
* Muzaffar Qadri

Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence

* Hanbali
* Maliki
* Shafi'i
* Zahiri

* v
* t
* e

Maturidi school of Sunni theology

Maturidi scholars|

| 3rd AH/9th AD|

* Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH)
* Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH)
* Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH)
* Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH)

|

4th AH/10th AD|

* Abu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH)
* Ali Hujwiri (d. 464 AH)
* Yūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH)
* Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH)
* Al-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)
* Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH)

5th AH/11th AD|

* Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)
* Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)
* Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)
* Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)
* Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
* Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)
* Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)
* Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)
* Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH)
* Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH)
* Al-Kasani (d. 587 AH)
* Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH)

6th AH/12th AD|

* Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
* Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH)
* Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH)
* Mu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH)
* Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH)
* Baba Farid (d. 664 AH)
* Rumi (d. 671 AH)
* Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH)

7th AH/13th AD|

* Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)
* Sultan Walad (d. 711 AH)
* Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)
* Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH)
* Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)
* Baha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH)
* Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)

8th AH/14th AD|

* Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)
* Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)
* 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)
* Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)
* Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)
* Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)
* Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)
* Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH)
* Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)
* 'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH)
* Mehmed II (d. 886 AH)
* Khwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH)

9th AH/15th AD|

* Ali-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH)
* Husayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH)
* Ibn Kemal (d. 940 AH)
* Abdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH)
* Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH)
* Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)
* Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)
* Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)

10th AH/16th AD|

* Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)
* 'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)
* Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)
* Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)
* Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)
* 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)
* Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)
* 'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)
* Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)
* Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH)
* Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)
* Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)

11th AH/17th AD|

* Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
* Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)
* Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)
* Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)
* Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
* Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)
* Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)
* Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)
* 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)
* İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)
* Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)

12th AH/18th AD|

* Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)
* Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)
* Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)
* Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)
* Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)
* Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)
* Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)
* Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)
* Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)
* Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)
* Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)
* Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)
* Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)
* Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)
* Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)
* 'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)

13th AH/19th AD|

* 'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)
* Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)
* Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)
* Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
* Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
* Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)
* Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)
* Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)
* Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)
* Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)
* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)
* Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)
* Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)
* Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)
* Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)
* Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)
* Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)
* Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)
* Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)
* Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)
* Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)
* Al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)
* Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)
* Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)
* Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)
* Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)
* Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)
* Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)
* Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH)
* Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)
* Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)

14th AH/20th AD|

* Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)
* Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)
* Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)
* Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)
* Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)
* Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)
* Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
* Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)
* Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)
* Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)
* Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)
* Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)
* Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
* Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
* Muhammad Taqi Usmani
* Husein Kavazović
* Salah Mezhiev

Theology books|

* Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
* Kitab al-Tawhid
* Tafsir al-Maturidi
* Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya
* Al-Sawad al-A'zam
* Tabsirat al-Adilla
* 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi
* Talkhis al-Adilla
* Masnavi
* Fihi Ma Fihi
* Han Kitab
* Qingzhen Zhinan
* Kutadgu Bilig
* Tafsir al-Mazhari
* Izhar ul-Haqq
* Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
* Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili

See also|

* 2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
* 2020 International Maturidi Conference
* Ahl al-Ra'y
* Kalam
* Tawhid
* Gedimu
* Firangi Mahal
* Deobandi
* Barelvi

Maturidi-related templates

* Hanafi
* Ash'ari
* Sufi
* Islamic theology

* v
* t
* e

Hindu–German Conspiracy

Background|

* Indian independence movement (militant)
* Shyamji Krishna Varma
* Bhikaiji Cama
* India House
* Anushilan Samiti
* Jugantar
* Alipore Bomb Case
* Delhi Conspiracy
* More

Ghadar|

* Hardayal
* Sohan Singh
* Pandurang Khankhoje
* Hindustan Ghadar
* Ghadar di gunj
* Ghadar Movement
* Tarak Nath
* Guran Ditt
* Baba Gurdit Singh
* Komagata Maru
* Bhagwan Singh
* Bhai Parmanand
* Ram Chandra
* Kartar Singh
* Vishnu Pingle
* Kanshi Ram
* Agnes Smedley
* More

Berlin Committee|

* Chatto
* Champak
* A. R. Pillai
* M. P. T. Acharya
* Barkatullah
* Bhupendranath Datta
* Abhinash Bhattacharya
* Mahendra Pratap
* Herambalal Gupta
* More

Indian figures|

* Bagha Jatin
* Rash Behari
* Sachin Sanyal
* Bhavabhushan Mitra
* M. N. Roy
* Pritam Singh
* Amarendranath Chatterjee
* Atulkrishna Ghosh
* Deobandi
* Mahmud al-Hasan
* Ubaidullah Sindhi
* Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
* Sufi Amba Prasad
* More

German figures|

* Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
* Zimmermann
* Intelligence Bureau for the East
* Max von Oppenheim
* Papen
* von Bernstorff
* George Rodiek
* Hentig
* Niedermayer
* More

Conspiracy|

* Annie Larsen
* SS Maverick
* February plot
* Singapore mutiny
* Lahore Conspiracy Case trial
* Christmas Day Plot
* Silk Letter Conspiracy
* Kabul Mission
* Provisional Government of India
* Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
* More

Counter-intelligence|

* W. C. Hopkinson
* John Wallinger
* Indian Political Intelligence
* Basil Thomson
* MI5(g)
* Vernon Kell
* Robert Nathan
* Kirpal Singh
* Oren
* Vincent Kraft
* William Wiseman
* Charles Tegart
* Guy Gaunt
* W. Somerset Maugham
* East Persia Cordon

Related topics|

* Lawrence of Arabia
* Defence of India Act 1915
* Ingress into India Ordinance
* Sidney Rowlatt
* Rowlatt Committee
* Jallianwala Bagh massacre
* Pan-Asianism
* Tōyama Mitsuru

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data

Other|

* IdRef
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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