Malaysian Chinese Association

Malaysian political party

Malaysian Chinese Association

Persatuan Cina Malaysia
马来西亚华人公会
Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì

Malay name| Persatuan Cina Malaysia
ڤرساتوان چينا مليسيا‎
Chinese name| 马来西亚华人公会
Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì
Tamil name| மலேசிய சீனர் சங்கம்
Malēciya Cīṉar Caṅkam
Abbreviation| MCA / 马华
President| Wee Ka Siong
Secretary-General| Chong Sin Woon
Deputy President| Mah Hang Soon
Vice-President| Lim Ban Hong
Tan Teik Cheng
Wee Jeck Seng
Lawrence Low
Women Chief| Wong You Fong
Youth Chief| Ling Tian Soon
Founder| Tan Cheng Lock
Founded| 27 February 1949
Preceded by| Malayan Chinese Association
Headquarters| 8th Floor, Wisma MCA, 163, Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur
Newspaper| China Press
The Star
Nanyang Siang Pau
Sin Chew Daily
Youth wing| MCA Youth Section
Women's wing| Wanita MCA
Ideology| Malaysian Chinese interests
Social conservatism
Three Principles of the People
Historical:
Chinese nationalism
Political position| Centre-right[1]
National affiliation| Alliance (1952–1973)
Barisan Nasional (since 1973)
Colours|   Blue and yellow
Dewan Negara:|

1 / 70

Dewan Rakyat:|

2 / 222

Dewan Undangan Negeri:|

8 / 611

Party flag
Website
www.mca.org.my

* Politics of Malaysia
* Political parties
* Elections

The Malaysian Chinese Association (abbrev: MCA; Malay: Persatuan Cina Malaysia), formerly known as the Malayan Chinese Association, is an ethnic political party in Malaysia that seeks to represent the Malaysian Chinese ethnicity; it was one of the three original major component parties of the coalition party in Malaysia called the Alliance Party, which later became a broader coalition called Barisan Nasional in Malay, or National Front in English.

Along with the largest and third largest component party in BN, i.e. United Malays National Organisation and Malaysian Indian Congress, MCA has a significant influence over the political arena in Malaysia since its independence. Through its holding of companies such as Huaren Holdings, MCA controls The Star, which is Malaysia's best-selling English newspaper.[2][3]

The party was once the largest party representing the Chinese community in Malaysia, and was particularly dominant in the early period until the late 1960s. Its fortunes fluctuated after the establishment of other political parties in the 1960s that challenged it for the Chinese votes, although it still enjoyed strong support in the mid-1990s to mid-2000s period. However, it has performed poorly in elections since 2008, with the Malaysian Chinese community mostly voting for the Democratic Action Party and People's Justice Party,[4] and in the 2018 Malaysian general election, it lost all but one of its parliamentary seats and was relegated to the opposition.[5] It returned to power in March 2020 as part of the alliance with Perikatan Nasional.[6] After the 2022 election, the party joined the government as a backbencher with Barisan Nasional supporting Pakatan Harapan.[7]

## History

[edit]

### Formation and early years

[edit]

Tun Sir Tan Cheng Lock, first president of MCA Malaysian Chinese Association

Traditional Chinese| 馬來西亞華人公會
Simplified Chinese| 马来西亚华人公会
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| maa5 loi4 sai1 aa3 waa4 jan4 gung1 wui2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Má-lâi-se-a Hoâ-jîn kong-hoē

The Malayan Chinese Association was formed on 27 February 1949 with the implicit support by the post-World War II British colonial administration. A central purpose of the MCA at the time of its founding was to manage the specific social and welfare concerns of the populations interned in the so-called New Villages created under the Briggs Plan in response to the Malayan Emergency.[8][9]

The declaration that announced the MCA as a formal political party in 1951 was written by a prominent Straits Chinese businessman, Tan Cheng Lock, its first president. In general, its early members were landowners, businessmen, or otherwise better off, while the working classes in the New Villages overwhelmingly joined the Socialist Front instead.[10] Many prominent members of the MCA were also Kuomintang members opposed to the Malayan Communist Party. Leong Yew Koh, was a KMT major general who became a cabinet minister and later became governor of Malacca; Malaysia's first minister of finance, Henry H.S. Lee, was a KMT colonel; and Lim Chong Eu, the leader of the Radical Party and joined the MCA in 1952, was a colonel (medical) doctor in the Kuomintang.[11]

In 1952, MCA joined force with United Malays National Organisation on a local level to contest the Kuala Lumpur municipal elections which would lead to the formation of the Alliance Party. The alliance was joined by Malaysian Indian Congress in 1954 and they contested the first Malayan General Election in 1955 as one body, and the alliance won 51 of the 52 seat contested.[12] MCA won all 15 of the seats allocated.[13]

Tan Cheng Lock was succeeded by Lim Chong Eu after a successful challenge by Lim for the presidency in 1958. Lim attempted to amend the party's Constitution to consolidate the power of the Central Committee, and although amendment was passed narrowly, it also split the party.[14] Prior to the 1959 General Election, Lim pressed for an increase of the allocated number of seats from 28 to 40, but this was refused by UMNO leader Tunku Abdul Rahman. Lim was forced to back down and later resigned as president, with Cheah Toon Lock taking over as acting president. Other members also resigned from MCA to contest the election as independent candidates, which cost the party some seats.[15][16] The party only won 19 of the 31 seats eventually allocated.[17] Lim himself left the party in December 1960, later becoming one of the founding members of the opposition Gerakan in 1968. In 1961 Tan Siew Sin, son of Tan Cheng Lock and favoured by Tunku, became MCA's third President.[18] Tan led the party to a firm victory in the 1964 General Election, winning 27 of the 33 parliamentary seats contested.[19] In 1969, Tan established Tunku Abdul Rahman College after a proposal for a Chinese-language university was turned down by the government.[20]

### 1969–1985

[edit]

The third Malaysian general elections were held on 10 May 1969. MCA faced strong challenges from the new, mainly Chinese, opposition parties Democratic Action Party and Gerakan. Of the 33 parliamentary seats contested, MCA managed to retain only 13. MCA also lost control of the Penang State Government to Gerakan. The gain by the opposition parties led to tension between different communities which erupted into the May 13 Riots. Prior to the riots, on 12 May 1969, Tan Siew Sin announced that the party would withdraw from the Alliance, but reconsidered on 20 May and joined the National Operations Council formed in place of the suspended Parliament after the riots.[21] The loss of support for MCA among the Chinese population elicited a comment by the then Deputy Prime Minister Dr Ismail that if MCA continue to lose support, UMNO may stop co-operating with it.[22] To regain Chinese support, Tan attempted to broaden the appeal of the party previously seen as a party of the taukeh (tou jia, rich men), and invited professionals to join the party.[22] However, many of these were later expelled after a dispute involving Lim Keng Yaik who then joined Gerakan.[22][23]

With the loss of support for MCA in the 1969 election, and the enlargement of the Alliance party in 1972 (which later became Barisan Nasional) to include Gerakan, UMNO became even more dominant and MCA suffered a loss of status within the coalition.[24] In 1973, Tan Siew Sin requested a position as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet reshuffle following the death of Tun Dr. Ismail, but this was refused by Tun Abdul Razak, which angered Tan.[25] On 8 April 1974, prior to the general election, Tan Siew Sin resigned all of his party and government posts for health reasons.

Lee San Choon, MCA president 1975–1983

Lee San Choon took over as Acting President following Tan's resignation, and was then elected president in 1975. After Tan's resignation, the cabinet posts allocated to MCA declined in importance, and MCA lost both the Finance Ministry and Trade and Industry Ministry posts it once held in 1957.[26] The party performed better in the 1974 election, but lost ground again in the following 1978 general election, with the MCA winning only 17 of the 28 parliamentary seats and 44 of the 60 state seats. In 1979, Michael Chen stood against Lee San Choon for the MCA Presidency but lost, and later in 1981 led a group of MCA dissidents to join Gerakan.[27]

The 1982 general election however saw a shift in fortune for MCA. Lee accepted a challenge from the opposition Democratic Action Party which taunted the MCA's leadership for not daring to contest a seat with large urban Chinese majority, and contested the parliamentary seat for Seremban against the incumbent DAP Chairman Chen Man Hin. Lee won his challenge, and led his party to a resounding victory, winning 24 out of 28 allocated parliamentary seats and 55 out of 62 state seats.[28][29] After the success in the election and at the height of his career, Lee San Choon unexpectedly resigned his presidency and cabinet post for unspecified reason in 1983.[30] Neo Yee Pan then led as Acting President until 1985.

### 1985–2003

[edit]

In 1985, Tan Koon Swan, who was sacked from the party a year earlier, won the presidential election with the largest majority in the party's history.[31][32] However, in the following year, he was charged with abetting criminal breach of trust relating to his private business dealings in Singapore, and resigned from the presidency.[33] Koon Swan also originated the Deposit-Taking Cooperatives, which sought to accumulate capital for Chinese Malaysians through investments. The mismanagement of the DTCs' funds led to a scandal, with the central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia, stepping in to freeze the assets of up to 35 DTCs. The total loss was estimated to be RM3.6 billion, and depositors could only recover 62% of their deposits.[34]

Koon Swan was succeeded by his deputy Ling Liong Sik in 1986. He assumed the presidency when the party was still rife with factionalism and faced disillusionment with the Chinese community over the Deposit-Taking Cooperatives scandal.[35] Ling spent his early years as president working to resolve MCA's financial problems, raising funds while restructuring the party's assets.[36] Ling presided over a period of relative peace within the party, and worked to maintain the interests of the Chinese community through a closed-door approach within the government.[37] He expanded the MCA-owned Tunku Abdul Rahman College through fund-raising and government contributions, and in 2001 set up Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.[36][37] Ling led MCA to its best electoral performance thus far in the 1995 general election, winning 30 of the 34 allocated parliamentary seats and 71 of the 77 state seats, and secured a majority of Chinese votes at the expense of DAP.[38][39] MCA also performed well in the 1999 general elections, and the successive electoral victory boosted the party's standing within the Barisan Nasional coalition as well as Ling's personal relationship with BN leader and prime minister Mahathir Mohamad.[36][37]

However, internal power struggles persisted. In 1993 Ling's deputy Lee Kim Sai indicated that he would challenge Ling for the presidency, but withdrew at the eleventh hour.[40] Lee eventually retired in 1996 and was replaced as deputy president by Lim Ah Lek.[41] In 1999, the party was again wracked by factionalism. Deputy president Lim Ah Lek announced his intention to retire as a minister and agreed with Ling to nominate his protégé Chan Kong Choy to the Cabinet after the 1999 elections. However, Ling nominated his own protégé Ong Ka Ting as a minister at the expense of Chan, causing discontent with members aligned to Lim, which became known as "Team B" among party members. The Ling faction was known as "Team A".[37][41] Tensions flared further after MCA, through its holding company Huaren, moved to acquire the independent daily Nanyang Siang Pau. This was vehemently opposed by Team B, fearing a complete control of the Chinese media by Team A. They were joined by Chinese journalists and non-governmental organisations, who made their opposition public through demonstrations.[37] The situation turned farcical when chairs were thrown during the 2001 Youth general assembly over the issue.[42] Huaren eventually succeeded in taking over Nanyang Siang Pau. Huaren also controls The Star and China Press,[43] and the domination of media press resulted in strong resentments in the divided party and concerns over press freedom.[44][45][46]

Mahathir, as BN leader, eventually stepped in to resolve the conflict, suggesting a "peace plan" among the factions. The scheduled 2002 party elections were cancelled, while Ling and Lim stepped down to be replaced by their respective protégés.[37]

### 2003–2008

[edit]

In May 2003, the leadership transition occurred as planned. Ong Ka Ting, who was then a vice-president succeeded Ling Liong Sik as president, while Chan Kong Choy succeeded Lim Ah Lek as deputy president. The Ong-led MCA contributed to Barisan Nasional's overwhelming victory in the 2004 general elections. MCA won 31 of the 40 parliamentary seats and 76 of the 90 state seats allocated.[47] During the 2005 party elections, Teams A and B ran on a united front, easily quashing the challenge by vice-president Chua Jui Meng (for president) and secretary-general Ting Chew Peh (for deputy president).[37]

The Ong-Chan leadership continued the soft approach to protecting the Chinese community's interests,[37] although tension with UMNO over racial issues flared up now and again after the 2004 election.[48] In early 2008, vice-president and Health Minister Chua Soi Lek, a prominent Johor member, was involved in a sex scandal. DVDs of Chua having sex with a woman were circulated in Johor, prompting Chua to resign all his political positions, including as Member of Parliament.[49] Chua suggested that his political enemies within the party who might have felt threatened by him for plotting his downfall.[50]

Ong Tee Keat, president 2008–2010

In the March 2008 general elections, MCA fared badly, winning only 15 parliamentary seats and 32 state seats, less than half the number of seats they won in the previous election. Ong decided not to contest the presidency during the party elections later that year, to allow a new leader to take over. The October 2008 party election marked a realignment of the party's factions, with the return of Chua Soi Lek to the fold. Ong Ka Ting's anointed successor was vice-president Ong Tee Keat.[51] Meanwhile, Chua entered the race for deputy president, facing among others, Ong Ka Chuan, the elder brother of Ka Ting. Ong Tee Keat won the presidency comfortably, while Chua edged out Ka Chuan. Following his victory, Tee Keat pledged reform and reaching out to more young voters to revive the party.[52]

### 2008–present

[edit]

After the 2008 leadership change, factional infighting continued and the relationship between the Ong Tee Keat and Chua Soi Lek remained tense. Chua was sidelined by Ong from taking an active role in the party's leadership, and he was also excluded from government posts.[53] He was then sacked by MCA in August 2009 for damaging the party's image with his sex scandal more than a year prior.[54] In response, Chua's supporters forced an extraordinary general meeting which passed a vote of no confidence against incumbent president Ong and annulled the expulsion of Chua. The EGM, however, failed to reinstate Chua as deputy president.[55] Ong refused to resign despite the vote of no confidence, but pledged with Chua to set aside their differences under the "greater unity plan."[56] However, this was opposed by vice-president Liow Tiong Lai who demanded Ong step down and that new elections be held.[57] This set in motion a new leadership crisis, which lasted almost six months.

Finally in March 2010, Chua, along with his supporters in the central committee resigned. Along with the resignations of Liow's supporters in the CC, more than two-thirds of the CC had vacated their seats, paving the way for an election per the party constitution.[58] The subsequent election saw Chua defeating incumbent Ong Tee Keat and former leader Ong Ka Ting in the race for president, while Liow defeated Kong Cho Ha in the contest for deputy president.[59] Chua and his deputy Liow pledged to co-operate, and opened the party to non-Chinese.[60]

Liow Tiong Lai, president 2013–2018

MCA's electoral performance meanwhile continued to deteriorate, as in the 2013 General Election, MCA only managed to score only 7 of the 37 parliamentary seats and 11 of the 90 state seats it contested, leading to calls for Chua's resignation.[61] The so-called "Chinese tsunami" where the great majority of Chinese votes went to the opposition was blamed by Najib Razak for the losses of the governing coalition.[62][63] MCA's poor performance in the two elections, along with continued factionalism, raised concerns over the party's relevance in the Malaysian political arena.[64][65] Also as a result of its poor performance, there was no MCA representation in the cabinet for the first time since independence due to a resolution that MCA would not accept cabinet posts if it performed badly in the general election.[66][67]

Chua did not enter the following party poll for president, and in December 2013, Liow Tiong Lai was elected the president of MCA.[68][69] Liow also reversed the resolution not to serve in the government and re-entered the cabinet.

In the 2018 election, MCA suffered its worst ever defeat, as it has lost all state seats it has contested, and only managed to retain one elected representative in the national parliament - Wee Ka Siong, who represents Ayer Hitam constituency in Johor. MCA, as part of the Barisan Nasional coalition, was also relegated to the opposition for the first time since independence. Wee Ka Siong was elected president on 4 November 2018 while Liow decided not to stand for party polls after his defeat.[70][71] MCA later regained a seat in the 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election.[72]

In March 2020, MCA returned to power as part of Barisan Nasional aligned to the Perikatan Nasional coalition after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[73][74]

In the 2022 election, the Pakatan Harapan won the most seats but not the majority, and returned to government with the support of Barisan Nasional. MCA won two seats, however, it was not given any government cabinet posts and it stayed as a backbencher of the government.[7][75]

## Controversy

[edit]

### 1MDB scandal

[edit]

Main article: 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

On 8 July 2020, a sum of RM835,258.19 seized by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) from Pahang MCA for allegedly being linked to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) fund scandal, has been forfeited to the Malaysian government.[76][77][78]

## Central Committee Members

[edit]

Incumbent leadership of MCA was elected by general assembly delegates in the 2023 Malaysian Chinese Association leadership election.[79]

* President: Wee Ka Siong
* Deputy President: Mah Hang Soon
* Secretary-General: Chong Sin Woon
* 1st Vice-president: Wee Jeck Seng
* 2nd Vice-president: Lim Ban Hong
* 3rd Vice-president: Ir. Lawrence Low
* 4th Vice-president: Tan Teik Cheng

* Youth Chief: Ling Tian Soon
* Women Chief: Wong You Fong
* Treasurer-General: Tan Tuan Peng
* National Organising Secretary: Leaw Kok Chan

|

Central Committee Members:

1. Koh Nai Kwong
2. Kang Meng Fuat
3. Chua Hock Kuan
4. Leaw Kok Chan
5. Monna Ong Siew Siew
6. Lee Chin Yong
7. Tan Chong
8. Tan Kok Eng
9. Ooi Jing Ting
10. Leong Kok Wee
11. Chan Quin Er
12. Choong Shin Heng
13. Quek Tai Seong
14. Lee Ban Seng
15. Koh Chin Han
16. Lee Ting Han
17. Lu Yen Tung
18. Ting Zhao Song
19. Tan Gim Tuan
20. Chiew Kai Heng
21. Saw Yee Fung
22. Chin Tung Leong
23. Chua Thiong Gee
24. Wong Yong Teai
25. Wong Tai Chee

* State Chairman:
* Johor: Wee Ka Siong
* Kedah: Chua Thiong Gee
* Kelantan: Chua Hock Kuan
* Malacca: Lim Ban Hong
* Negeri Sembilan: Leaw Kok Chan
* Pahang: Chong Sin Woon
* Perak: Mah Hang Soon
* Perlis: Chuah Tian Hee
* Penang: Tan Teik Cheng
* Sabah: Teah Heok Kuin
* Selangor: Ir. Lawrence Low
* Terengganu: Monna Ong Siew Siew
* Federal Territory: Wee Jeck Seng

## List of party leaders

[edit]

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### Presidents of the Malayan Chinese Association

[edit]

Order  | Name  | Term of office  | Elected

|
|
|

1  | Tan Cheng Lock | 27 February 1949  | 27 March 1958  |
2  | Lim Chong Eu | 27 March 1958  | July 1959  |
–  | Cheah Toon Lok  | July 1959  | November 1961  | acting
3  | Tan Siew Sin | November 1961  | 16 September 1963  |

### Presidents of the Malaysian Chinese Association

[edit]

Order  | Name  | Term of office  | Elected

|
|
|

3  | Tan Siew Sin | 16 September 1963  | 8 April 1974  |
–  | Lee San Choon | 8 April 1974  | August 1975  | acting
4  | Lee San Choon | August 1975  | August 1979  |
August 1979  | 25 March 1983  |
–  | Neo Yee Pan | March 1983  | 24 November 1985  | acting
5  | Tan Koon Swan | 24 November 1985  | September 1986  |
6  | Ling Liong Sik | 3 September 1986  | 23 May 2003  |
7  | Ong Ka Ting | 23 May 2003  | 18 October 2008  |
8  | Ong Tee Keat | 18 October 2008  | 28 March 2010  |
9  | Chua Soi Lek | 28 March 2010  | 21 December 2013  |
10  | Liow Tiong Lai | 21 December 2013  | 4 November 2018  |
11  | Wee Ka Siong | 4 November 2018  | Incumbent |

## Elected representatives

[edit]

MCA Malacca branch office

### Dewan Negara (Senate)

[edit]

#### Senators

[edit]

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

1. Koh Nai Kwong – elected by the Malacca State Legislative Assembly

### Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

[edit]

#### Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

[edit]

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

MCA currently has two MPs in the House of Representatives.

State  | No.  | Parliament Constituency  | Member  | Party

|
|
|
|

Johor | P148 | Ayer Hitam | Wee Ka Siong |  | MCA
P165 | Tanjung Piai | Wee Jeck Seng |  | MCA
Total | Johor (2)

### Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

[edit]

#### Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

[edit]

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)

Johor State Legislative Assembly

4 / 56

Malacca State Legislative Assembly

2 / 28

Perak State Legislative Assembly

1 / 59

Pahang State Legislative Assembly

1 / 47

|  Kedah State Legislative Assembly

0 / 36

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

0 / 33

Penang State Legislative Assembly

0 / 40

|  Kelantan State Legislative Assembly

0 / 45

Selangor State Legislative Assembly

0 / 56

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly

0 / 36

|  Perlis State Legislative Assembly

0 / 15

Sabah State Legislative Assembly

0 / 79

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

0 / 82

|
|
|

State  | No.  | Federal Constituency  | No.  | State Constituency  | Member  | Party

|
|
|
|
|
|

Perak | P072 | Tapah | N47 | Chenderiang | Choong Shin Heng |  | MCA
Pahang | - | Nominated Member | Wong Tat Chee |  | MCA
Malacca | P135  | Alor Gajah | N08 | Machap Jaya | Ngwe Hee Sem |  | MCA
P136  | Tangga Batu | N14 | Kelebang | Lim Ban Hong |  | MCA
Johor | P142  | Labis | N06 | Bekok | Tan Chong |  | MCA
P148  | Ayer Hitam | N19 | Yong Peng | Ling Tian Soon |  | MCA
P153  | Sembrong | N30 | Paloh | Lee Ting Han |  | MCA
P165  | Tanjung Piai | N55 | Pekan Nanas | Tan Eng Meng |  | MCA
Total  | Perak (1),Pahang (1),Malacca (2), Johor (4)

## General election results

[edit]

Election  | Total seats won  | Seats contested  | Total votes  | Share of votes  | Outcome of election  | Election leader

|
|
|
|
|
|

1955 |

15 / 52

| 15  | 201,212  | 20.09%  | 15 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tan Cheng Lock
1959 |

19 / 104

| 30  | 232,073  | 15.00%  | 4 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Lim Chong Eu
1964 |

27 / 104

| 30  | 225,211  | 18.7%  | 8 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tan Siew Sin
1969 |

13 / 144

| 30  |  | 13.50%[80] | 15 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tan Siew Sin
1974 |

19 / 144

| 30  |  |  | 6 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Lee San Choon
1978 |

17 / 154

| 32  |  |  | 2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Lee San Choon
1982 |

24 / 154

| 32  |  |  | 7 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Lee San Choon
1986 |

17 / 177

| 28  | 589,289  | 12.42%  | 7 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ling Liong Sik
1990 |

18 / 180

| 32  |  |  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ling Liong Sik
1995 |

30 / 192

| 30  |  |  | 12 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ling Liong Sik
1999 |

28 / 193

| 30  |  |  | 2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ling Liong Sik
2004 |

31 / 219

| 33  | 1,074,230  | 15.5%  | 3 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ong Ka Ting
2008 |

15 / 222

| 33  | 840,489  | 10.35%  | 16 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ong Ka Ting
2013 |

7 / 222

| 39  | 867,851  | 7.86%  | 8 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Chua Soi Lek
2018 |

1 / 222

| 40  | 639,165  | 5.30%  | 6 seats; Opposition coalition,
later Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Liow Tiong Lai
2022 |

2 / 222

| 44  | 665,436  | 4.29%  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Wee Ka Siong

## State election results

[edit]

State election | State Legislative Assembly

|

Perlis  | Kedah  | Kelantan  | Terengganu  | Penang  | Perak  | Pahang  | Selangor  | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor  | Sabah  | Singapore (until 1965) | Total won / Total contested
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2/3 majority |

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

1954 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

5 / 16

|  |  |

5 / 16

1955 |  |

3 / 12

1 / 16

|  |  |  |  |  |

2 / 12

3 / 8

|  |  |

1 / 25

10 / 73

1959 |

2 / 12

5 / 24

1 / 30

2 / 24

6 / 24

9 / 40

6 / 24

8 / 28

7 / 24

7 / 20

7 / 32

|  |

0 / 51

1964 |

2 / 12

5 / 24

1 / 30

1 / 24

6 / 24

12 / 40

7 / 24

8 / 28

9 / 24

4 / 20

11 / 32

|  |  |
1969 |

2 / 12

2 / 24

1 / 30

1 / 24

0 / 24

1 / 40

4 / 24

1 / 28

4 / 24

4 / 20

10 / 32

|  |  |
1974 |

2 / 12

2 / 26

1 / 36

2 / 26

1 / 27

3 / 42

7 / 32

6 / 33

5 / 24

3 / 20

10 / 32

|  |  |
1978 |

2 / 12

4 / 26

1 / 36

1 / 28

2 / 27

4 / 42

0 / 32

5 / 33

5 / 24

3 / 20

10 / 32

|  |  |
1982 |

2 / 12

3 / 26

1 / 36

1 / 28

6 / 27

10 / 42

5 / 32

7 / 33

6 / 24

5 / 20

10 / 32

|  |  |
1986 |

2 / 14

3 / 28

1 / 39

1 / 32

2 / 33

3 / 46

5 / 33

8 / 42

4 / 28

4 / 20

10 / 36

|  |  |
1990 |

2 / 14

4 / 28

0 / 39

0 / 32

0 / 33

3 / 46

4 / 33

6 / 42

4 / 28

4 / 20

8 / 36

0 / 48

|  |
1995 |

2 / 15

4 / 36

1 / 45

1 / 32

9 / 40

13 / 59

7 / 42

11 / 56

7 / 36

5 / 28

11 / 56

|  |  |
1999 |

2 / 15

4 / 36

0 / 45

0 / 32

9 / 40

12 / 59

7 / 42

11 / 56

9 / 36

4 / 28

11 / 56

0 / 60

|  |
2004 |

2 / 15

4 / 36

0 / 45

1 / 32

9 / 40

10 / 59

8 / 42

12 / 56

8 / 36

6 / 28

15 / 56

1 / 60

|  |
2008 |

2 / 15

1 / 36

0 / 45

1 / 32

0 / 40

1 / 59

6 / 42

2 / 56

1 / 36

4 / 28

12 / 56

1 / 60

|  |
2013 |

1 / 15

2 / 36

0 / 45

0 / 32

0 / 40

1 / 59

2 / 42

0 / 56

0 / 36

3 / 28

2 / 56

0 / 60

|  |

11 / 90

2018 |

1 / 15

0 / 36

0 / 45

0 / 32

0 / 40

0 / 59

1 / 42

0 / 56

0 / 36

0 / 28

0 / 56

0 / 60

|  |

2 / 90

2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

0 / 73

|  |

0 / 4

2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

2 / 28

|  |  |  |

2 / 7

2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

4 / 56

|  |  |

4 / 15

2022  |

0 / 15

|  |  |  |  |

1 / 59

0 / 42

|  |  |  |  |  |  |

1 / 26

## See also

[edit]

This article is part of a series on the

Politics of
Malaysia

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* Yang di-Pertuan Agong

* Ibrahim Iskandar

* * *

* Conference of Rulers

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* President Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah

* * *

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* Speaker Johari Abdul
* Leader of the Government Anwar Ibrahim
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* * *

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* Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim

* * *

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* * *

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* * *

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* Chief Judge of Malaya Hasnah Mohammed Hashim
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* * *

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* Kuomintang

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[edit]

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## Notes

[edit]

* James Chin (2016). “From K etuanan Melayu to Ketuanan Islam: UMNO and the Malaysian Chinese” in Bridget Welsh (ed.) The End of UMNO? Essays on Malaysia's Dominant Party (Strategic Information and Research Development Centre: Selangor, Malaysia) pp 226–273
* James Chin. Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Politics a Year Later: Crisis of Political Legitimacy, The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs Vol. 99, No. 407, April 2010, pp. 153–162
* James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009
* Chin, James (2006). "New Chinese Leadership in Malaysia: The Contest for the MCA and Gerakan Presidency". Contemporary Southeast Asia (CSEA), Vol. 28, No. 1 (April 2006).
* Chin, James (2000). "A New Balance: The Chinese Vote in the 1999 Malaysian General Election". South East Asia Research 8 (3), 281–299.
* Chin, James (2001). "Malaysian Chinese Politics in the 21st Century: Fear, Service and Marginalisation". Asian Journal of Political Science 9 (2), 78–94.
* James Chin (2018) The Malaysian Chinese Association, set adrift in need of a direction, Channel News Asia, 30 October
* Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
* "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Today. by Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005)

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malaysian Chinese Association.

* Official website

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Barisan Nasional

Chairman of Advisor Council|

Najib Razak

Chairman|

* Ahmad Zahid Hamidi

Deputy Chairman|

* Mohamad Hasan

Vice-Chairman|

* Wee Ka Siong
* Vigneswaran Sanasee
* Joseph Kurup

Secretary-General|

* Ahmad Maslan

Treasurer-General|

* Hishammuddin Hussein

Women Chief|

* Noraini Ahmad

Youth Chief|

* Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki

Parties|

| United Malays National
Organisation (UMNO)|

* Deputy President: Mohamad Hasan
* Secretary-General: Ahmad Maslan
* Women Chief: Noraini Ahmad
* Youth Chief: Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki
* Puteri Chief: Zahida Zarik Khan

|

Malaysian Chinese
Association (MCA)|

* Deputy President: Mah Hang Soon (Deputy President)
* Secretary-General: Chong Sin Woon
* Women Chief: Heng Seai Kie
* Youth Chief: Nicole Wong Siaw Ting

Malaysian Indian
Congress (MIC)|

* Deputy President: Devamany S. Krishnasamy
* Secretary-General: M. Asojan
* Women Chief: Mohana Muniandy
* Youth Chief: Thinalan Rajagopalu

Parti Bersatu
Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)|

* Deputy President: Arthur Joseph Kurup
* Secretary-General: Richard Mosinal Kastum
* Women Chief: Zainon Hj. Kayum
* Youth Chief: Edwin Laimin

State Chairmen|

* Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
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State Governments|

| Menteri Besar of Perlis|

* Azlan Man

|

Menteri Besar of Perak|

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Political parties in Malaysia

Parties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State Assemblies

| Pakatan Harapan (PH)|

* Democratic Action Party (DAP)
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* National Trust Party (AMANAH)
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|

Barisan Nasional (BN)|

* United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
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Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)|

* United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)
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Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)
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* Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
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Other parties|

* Heritage Party (WARISAN)
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Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies

| Friends of Barisan Nasional|

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|

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)
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Other parties|

* Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)
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* Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
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* Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)
* Socialist Alternative (SA)*
* Youth Front Party
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* Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
* People's Welfare Party (KITA)
* Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)
* Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)
* Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)
* Malaysian United Party (MUP)
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* Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)
* Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)
* Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)
* Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)
* Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)
* Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)
* Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)
* Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)
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* Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)
* Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)
* Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)
* Malaysian National Party (PNM)
* Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)
* Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)
* People First Party (URPARTI)
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Defunct parties and coalition

| Defunct coalitions|

* All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)
* Labour Front (LF)
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* Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)
* Gagasan Rakyat (GR)
* Barisan Alternatif (BA)
* Pakatan Rakyat (PR)

|

Defunct former parliamentary parties|

* Malayan Party (MP)
* Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
* Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)
* Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)
* Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)
* National Party (Negara)
* Labour Party of Malaya (Lab)
* National Convention Party (NCP)
* Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)
* Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)
* Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)
* Semangat 46 (S46)
* Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)
* United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)
* United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)
* United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)
* Sabah National Party (SANAP)
* Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)
* Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
* People's Justice Front (AKAR)
* Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)
* United Democratic Party (UDP)
* Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)
* Muslim League of Malaya (ML)
* National Association of Perak (NAP)
* Radical Party (RADICAL)
* Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)
* Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
* Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
* Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)
* Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)
* Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)
* Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)
* United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)
* Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)

Other defunct parties|

* Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)
* Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist)
* Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)
* North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)
* Selangor Labour Party (SLP)
* Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)
* Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)
* Social Democratic Party (SDP)
* Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)
* Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)
* Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)
* Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)
* Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT)
* United People's Party (1976) (UPP)
* United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)
* Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)
* United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)
* Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)
* Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)
* Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)
* Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)
* Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)
* Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)
* Sabah Chinese Party (PCS)
* Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)
* Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)
* Sabah People's Party (PRS)
* Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)
* United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)
* Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)
* Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)
* Community Coalition Congress (CCC)
* Sabah People's Front (SPF)
* Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)
* Human Rights Party (HRP)
* Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)
* Parti Perpaduan Anak Malaysia (MUM)
* Kongres Rakyat Malaysia (KRM)
* Persatuan Melayu Semenanjung

* denotes non-registered parties

* Politics of Malaysia
* Politics portal
* List of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Australia
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* Yale LUX

Portals:

* Malaysia
* Politics

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