Manchuria under Qing rule

History of Asian region, 1616–1912

Manchuria under Qing rule

Military governorates; later provinces of the Qing dynasty
1616–1912

Manchuria within the Qing dynasty in 1820, including Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang
• Type| Qing hierarchy
History|

• Later Jin established

| 1616

• Sino-Russian border conflicts

| 1652–1689

• Amur Annexation by Russians

| 1858–1860

• Conversion into provinces

| 1907

• Establishment of Republic of China

| 1912

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Ming dynasty

|

| Republic of China |

|

Russian Empire |

Part of a series on the

History of Manchuria

Prehistoric period

* Liao civilization
* Baijinbao culture
* Liaoning bronze dagger culture

Ancient to Classical period

* Gojoseon
* Sushen
* Donghu
* Yemaek
* Yan (Warring States)
* Xiongnu
* Han dynasty
* Wuhuan
* Xianbei
* Takri Kingdom
* Buyeo
* Goguryeo
* Kumo Xi
* Yan (Three Kingdoms)
* Cao Wei
* Sima Jin dynasty
* Former Yan
* Former Qin
* Later Yan
* Northern Yan
* Shiwei
* Khitan
* Mohe

Medieval to Early Modern period

* Göktürk Khaganate
* Eastern Turkic Khaganate
* Tang dynasty (Andong Protectorate)
* Balhae
* Dongdan Kingdom
* Jeongan
* Liao dynasty
* Jurchen Jin dynasty
* Yuan rule
* Northern Yuan
* Ming rule (Nurgan)
* Later Jin
* Qing rule
* Sino-Russian border conflicts (Treaty of Nerchinsk)

Modern period

* Amur Annexation
* Chuang Guandong
* Russian invasion
* Russian Dalian
* Russo-Japanese War
* Beiyang government (Fengtian Clique)
* Far Eastern Republic
* Kwantung Leased Territory
* Northeast Flag Replacement
* Korean People's Association in Manchuria
* Japanese invasion
* Manchukuo
* Liaoshen Campaign (Chinese Civil War)
* Manchuria/Northeast China
* Outer Manchuria (in Russian Far East)

* v
* t
* e

Manchuria under Qing rule was the rule of the Qing dynasty of China (and its predecessor the Later Jin dynasty) over the greater region of Manchuria, including today's Northeast China and Outer Manchuria, although Outer Manchuria was lost to the Russian Empire after the Amur Annexation. The Qing dynasty itself was established by the Manchus, a Tungusic people from Manchuria, who later replaced the Ming dynasty as the ruling dynasty of China. Thus, the region is often seen to have had a special status during the Qing and was not governed as regular provinces until the late Qing dynasty, although the name "Manchuria" itself is an exonym of Japanese origin and was not used by the Qing dynasty in Chinese or Manchu.[1]

## History

[edit]

Map of Northeast part Qing Empire circa 1730s. Shengjing General's Gate Front Gate

The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who form the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. Although the Ming dynasty held control over Manchuria since the late 1380s, Ming political existence in the region waned considerably after the death of the Yongle Emperor. What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhaci started to take actual control of most of Manchuria over the next several decades. In 1616, he declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin state. Two years later he announced the "Seven Grievances" and openly renounced the sovereignty of Ming overlordship to complete the unification of those Jurchen tribes still allied with the Ming emperor. After a series of successful battles against both the Ming and various tribes in Outer Manchuria, he and his son Hong Taiji eventually controlled the whole of Manchuria. Soon after the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the territory of today's Primorsky Kray was made part of the Government-general of Jilin, and along with the lower Amur area was controlled from Ninguta (a garrison town south of today's Mudanjiang).[2][3]

However, during the Qing conquest of the Ming in the later decades, the Tsardom of Russia tried to gain the land north of the Amur River. The Russian conquest of Siberia was accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the Russian Cossacks, who savagely crushed the natives. At the hands of people like Vasilii Poyarkov in 1645 and Yerofei Khabarov in 1650 some peoples like the Daur were slaughtered by the Russians to the extent that it is considered genocide.[4] The Daurs initially deserted their villages since they heard about the cruelty of the Russians the first time Khabarov came.[5] The second time he came, the Daurs decided to do battle against the Russians instead but were slaughtered by Russian guns.[6] The indigenous peoples of the Amur region were attacked by Russians who came to be known as "red-beards".[7] The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (羅剎), after demons found in Buddhist mythology, by the Amur natives because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribes people, who were subjects of the Qing.[8] The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur River was viewed as a threat by the Qing.[9] This was eventually rebutted by the Qing during the Sino-Russian border conflicts in the 1680s, resulting in the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 which gave the land to China.

Since the region was considered the homeland of the Manchus, Han Chinese citizens were banned from settling in this region by the early Qing government but the rule was openly violated and Han Chinese became a majority in urban areas by the early 19th century. During Qing rule there was a massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade, during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of courier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands, in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population.[10] Although those areas did not appear similar to the provinces in China proper before they were converted into regular provinces in 1907, the Qing dynasty also called them “Eastern three provinces“ (ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡤᠣᠯᠣ dergi ilan golo; simplified Chinese: 东三省; traditional Chinese: 東三省; pinyin: Dōng Sānshěng).[11]

Han Chinese farmers were resettled from North China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation.[12] Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords.[13] Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s.[14] The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han Chinese peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776.[15] Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area.[16] Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800.[17] To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing sold formerly Manchu only lands along the Sungari to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s according to Abbe Huc.[18] However, the policy for banning the Han Chinese citizens from moving to northern part of Manchuria was not officially lifted until 1860, when Outer Manchuria was lost to the Russians during the Amur Annexation by the Russian Empire. After that, the Qing court started to encourage immigration of Han Chinese into the region, which began the period of Chuang Guandong.

After conquering the Ming, the Qing identified their state as Zhongguo ("中國", the term for "China" in modern Chinese), and referred to it as "Dulimbai Gurun" in Manchu.[19][20][21] "China" thus referred to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs. The lands in Manchuria were explicitly stated by the Qing to belong to "China" (Zhongguo, Dulimbai gurun) in Qing edicts and in the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk.[22]

In Manchuria in 1800, wealthy Han Chinese merchants stood at the top of the social ladder, just below the high-ranking banner officers, with whom they had many social, cultural and business relationships —merchant and officers often meeting one another on terms of equality. Han Chinese society in Manchuria was an uprooted society of immigrants, most of whom, except in Fengtian (Liaoning), had lived where they were for only a number of decades. Although the settlers had come mainly from Zhili, Shandong and Shanxi and had brought with them many of the social patterns of those provinces, the immigrants derived from the poorer and less educated elements of society, with the result that at the beginning of the nineteenth century a "gentry" class of the type known in China proper \- families of education, wealth and prestige who had exercised social leadership in a given locality for generations - had only recently come into being in Fengtian province and cannot be said to have existed in the Manchurian frontier at all. At the bottom of the society were the unskilled workmen, domestic servants, prostitutes and exiled convicts, including slaves. One of the capacities in which Manchuria, especially Jilin and Heilongjiang, had served the Qing Empire was as a place of exile, not only for disgraced officials but also for convicted criminals. The worse the crimes and the more hardened the offenders, the farther north the Qing judicial system generally sent them. Many of these criminals took up crafts or small businesses, eventually becoming dependable members of society, but their presence in increasing numbers added to the lawless, rough-and-ready character of Manchurian frontier society.[23]

Manchuria from the early to middle Qing period was governed by the military governors of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang. In both Jilin and Heilongjiang, most of whose territories were not easily accessible, there lived a considerable Han Chinese outlaw population. The number of these outlaws had grown rapidly in the eighteenth century and continued to rise in the nineteenth. Some of them, especially the goldminers and bandits, formed organized communities with rudimentary local governments. Groups of outlaw ginseng-diggers, known as "blackmen", in the forests and mountains beyond the reach of the Manchurian authorities, so disturbed the tribal frontier areas that in 1811 the military governor of Jilin had to send troops into the mountains to drive them out. By the opening decade of the nineteenth century the sinicization of Manchuria was already irreversibly advanced. Fengtian province had for some time been essentially Han Chinese and part of China, and the military governors of Jilin and Heilongjiang, though charged with the duty of upholding the supremacy of the banner element in society, had failed to preserve the status quo. The bannermen, who lacked the industry and technical skills of the Han Chinese settlers, were concerned only with holding on to what they had. Despite repeated government measures, the bannermen were rapidly becoming pauperized, and they grew increasingly dependent upon subsidies from the Qing government. The culturally dynamic example, which more and more of them began to emulate, was that of the Han Chinese. As time went on, not only the bannermen but also many of the tribal peoples began to adopt Chinese culture and fall into the orbit of Han tastes, Han markets and Han ways of doing things. Only the cold and sparsely populated Amur basin, which had not attracted settlers from China, remained essentially outside the Chinese sphere.[24]

At the end of the 19th century and turn of the 20th century, to counteract increasing Russian influence, the Qing dynasty abolished the existing administrative system in Manchuria (created by the bannermen) and reclassified all immigrants to the region as Han (Chinese) instead of minren (民人, civilians, non-bannermen), while replacing provincial generals with provincial governors. This reform occurred when Manchuria was a battleground between Russia and Japan. From 1902 to 1911, seventy civil administrations were created due to the increasing population of Manchuria.[25]

After the loss of the Outer Manchuria to the Russians and the Russo-Japanese War, Manchuria was eventually turned into provinces by the late Qing government in the early 20th century, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier. Manchuria became officially known as the "Three Northeast Provinces" (東三省), and the Qing established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, which was the only Qing viceroy that had jurisdiction outside China proper.

## See also

[edit]

* Manchuria under Yuan rule
* Manchuria under Ming rule
* Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
* Mongolia under Qing rule
* Xinjiang under Qing rule
* Tibet under Qing rule
* Taiwan under Qing rule
* History of Manchuria

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Elliott (2000), pp. 607.
2. ^ Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117.
3. ^ Du Halde (1735).
4. ^ Bisher (2006), p. 6.
5. ^ "The Amur's siren song". The Economist (From the print edition: Christmas Specials ed.). Dec 17, 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
6. ^ Forsyth (1994), p. 104.
7. ^ Stephan (1996), p. 64.
8. ^ Kang (2013), p. 26.
9. ^ Kim (2013), p. 169.
10. ^ Richards 2003, p. 141.
11. ^ Jonathan Schlesinger (2017). "Two. Pearl Thieves and Perfect Order". A World Trimmed with Fur. Stanford University Press. pp. 55–92\. doi:10.1515/9781503600683-005. ISBN 9781503600683. S2CID 240875661.
12. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2000), p. 504.
13. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2000), p. 505.
14. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2000), p. 506.
15. ^ Scharping (1998), p. 18.
16. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2000), p. 507.
17. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2000), p. 508.
18. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2000), p. 509.
19. ^ Hauer & Corff (2007), p. 117.
20. ^ Dvořák (1895), p. 80.
21. ^ Wu (1995), p. 102.
22. ^ Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14.
23. ^ The Cambridge History of China: Volume 10, by John K. Fairbank, p46
24. ^ The Cambridge History of China: Volume 10, by John K. Fairbank, p47
25. ^ Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2016-12-07). Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 27–28\. ISBN 978-1-4985-3705-6.

### Sources

[edit]

* Bisher, Jamie (2006), White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian, Routledge, ISBN 1135765952
* Dvořák, Rudolf (1895), Chinas Religionen, Aschendorff
* Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste (1735), Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, vol. IV, Paris: P.G. Lemercier
* Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985), Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy, University of Chicago, Department of Geography, ISBN 0-89065-118-3
* Elliott, Mark C. (2000), "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies", The Journal of Asian Studies, 59 (3): 603–646, doi:10.2307/2658945, JSTOR 2658945
* Forsyth, James (1994), A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521477719
* Hauer, Erich; Corff, Oliver (2007), Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache (in German), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447055284
* Kang, Hyeokhweon (2013), "Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658" (PDF), Emory Endeavors, 4: Transnational Encounters in Asia, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-07, retrieved 2015-06-06
* Kim, Loretta (2013), "Saints for Shamans? Culture, Religion and Borderland Politics in Amuria from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries", Central Asiatic Journal, 56: 169–202, JSTOR 10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169
* Reardon-Anderson, James (2000), "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty", Environmental History, 5 (4): 503–530, doi:10.2307/3985584, JSTOR 3985584, S2CID 143541438
* Scharping, Thomas (1998), "Minorities, Majorities and National Expansion: The History and Politics of Population Development in Manchuria 1610-1993", Cologne China Studies Online – Working Papers on Chinese Politics, Economy and Society (Kölner China-Studien Online – Arbeitspapiere zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas), Modern China Studies, Chair for Politics, Economy and Society of Modern China, at the University of Cologne
* Stephan, John J. (1996), The Russian Far East: A History, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0804727015
* Wu, Shuhui (1995), Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams, 1717-1727: Anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao (in German), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447037563
* Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century", Modern China, 36 (3): 3–30, doi:10.1177/0097700405282349, S2CID 144587815

* v
* t
* e

Qing dynasty topics

History|

| Early

(1616–1683)

* Jurchen unification
* Later Jin
* Seven Grievances
* Later Jin invasion of Joseon
* Qing invasion of Joseon
* Transition from Ming to Qing
* Battle of Shanhai Pass
* Great Clearance
* Battle of Penghu
* Revolt of the Three Feudatories

|

High Qing

(1683–1799)

* Sino-Russian border conflicts
* Dzungar–Qing Wars
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
* Chinese Rites controversy
* Ten Great Campaigns
* Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
* Lhasa riot of 1750
* Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
* Afaqi Khoja revolts
* Durrani-Qing relations
* Sino-Burmese War
* Lin Shuangwen rebellion
* Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
* Sino-Nepalese War
* Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
* White Lotus Rebellion

19th century

(1801–1900)

* Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
* First Opium War
* Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
* Taiping Rebellion
* Nian Rebellion
* Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
* Small Swords Society
* Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
* Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
* Panthay Rebellion
* Second Opium War
* Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
* Amur Annexation
* Self-Strengthening Movement
* Tongzhi Restoration
* Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
* Mudan incident
* Tianjin Massacre
* Margary Affair
* Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
* Northern Chinese Famine
* Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
* Sino-French War
* Sikkim expedition
* Jindandao incident
* First Sino-Japanese War
* Gongche Shangshu movement
* Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
* Hundred Days' Reform
* Third plague pandemic
* Boxer Rebellion
* Red Lanterns
* Eight-Nation Alliance
* Declaration of war

20th century

(1901–1912)

* Late Qing reforms
* British expedition to Tibet
* 1905 Batang uprising
* Preparative Constitutionalism
* 1909 Parliamentary election
* 1909 Provincial Assembly elections
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
* Manchurian plague
* Railway Protection Movement
* 1911 Revolution
* Wuchang Uprising
* Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
* Mongolian Revolution of 1911
* 1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
* Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
* Articles of Favourable Treatment
* Manchu Restoration

Government|

* Emperor
* List
* Family tree
* Advisory Council
* Amban
* Consultative Bureau
* Cup of Solid Gold
* Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
* Da-Qing Bank
* Deliberative Council
* Diplomatic missions
* Flag of the Qing dynasty
* Grand Council
* Great Qing Legal Code
* Imperial Clan Court
* Imperial Commissioner
* Imperial Household Department
* Lifan Yuan
* Ministry of Posts and Communications
* Nine Gates Infantry Commander
* Provincial governor
* Provincial military commander
* Principles of the Constitution (1908)
* Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
* Ejen
* Administrative divisions
* Viceroys
* Zhili
* Shaan-Gan
* Liangjiang
* Huguang
* Sichuan
* Min-Zhe
* Liangguang
* Yun-Gui
* Three Eastern Provinces
* Zongli Yamen

Military|

* Beiyang Army
* Eight Banners
* Ever Victorious Army
* Green Standard Army
* Imperial Guards
* Firearm Battalion
* Peking Field Force
* New Army
* Hushenying
* Shuishiying
* Wuwei Corps
* Yong Ying
* Chu Army
* Huai Army
* Xiang Army
* Navy

Special regions|

* Inner Asia
* Manchuria
* Mongolia
* Administrative divisions
* Tibet
* Golden Urn
* List of ambans
* Xinjiang
* Timeline
* General of Ili
* Taiwan
* Guest House of Imperial Envoys

Palaces &
mausoleums|

* Chengde Mountain Resort
* Forbidden City
* Hetu Ala
* Mukden Palace
* Old Summer Palace
* Summer Palace
* Eastern Qing tombs
* Western Qing tombs
* Fuling Mausoleum
* Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
* Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Society &
culture|

* Booi Aha
* Changzhou School of Thought
* Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
* Dibao
* Economy
* performance criticism
* Four Wangs
* History of Ming
* Kangxi Dictionary
* Kaozheng
* Literary inquisition
* Manchu Han Imperial Feast
* Peiwen Yunfu
* Pentaglot Dictionary
* Qing official headwear
* Qing poetry
* Complete Tang Poems
* Queue
* Researches on Manchu Origins
* Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
* Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
* Islam during the Qing dynasty
* Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
* Annotated Bibliography

Treaties

* Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
* Treaty of Nerchinsk
* Unequal treaties
* Boxer Protocol
* Burlingame Treaty
* Chefoo Convention
* Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
* Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
* Convention of Peking
* Convention of Tientsin
* Li–Lobanov Treaty
* Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
* Treaty of Aigun
* Treaty of the Bogue
* Treaty of Canton
* Treaty of Kulja
* Treaty of Nanking
* Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
* Treaty of Shimonoseki
* Treaty of Tarbagatai
* Treaty of Tientsin
* Treaty of Wanghia
* Treaty of Whampoa

Currency|

| Coinage|

* Zhiqian
* Kangxi Tongbao
* Qianlong Tongbao
* Hongqian
* Great Qing Copper Coin
* Great Qing Gold Coin

|

Paper money|

* Great Qing Treasure Note
* Hubu Guanpiao
* Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank

Other topics|

* Aisin Gioro
* Anti-Qing sentiment
* Canton System
* Chuang Guandong
* Draft History of Qing
* History of Qing (People's Republic)
* Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
* Legacy of the Qing dynasty
* Manchu people
* Names of the Qing dynasty
* New Qing History
* Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
* Treaty ports
* Willow Palisade

* v
* t
* e

Inner Asia history series

Nomadic empires|

* Xiongnu
* Xianbei
* Rouran
* Göktürks
* First Turkic Khaganate
* Eastern Turkic Khaganate
* Western Turkic Khaganate
* Second Turkic Khaganate
* Tibetan
* Zubu
* Uyghur
* Kyrgyz
* Mongol
* Tatar
* Khamag Mongol
* Mongol Empire
* Chagatai
* Timurid
* Dzungar

Chinese empires|

| Han|

* against Xiongnu
* Protectorate of the Western Regions
* Chief Official

|

Tang|

* against Western Turks / Eastern Turks
* against Tibet
* Mongolian Plateau
* Beiting
* Tarim Basin

Liao|

* Western Liao
* Northern Liao
* Eastern Liao
* Later Liao

Yuan|

* against Northwest khanates
* Manchuria
* Mongolia
* Tibet
* Northern Yuan

Ming|

* against Mongols
* against Turpan
* Manchuria
* Tibet

Qing|

* against Dzungar
* genocide
* Lifan Yuan
* Amban
* Manchuria
* Mongolia
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

Related topics|

* The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
* Greater Central Asia
* Central Asia
* Eurasian nomads
* Tartary
* Chinese Tartary
* Western Regions (Chinese Turkestan)
* China proper
* Sinosphere
* Greater China

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template