Manhattan Company

Former American holding company

For other companies with the "Manhattan" name, see Manhattan.

Manhattan Company

Manhattan Company (1799-1955) letterhead, c. 1922

Founded| September 1, 1799; 225 years ago (1799-09-01) by Aaron Burr, American politician and businessman
Defunct| 1955 (1955)
Fate| Merged with Chase National Bank
Successor| Chase Manhattan Bank
Headquarters| 40 Wall Street, New York City, New York, U.S.

The Manhattan Company was a New York bank and holding company established on September 1, 1799. The company merged with Chase National Bank in 1955 to form the Chase Manhattan Bank. It is the oldest of the predecessor institutions that eventually formed the current JPMorgan Chase & Co.

## History

[edit]

### 18th century

[edit]

The Manhattan Company was formed in 1799 with the ostensible purpose of providing clean water to Lower Manhattan.[1] However, the main interest of the company was not in the supply of water, but rather in becoming a part of the banking industry in New York. At that time, the banking industry was monopolized by Alexander Hamilton's Bank of New York and the New York branch of the First Bank of the United States. "To circumvent the opposition of Hamilton to the establishment of a bank,"[2] and following an epidemic of yellow fever in the city, Aaron Burr founded the company and successfully gained banking privileges through a clause in its charter granted to it by the state that allowed it to use surplus capital for banking transactions.[1] The company raised $2 million, used one hundred thousand dollars for building a water supply system, and used the rest to start the bank.[3]

The company apparently did a poor job of supplying water, using hollowed out tree trunks for pipes and digging wells in congested areas where there was the danger of raw sewage mixing with the water.[4] After a multitude of cholera epidemics, a water system was finally established with the construction between 1837 and 1842 of the Croton Aqueduct.[3]

On April 17, 1799, the Manhattan Company appointed a committee "to consider the most proper means of employing the capital of the Company" and elected to open an office of discount and deposit. The "Bank" of the Manhattan Company began business on September 1, 1799, in a house at 40 Wall Street. Its first board of directors members were Daniel Ludlow, John Watts, John Barker Church, Brockholst Livingston, William Edgar, William Laight, Paschal N. Smith, Samuel Osgood, John Stevens, John Broome, John B. Coles, and Aaron Burr. Among its original stockholders were such men as Nicholas Fish, John Delafield, John Jacob Astor, Richard Varick, Stephen Van Rensselaer, John Rodgers, Joshua Sands, Peter Stuyvesant, George Clinton, Israel Disosway, John Slidell, Henry Rutgers, and Daniel Phoenix.[5]

### 19th century

[edit]

In July 1800, the bank started paying dividends, and in 1808, the company sold its waterworks to the city, pocketing $1.9 million and turning completely to banking. Even so, it identified as a water company as late as 1899. The company maintained a Water Committee which yearly assured, quite truthfully, that no requests for water service had been denied, and moreover conducted its meetings with a pitcher of the water at hand to ensure quality.[6]

In 1825, John Gerard Coster was appointed president of the company.[5] He was succeeded by Maltby Gelston in 1829.[7] Gelston, a former member of the New York State Assembly,[8] was the son of Collector David Gelston and the father of Mary Gelston, who married Henry Rogers Winthrop (father of Buchanan Winthrop).[9]

In 1847, Caleb O. Halsted, a cloth merchant from Elizabeth, New Jersey, was made president of the bank.[10][5] Halsted succeeded Jonathan Thompson, who had been made president in 1840. Before he was president, Thompson had served nine years as the Collector of the Port of New York having been appointed by President James Monroe and also serving under John Quincy Adams. In 1853, the Manhattan Company became one of the original 52 members of the New York Clearing House Association.

In 1860, the board of directors promoted James M. Morrison as president of the bank to succeed Halsted. Morrison, who had begun working for the bank as the "first teller" in 1840, served as president until ill health forced him to resign in the latter part of 1879.[11] Morrison was succeeded by John S. Harberger, who began working for the bank in 1857 as assistant cashier.[12] Harberger died of malarial fever a year later in October 1880.[13]

In October 1880, William Henry Smith of the dry goods house of William H. Smith & Co. was elected to succeed Harberger as president of the Bank of the Manhattan Company.[14] By 1885, Smith had retired from the company but remained interested in the affairs of the LaFarge Decorative Arts Company.[15]

The Manhattan Company Building at 40 Wall Street

In 1891, the board of directors of the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company elected Stephen Baker vice president. Baker, a son of former U.S. Representative Stephen Baker and protégé of financier John Stewart Kennedy, was the grandson of Stephen Baker, a New York merchant who was one of the original stockholders of the Manhattan Company. Two years later, in 1893, Baker was elected president at the age of only 34,[2] succeeding John Stewart Kennedy who served as president pro tem for a few months following the resignation of D. C. Hays.[16]

### 20th century

[edit]

During his tenure as president, the bank expanded from its single original office at 40 Wall Street, opened in September 1799, to a chain of forty-eight offices in many different sections of New York City, with resources of $300,000,000.[2] It also absorbed, in succession, the Bank of Long Island, the Bank of the Metropolis, and the Merchants' National Bank of New York on March 1, 1920,[17] effective March 27, 1920.[18] Merchants' then president, Raymond E. Jones, became vice president and second in command of the combined institutions.[19] Coincidentally, Merchants' National had been chartered in 1804 through the efforts of Alexander Hamilton as a rival to the Manhattan Company, launched by Aaron Burr.[2]

In 1923, it moved its headquarters briefly to the Prudence Building and then in May 1929, construction began on what was briefly the tallest building in the world, at 40 Wall Street (known as the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building) on the site of the Gallatin Bank Building,[20][21] from April 1930 until May 1930 when it was surpassed by the Chrysler Building.[22][23]

In 1927, after thirty-four years as president, and an increase from one branch to a network with forty-eight branches and an increase in deposits to $300,000,000, Baker turned the presidency and a considerable stock ownership over to his son, J. Stewart Baker, who had just turned thirty-four.[24] The elder Baker served as chairman of the board until 1932 when he became honorary chairman and was again succeeded by his son.[2]

In 1928, the Company increased its capital from $12,500,000 to $15,000,000 in connection with its acquisition of the Flushing National Bank, the Bayside National Bank, the Queens-Bellaire Bank, and the First National Bank of Whitestone.[25][26] Later that year, it again increased its capital to $16,000,000 when it acquired the Bronx Borough Bank,[27][28] and the First National Bank of Brooklyn.[29] The acquisitions led to the bank having sixty-one offices throughout New York City.[30]

In December 1928, the 129-year-old Bank of the Manhattan Company announced a joint affiliation with the International Acceptance Bank (and its subsidiary, the International Acceptance Trust Company), which had been organized in 1921 by Paul Warburg.[31] The plan was for each institution to retain their present identities, but have the Bank of the Manhattan Company shareholders own the stock of the International Acceptance Bank, leading its owners to receive shares of the Bank of the Manhattan Company "in an amount that will make it one of the most important factors in that organization."[31][a]

In March 1929, the shareholders of the Bank of the Manhattan Company approved its plan to increase capital from $16,000,000 to $22,500,000 to acquire all the stock of the International Acceptance Bank, Inc.[30] After completion, J. Stewart Baker remained president of the Bank of the Manhattan Company and became vice chairman of the board of International Acceptance.[b] Warburg became associate chairman of the board of the Bank of Manhattan and F. Abott Goodhue remained as president of International Acceptance and became a member of the board of the Bank of the Manhattan Company.[32] The business of the International Acceptance Trust Company was taken over by the Bank of the Manhattan Company. At the same time, the two banks created the International Manhattan Company, Inc. with Warburg's son, James Warburg, as president of the new company which succeeded to the foreign securities business of the International Acceptance Bank, Inc. All of the stock of the new corporation was held by International Acceptance and the Bank of the Manhattan Company.[33]

In December 1929, the name Bank of the Manhattan Company was abandoned and the firm was transformed into a holding corporation under the name Manhattan Company while also increasing its capital to $40,000,000 to allow for further acquisitions.[c] The new holding company owned the entire capital stock of the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company, the International Acceptance Bank, and the International Manhattan Company.[34] At that time, Baker also became president of the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company, which he later relinquished to Goodhue on December 10, 1931, to enable Baker to devote more time to the affairs of the Manhattan Company.

In February 1932, following the death of Paul Warburg on January 24, 1932,[35] J. Stewart Baker was elected successor chairman of the board of the Manhattan Company, Warburg's son James succeeded to Baker's vice chairman role (after recently becoming president of the International Acceptance Bank) and Goodhue was elected successor chairman of the International Acceptance Bank.[36]

In October 1932, the directors of the Manhattan Company restored the company to its old status as a bank, absorbing or distributing to shareholders the various banking institutions which it controlled. The New York Title and Mortgage Company was distributed to shareholders through a holding company, and the International Acceptance Bank, Inc. was merged into the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company, with that entity then being absorbed by the Manhattan Company. The banking business was then continued under the name Bank of the Manhattan Company and had the same capital, $56,816,466.[37]

> For some time the officers and directors of the Manhattan Company group have recognized that public opinion no longer favors the affiliation of a banking institution with other companies, and that conditions have so changed since 1929 that many of the advantages which at that time were inherent in the affiliation of various companies through a holding company have disappeared.[37]

By March 31, 1938, the Bank of the Manhattan Company reported total deposits of $505,477,944 and total assets of $612,951,711, compared, respectively, with $504,800,925 and $566,271,489 on December 31, 1937.[38]

In December 1948, Goodhue retired as president of the combined bank and was succeeded by Lawrence C. Marshall,[39] who served as president of the bank until 1955.[40]

The bank merged with Chase National Bank in 1955 to become Chase Manhattan.[41]

In 1996, Chase Manhattan was acquired by Chemical Bank, which retained the Chase name, to form what was then the largest bank holding company in the United States.[42]

### 21st century

[edit]

In December 2000, the bank acquired J.P. Morgan & Co. to form JPMorgan Chase & Co.[43]

Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited continues as of August 2020 to issue a credit card by the name of Manhattan, descending from its acquisition of the retail banking business in Hong Kong of Chase Manhattan in 2000.

## List of presidents of the Manhattan Company

[edit]

* Daniel Ludlow, 1799[5]
* Henry Remsen, 1808[5]
* John Gerard Coster, 1825[5]
* Maltby Gelston, 1829[5]
* Jonathan Thompson, 1840[5]
* Caleb O. Halsted, 1847[5]
* James M. Morrison, 1860[11]
* John S. Harberger, 1879[12]
* William Henry Smith, 1880[5]
* D. C. Hays
* John Stewart Kennedy, 1893[16]
* Stephen Baker, 1893[2]
* J. Stewart Baker, 1927[24]
* F. Abott Goodhue, 1932[36]
* Lawrence C. Marshall, 1948[40]

## See also

[edit]

* Gallatin Bank Building
* Morris Abraham Schapiro

## References

[edit]

Notes

1. ^ During the 1928 affiliation announcement, The New York Times noted that J. Stewart Baker's great-grandfather was one of the original stockholders of the Manhattan Company in 1799; similarly, the Warburg family banking firm of M. M. Warburg & Co. (the most closely affiliated to International Acceptance), had been founded by Paul Warburg's great-grandfather in Hamburg in 1798, a year before the Manhattan Company.[31]
2. ^ In March 1929 in Paul Warburg's annual report to shareholders of the International Acceptance Bank, he stated that in the seven and a half years of its existence, the bank, with capital funds originally paid in of $10,250,000 (that had recently been increased to $12,500,000), aside from dividends paid, had added approximately $9,000,000 to surplus and hidden reserves.[32]
3. ^ The stock of the Manhattan Company was split five-for-one, and the par value of the shares changed from $100 to $20. Five of the new $20 par value shares were issued for each of the old $100 par value shares. The outstanding capital was increased to $26,000,000 by an offering of one new share at $120 for each six of the new shares held, and the remaining $14,000,000 of the authorized new capitalization was held in the treasury against further expansion.[34]

Sources

1. ^ a b Schulz, Bill (July 29, 2016). "Hamilton, Burr and the Great Waterworks Ruse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
2. ^ a b c d e f "STEPHEN BAKER, 87, NOTED BANKER, DIES; Bank of the Manhattan Co. Head Many YearsuBecame . Its President at Age of 34". The New York Times. January 1, 1947. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
3. ^ a b Chernow, Ron (2005). Alexander Hamilton. Penguin. pp. 587–588\. ISBN 978-1-101-20085-8. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
4. ^ Newman, Andy (April 18, 2013). "Early Water Delivery System in the City Cut Corners and Trees". The New York Times.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lamb, Martha Joanna (1883). Wall Street in History. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 83\. ISBN 978-1-59605-087-7. Retrieved August 27, 2020. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
6. ^ John Kendrick Bangs. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol XCVIII No.DLXIII, December 1898, p971 et seq. "A Historic Institution: The Manhattan Company", p
7. ^ Homans, J. Smith Jr. (1862). The Bankers Magazine and Statistical Register, Volume 16. New-York: Wm. Crosby. p. 675. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
8. ^ Dwight, Benjamin Woodbridge (1874). The History of the Descendants of John Dwight, of Dedham, Mass. J. F. Trow & son, printers and bookbinders. p. 1067. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
9. ^ Hughes, Thomas Patrick; Munsell, Frank (1888). American Ancestry: Giving Name and Descent, in the Male Line, of Americans Whose Ancestors Settled in the United States Previous to the Declaration of Independence, A. Munsell. p. 61. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
10. ^ Smith, Matthew Hale (1871). Twenty Years Among the Bulls and Bears of Wall Street. American Book Company. p. 503. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
11. ^ a b "Death of an Old Banker; Sketch of James M. Morrison, of the Bank of the Manhattan Company". The New York Times. December 20, 1880. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
12. ^ a b "Bank Official Elected". The New York Daily News. October 1, 1879. p. 1. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
13. ^ "OBITUARY: John S. Harberger". The Brooklyn Union. October 9, 1880. p. 4. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
14. ^ "CITY AND SUBURBAN NEWS: NEW-YORK". The New York Times. October 27, 1880. p. 8. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
15. ^ "WALL STREET.DULLNESS ON THE STOCK EXCHANGE". The Brooklyn Union. September 2, 1885. p. 8. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
16. ^ a b "JOHN S. KENNEDY AS PRESIDENT.; Temporarily at the Head of the Bank of the Manhattan Company". The New York Times. August 10, 1893. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
17. ^ "The Chase Manhattan Corporation | American corporation". britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
18. ^ The Commercial and Financial Chronicle. National News Service. 1920. p. 265. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
19. ^ "RAYMOND E. JONES, BANKER 4 DECADES; Vice President of Manhattan Co. 23 Years Dies on Coast Began as Office Boy" (PDF). The New York Times. April 26, 1944. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
20. ^ "Razing Buildings on Wall Street; Ten Tall Office Structures Are Being Torn Down for Two High Banking Edifices". The New York Times. May 12, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
21. ^ "Skyscraper Cost Set at Low of $9,000,000; Minimum Figure Placed in Lease of Bank of Manhattan Site in Wall Street". The New York Times. May 12, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
22. ^ "$12,500,000 Sought for New Skyscraper; Forty Wall Street Corporation Plans Bond Issue for 70 Story Building". The New York Times. January 14, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
23. ^ "Bank of Manhattan Built in Record Time; Structure 927 Feet High, Second Tallest in World, Is Erected in Year of Work". The New York Times. May 6, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
24. ^ a b "STEPHEN BAKER'S SON SUCCEEDS HIM AT BANK; Veteran President of Manhattan Company Becomes Chairman of the Board". The New York Times. December 14, 1927. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
25. ^ "FOUR BANKS VOTE MERGER.; Queens Institutions Ratify Union With Manhattan Company". The New York Times. October 26, 1928. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
26. ^ "ARRANGES TO BUY 4 BANKS IN QUEENS; Bank of Manhattan Company to Abolish Two and Operate Two as Branches. ADDS $10,000,000 TO FUNDS National Institutions in Flushing, Bayside, Whitestone and QueensBellaire Involved". The New York Times. June 9, 1928. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
27. ^ "SALE OF BRONX BANK RUMORED IN WALL ST.; Bank of Manhattan Company Is Reported to Have Acquired Borough Institution". The New York Times. June 10, 1926. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
28. ^ "TWO BANKS IN BRONX; National and Borough Concerns Controlled by Bank of the Manhattan Company". The New York Times. February 12, 1928. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
29. ^ "BANK OF MANHATTAN IN BROOKLYN MERGER; Plans to Absorb First National in Extending Operations in That Borough. WILL EXCHANGE STOCK Deal Will Add $25,000,000 to Old Wall St. Institution's Resources of $365,190,675. NO CHANGE IN PERSONNEL W.S. Irish, Head of Organization to Be Acquired, Will Be Executive Vice President". The New York Times. October 8, 1928. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
30. ^ a b "BANK OF MANHATTAN INCREASES CAPITAL; Stockholders Approve Addition to Acquire Stock of International Acceptance Bank.NEW SECURITIES COMPANYJ.P. Warburg to Head $5,000,000Organisation to Be Owned Entirely by the Bank". The New York Times. March 7, 1929. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
31. ^ a b c "BANK OF MANHATTAN IN $500,000,000 DEAL; 129-Year-Old Institution Will Join With the International Acceptance by Stock Trade. GETS WIDE FOREIGN FIELD Houses to Be Affiliated Long Associated With the Baker and Warburg Families. Basis for Exchange of Stock. BANK OF MANHATTAN IN $500,000,000 DEAL Many Rumors of Mergers. Strong Family Traditions". The New York Times. December 21, 1928. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
32. ^ a b "$700,000,000 UNION OF BANKS EFFECTED; Directorates of International Acceptance and Manhattan Institutions Re-formed. P.M. WARBURG IN NEW POST Elected Associate Chairman of Board--Exchange of Stocks Being Completed". The New York Times. March 8, 1929. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
33. ^ "NEW INVESTMENT COMPANY.; Formed by Bank of Manhattan and International Acceptance Bank". The New York Times. March 11, 1929. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
34. ^ a b "VOTE TO REORGANIZE MANHATTAN COMPANY; Stockholders Approve Change in Capital, Activities and Shares of Corporation". The New York Times. November 7, 1929. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
35. ^ "PAUL M. WARBURG DIES OF PNEUMONIA; Banker, Ex-Member of Reserve Board, Succumbs in 64th Year, Following Stroke. IS MOURNED BY LEADERS Champion of Finance Reforms, He Scored Market 'Orgies' and Politics in Federal System". The New York Times. January 25, 1932. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
36. ^ a b "J.S. BAKER HEAD OF MANHATTAN CO.; As Chairman He Succeeds Late P.M. Warburg, Whose Son Is Made Vice Chairman. NEW POST FOR F.A. GOODHUE President of the Manhattan Trust Heads Board of International Acceptance Bank". The New York Times. February 5, 1932. p. 31. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
37. ^ a b "MANHATTAN CO.TO BE A BANK ONCE MORE; Board Decides to Absorb Allied Institutions or Parcel Them to Share Owners. VOTE, BY HOLDERS NOV. 22 Name Used From 1799 to 1929 to Be Revived -- New Policy Due to Public Opinion. PAR OF STOCK TO BE HALVED Total Capital Funds, $56,816,466. to Remain the Same -- Change in Dividend Rate Unlikely. MANHATTAN CO. TO BE A BANK ONCE MORE". The New York Times. October 20, 1932. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
38. ^ "BANK STATEMENTS; Bank of the Manhattan Company". The New York Times. April 8, 1938. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
39. ^ "New President Is Chosen By Bank of Manhattan". The New York Times. December 15, 1948. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
40. ^ a b "Lawrence Marshall Dies at 68; Former Chase Vice Chairman". The New York Times. November 30, 1972. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
41. ^ "Chase, Manhattan Banks 'Wed' With State's Blessing". The New York Times. April 1, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
42. ^ Hansell, Saul (September 3, 1996). "After Chemical Merger, Chase Promotes Itself as a Nimble Bank Giant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
43. ^ "Fed Approves Chase-J.P. Morgan Merger". Los Angeles Times. December 12, 2000. Retrieved October 30, 2019.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Hunter, Gregory S. The Manhattan Company: Managing a Multi-Unit Corporation in New York, 1799-1842 (Routledge, 2017)
* Hunter, Gregory S. "The Development of Bankers: Career Patterns and Corporate Form at the Manhattan Company, 1799-1842." Business and Economic History (1985): 59-77 online
* Murphy, Brian Phillips. "" A Very Convenient Instrument": The Manhattan Company, Aaron Burr, and the Election of 1800." William and Mary Quarterly 65.2 (2008): 233-266 online
* Murphy, Brian Phillips Building the Empire State: Political Economy in the Early Republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015
* Reubens, Beatrice G. "Burr, Hamilton and the Manhattan Company: Part I: Gaining the Charter." Political Science Quarterly 72.4 (1957): 578-607. online
* Reubens, Beatrice G. "Burr, Hamilton and the Manhattan Company: Part II: Launching a Bank." Political Science Quarterly 73.1 (1958): 100-125 online
* Bank of the Manhattan Company Early New-York & the Bank of the Manhattan Company New York, 1920

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