Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma

Maria Amalia

Maria Amalia, probably by Martin van Meytens; 1760s

Duchess consort of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
Tenure| 19 July 1769 - 9 October 1802

Born| (1746-02-26)26 February 1746
Hofburg, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died| 18 June 1804(1804-06-18) (aged 58)
Prague Castle, Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire
Burial|

St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague

Spouse|

Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma

(m. 1769; died 1802)​

Issue
among others...|

* Carolina Maria, Princess Maximilian of Saxony
* Louis I of Etruria
* Princess Maria Antonia
* Princess Maria Carlotta

| Names

German: Maria Amalia Josepha Johanna Antonia
Italian: Maria Amalia Giuseppa Giovanna Antonia
French: Marie Amélie Josèphe Jeanne Antoinette
House| Habsburg-Lorraine
Father| Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother| Maria Theresa

De facto ruler of Parma from 1771 to 1796

Maria Amalia (Maria Amalia Josepha Johanna Antonia; 26 February 1746 - 18 June 1804) was duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla by marriage to Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma. She was born an archduchess of Austria as the daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. Upon her arrival in the Parma in 1769 until the death of her husband in 1802, she was the de facto ruler of the duchy.[1]

## Early life

[edit]

Maria Amalia, known as Amélie,[2] was born on 26 February 1746,[3] in the Hofburg in Vienna, Austria, as the eighth child of Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg monarchy, and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. She grew up in and near Vienna, in the Hofburg during the winters, and Schönbrunn Palace and Laxenburg castles during the summer.

### Education

[edit]

The sixteen children of Maria Theresa were raised in same-sex groups of two based on age, but as Maria Amalia was born between two boys, she grew up almost as an only child.[3] She was raised to be the ideal consort and taught arts and how to be obedient, dutiful and representative.[4] As a child, she was intelligent, but reserved and stubborn,[5] considered difficult.[6] She showed an interest in hunting early on, and her father took her on his hunting trips from the age of six. She developed a life-long passion for this sport, as well as for nature and animals.[7]

Like her siblings, she was regularly interviewed by their mother, with whom she had a contentious relationship. Of all her daughters, Maria Theresa seems to have had the worst relationship with Maria Amalia.[4] When she debuted as an adult in the society life in Vienna, she was a success because of her beauty.[citation needed] One of her paintings, St. Therese and the child Jesus, still exists today in a private collection.[8]

## Marriage

[edit]

Maria Amalia and her husband, Ferdinand I

By early adulthood, Maria Amalia became a strong, independent young woman who cared little for her mother's personal and political plans.[2] In 1767, she fell in love with Prince Charles of Zweibrücken. He was heir presumptive of the Palatine Zweibrücken, the Electoral Palatinate, and the Electorate of Bavaria, but Maria Theresa and his chancellor, Prince Kaunitz still considered him a bad match and refused his proposal. Maria Amalia protested, but was forced to accept her fate.[9]

During this time, there were already negotiations with King Charles III of Spain, about Maria Amalia's marriage to the king's cousin, Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma. The empress hoped to strengthen her Italian influence by this union.[10][6] The marriage was supported by Maria Amalia's eldest brother, the future Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor,[citation needed] whose first, beloved wife had been Ferdinand's sister, Princess Isabella of Parma. The marriage was part of a series of unions between daughters of Maria Theresa to members of the House of Bourbon.[6]

Ferdinand was five years younger than Maria Amalia, described as rude, obstinate, and debauched, but also bigoted in his Catholicism. His favourite pastimes were ringing church bells and roasting chestnuts with peasants. When Maria Amalia learned more about her groom, she was devastated. Maria Theresa promised her a splendid dowry and an annuity from the Spanish court, but the bride remained opposed to the match.[11] The wedding, planned for the end of 1768, had to be postponed several times as Pope Clement XIII refused to issue the necessary dispensation because of his disputes with House of Bourbon. When he died in February 1769, his successor, Clement XIV authorised the marriage immediately. The proxy wedding was celebrated in June 1769 in Vienna, and the groom was represented by Maria Amalia's younger brother Ferdinand.[12] The bride appeared tired and stressed during the celebrations, worrying Maria Theresa. Maria Amalia never forgave her mother for forcing her into this marriage.[4]

## Duchess of Parma

[edit]

Arms of Maria Amalia of Austria as Duchess of Parma

Maria Amalia left Austria on 1 July 1769, accompanied by her brother, Joseph II, and married Ferdinand on 19 July, at the Ducal Palace of Colorno. She was instructed by her mother to be submissive, obedient, adapt to local customs, and never interfere with politics.

The Duchy of Parma was ruled more or less as a French puppet state by Minister Guillaume du Tillot.[4] Du Tillot kept Ferdinand out of politics, and was favored by his maternal grandfather, Louis XV of France. A letter of Louis XV to his grandson from May 1769 attests to this, counseling his grandson not to despise the minister who served his parents well, as there was no one to replace him. Maria Amalia's marriage had been arranged by Austria and Spain to end the pro-French policy in Parma and replace it with an Austrian and Spanish one. Upon her arrival, Maria Amalia was expected to submit to the wishes of du Tillot, who regarded her with suspicion, immediately causing conflict.[4]

Maria Amalia as duchess of Parma on a portrait by Alexander Roslin

In 1771, two years after her arrival in Parma, Maria Amalia secured the dismissal of du Tillot and replaced him with the Spaniard Jose del Llano, was highly recommended by the paternal uncle of Ferdinand, Charles III of Spain.[4][6] In 1772, Maria Amalia fired del Llano and replaced him with an Italian prime minister and a cabinet of native Parmesans loyal to her rather than to a foreign ruler.[4] This way, she secured that Parma would not become a Spanish puppet state. Duke Ferdinand, happy to spend his life with religious observance and raising his children, left the affairs of state entirely to his wife. After the cabinet change, Maria Amalia was therefore the de facto ruler of Parma.[4]

In 1773, her mother Empress Maria Theresa tasked Count Franz Xaver Wolfgang of Orsini-Rosenberg (1723-1796), her ambassador to Parma to act as Maria Amalia's adviser. Maria Amalia, however, told Rosenberg that she no longer wished to receive letters from Vienna or from Madrid. After this, the diplomatic ties with Austria and Spain were cut.[4][6]

As the ruler of Parma, Maria Amalia was referred to by the public as La Mata or La Signora, 'The Lady'.[13] She defended the independence of the Duchy of Parma, strengthened its sense of nationality, supported art, culture, and literature, working efficiently with her ministerial cabinet.[4] Ferdinand did not have political influence, and she openly changed and contradicted his orders and had him sign state documents for her, including her name in his orders as if they were co-rulers.[4]

Maria Amalia as Diana on Carlo Angelo dal Verme's portrait, currently displayed at the Galleria nazionale di Parma

From the beginning, Maria Amalia caused a scandal with her personal lifestyle.[4] She made no effort to conceal her displeasure with her husband or her new circumstances. She used the funds from her mother for her wardrobe, a grand court and parties; she replaced most of her ladies-in-waiting with an entourage of handsome men from the royal guards, cross-dressed as male,[4] spent her nights unaccompanied and incognito on the streets, gambled in the officers' club and, while Ferdinand took mistresses from the peasantry, she enjoyed affairs with members of his guard.[4] All of this became a worry for her mother as she feared that she would stain the reputation of her sisters, especially that of the youngest, Maria Antonia, whom Maria Theresa wanted to marry to the dauphin of France.[4]

Maria Amalia never established a good relationship with her husband, but they were both described as loving parents. She was greatly disliked by the Parmesan nobility, who described her as a shameful Messalina[4] and blamed her for living a life of imperial luxury in such a small state. In turn, she considered them mostly useless and not beneficial to the interests of Parma.[4] She was, however, popular among the public for her generosity toward the poor; at her famous gala parties in Colorno, she had tables set up for both noble and poor guests who enjoyed the same meals.[4]

Maria Amalia's children in 1779 on a painting by Johan Zoffany, commissioned by Maria Theresa

Maria Amalia would remain largely estranged from her mother, except for a brief reconciliation in 1773 when her first son was born, despite her mother's repeated efforts at reconciliation. The duchess resisted her mother's efforts to control her from afar. When her sister Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen, and her husband, Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen, visited her in Parma in 1776, after several years of not seeing each other, Prince Albert wrote in his journal the following about Maria Amalia: "The Infanta was so changed that I did not recognize her. No trace remained of that splendor, that beauty that was once admired in her; her beautiful waist had disappeared, and her dress and gait contributed even more to disfiguring her."[14] Maria Amalia was in touch with her youngers sisters Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, and Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen of Naples and Sicily, for most of their married lives. The three sisters exchanged letters, portraits and gifts; one of Marie Antoinette's last letters during her imprisonment was written to Maria Amalia. However, her conflicts with their mother put a strain on her relationship with her siblings.[4]

In 1778, her eldest son, Prince Louis injured himself when banging his head into a marble table while playing with his sister. He recovered from a serious concussion, but after this, he suffered from epileptic seizures and was often confused.[4] This crisis contributed to an improvement in the relationship between Maria Amalia and Ferdinand. During the 1780s, Ferdinand was also more interested in state affairs, and the welfare of Parma became another common interest which made their relationship more cordial.

## Later life

[edit]

Maria Amalia on a portrait by Domenico Muzzi, currently displayed at the Galleria nazionale di Parma

In May 1796, during the French invasion of Italy under Napoleon Bonaparte, the Duchy of Parma was invaded by French troops. Maria Amalia detested the French after the execution of her sister Marie Antoinette,[a] but Ferdinand was ambivalent on account of being half French. Owing to ties with France's ally Spain, Napoleon offered to refrain from conquering the duchy if they agreed to let troops pass. After receiving no reply, he offered Ferdinand the island of Sardinia (which he did not control) in exchange for Parma. When he refused, Napoleon had French troops occupy Parma under General Jean-Baptiste Cervoni and forced Ferdinand to agree to the terms dictated by the French.[4] Though Ferdinand and Maria Amalia were allowed to keep their titles, they were placed under French guard, and the duchy was ruled by French representatives and used for taxes to finance the French army.[4]

Under the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801, the Duchy of Parma was annexed to a newly founded French puppet state, the Kingdom of Etruria, which was granted to the son of Amalia, married to an infanta of Spain, daughter of Napoleon's ally. Both Ferdinand and Maria Amalia opposed the treaty, and an agreement was reached that the duchy would not be occupied until Ferdinand's death.[4] The new French governor of Parma, Jean-Andoche Junot, placed them under house arrest, and Maria Amalia reportedly feared for her husband's life.[4]

On 9 October 1802, Maria Amalia was appointed head of a regency council set up by the dying Ferdinand. Her official reign lasted only for a short time. On 22 October 1802, the French annexed the duchy and expelled her from Parma. Ferdinand was thought to have been poisoned; there were rumors claiming that Maria Amalia poisoned him to win back her former power, but also that he had been poisoned by the spies of Napoleon.[4]

## Widowhood and death

[edit]

Maria Amalia participated in the funeral procession of her husband alongside their daughters. She was given permission by her nephew, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, to live in Prague Castle with her two youngest daughters, Maria Antonia and Maria Carlotta and a small retinue of servants. In Prague Castle, she suffered from depression, never recovering from the execution of her sister Marie Antoinette who she mourned for the rest of her life, and her two oldest children, Carolina and Louis, died before her, which worsened her depressive state. She died there in 1804 from breast cancer after a series of colds, and her sisters Maria Elisabeth and Maria Carolina went to say goodbye to her, but couldn't come in time before her death. Her body was interred at the royal crypt of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague (the last royal funeral there), and her heart was taken to Vienna and placed inside urn number thirty-three in her family's Herzgruft Herzgruft, 'Heart Crypt'.

## Issue

[edit]

Maria Amalia and her husband Ferdinand had nine children:[15]

Children of Maria Amalia of Austria by Ferdinand of Parma

Name | Picture | Birth | Death | Notes
Carolina Maria Teresa Giuseppa Giovanna |  | Ducal Palace of Colorno, 22 November 1770 | Dresden Castle, 1 March 1804  | She married in 1792 Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, they had eight children.[15][16]
Ludovico Filiberto Francesco |  | Ducal Palace of Colorno, 5 July 1773 | Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 27 May 1803  | Prince of Piacenza and the first King of Etruria. He married in 1795 Princess Marie Louise of Spain, they had two children.[16]
Maria Antonia Giuseppa Walburga Anna Luisa Teresa Vicenza Margherita Caterina |  | Ducal Palace of Colorno, 28 November 1774 | Convent of Sant'Agata in Trastevere, Rome, 20 February 1841  | She was engaged to a Prince of the House of Savoy but he died[17] and became an Ursuline nun in 1803 with the name of Sister Luisa Maria.[17]
Maria Carlotta Ferdinanda Teresa Anna Giuseppa Giovanna Luisa Vincenza Rosalia |  | Palazzo del Giardino, 1 September 1777 | Convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto, Rome 6 April 1813  | She became a Dominican nun in 1797 with the name of Sister Giacinta Domenica.[16][18]
Filippo Maria Giuseppe Leopoldo Francesco  |  | Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 22 March 1783 | Ducal Palace of Colorno, 2 July 1786  | Principe of Guastalla, died at the age of three years due to scurvy.[16][4]
Maria Antonietta Luisa Teresa  |  | Ducal Palace of Colorno, 21 October 1784 | Ducal Palace of Colorno, 22 October 1785  | Died at the age of one year due to smallpox.[16][15][citation needed]
Maria Luisa Teresa Isabella Antonietta  |  | Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 17 April 1787 | Palazzo del Giardino, 22 November 1789  | Died at the age of two due to pleurisy.[16][4]
Son  |  | 21 May 1789 | 21 May 1789  | Stillborn.[16]
Daughter  |  | 21 May 1789 | 21 May 1789  | Twin of the above, stillborn.[16]

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma[19]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine|

|  |  |
| 9\. Eleanor of Austria

| 2\. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

| 5\. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans|

|  |  |
| 11\. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate

| 1\. Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

| 6\. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|

|  |  |
| 13\. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg

| 3\. Maria Theresa of Austria|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

| 7\. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick|

|  |  |
| 15\. Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ At the news of the execution of her sister, Maria Amalia fell unconscious;[4] her daughter Carolina later wrote:

> "At the news of the death of her beloved sister, my very good aunt, my mother laughed at first, then began to cry, screamed that whoever killed her sister, a good and sensitive person, would have been burned alive. Then her face turned pale and her thin body fell to the ground. That was the only time I saw my mother lose control."

Maria Amalia never fully recovered from the death of her sister Marie Antoinette and afterwards was in mourning throughout her life. In her remaining years of life she showed signs of depression several times,[4] a trait whom she transmitted to some of her children.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Guido Carrai; "Maria Amalia duchessa di Parma e Piacenza (1746-1804)"; 2019; pag. 33
2. ^ a b Weissensteiner 1995, p. 122.
3. ^ a b Weissensteiner 1995, p. 120.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Vovk, Justin C. (2010). In Destiny's Hands: Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4502-0081-3.
5. ^ Weissensteiner 1995, p. 121.
6. ^ a b c d e Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr von (1990). Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 16\. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. 194.
7. ^ Weissensteiner 1995, pp. 121–122.
8. ^ "Hl. Theresia von Jesus (von Avila)". Artnet.com.
9. ^ Weissensteiner 1995, pp. 123–124.
10. ^ Weissensteiner 1995, p. 124.
11. ^ Weissensteiner 1995, p. 127.
12. ^ Weissensteiner 1995, pp. 127–128.
13. ^ Timms, Elizabeth Jane (27 May 2018). "Maria Amalia of Austria, Duchess of Parma in Prague". Prague Post. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
14. ^ Wolf 1863, pp. 125–126.
15. ^ a b c Carrai, Guido (2018). Maria Amalia, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza 1746-1804. Eleutheria. ISBN 978-80-270-3974-6.
16. ^ a b c d e f g h Stanga, Idelfonso (1932). Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804.
17. ^ a b Botti, Ferruccio. La Principessa Maria Antonia di Borbone suora orsolina.
18. ^ Spiazzi, Raimondo (1993). Cronache e fioretti del monastero di San Sisto all'Appia.
19. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 1.

* M. Mafrici (2008). "MARIA AMALIA d'Asburgo Lorena, duchessa di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 70: Marcora–Marsilio (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 221–223. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
* Weissensteiner, Frederich (1995). "Mária Amália. Mária Terézia Hamupipőkéje" [Maria Amalia. The Cinderella of Maria Theresa]. Mária Terézia leányai [The Daughters of Maria Theresa] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub. pp. 119–144. ISBN 963-654-029-2.
* Wolf, Adam (1863). Marie Christine, Erzherzogin von Oesterreich [Marie Christine, Archduchess of Austria] (in German). Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn.
* Constantin von Wurzbach: "Habsburg, Maria Amalia (Herzogin von Parma)." In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (Biographical Lexicon of the Empire of Austria). Part 7 Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1861, p. 23 (digitalised).

## External links

[edit]

Media related to Maria Amalia of Austria at Wikimedia Commons

Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine

Born: 26 February 1746 Died: 18 June 1804

Royal titles
Preceded by

Princess Louise Élisabeth of France

|  Duchess consort of Parma
19 July 1769 - 9 October 1802  | Succeeded by

Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archduchesses by descent

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

1st generation|

* Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria

2nd generation|

* Margaret, Duchess of Savoy

3rd generation|

* Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France*
* Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway*
* Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia*
* Catherine, Queen of Portugal*

4th generation|

* Maria, Holy Roman Empress*
* Joanna, Princess of Portugal*
* Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
* Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
* Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
* Magdalena
* Catherine, Queen of Poland
* Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
* Margaret
* Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
* Helena
* Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

5th generation|

* Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands**
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy**
* Anna, Queen of Spain
* Elisabeth, Queen of France
* Margaret (1567–1633)
* Maria (1584–1649)
* Anna, Holy Roman Empress
* Anna, Queen of Poland
* Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
* Catherine Renata
* Gregoria Maximiliana
* Eleanor (1582–1620)
* Margaret, Queen of Spain
* Constance, Queen of Poland
* Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

6th generation|

* Anna, Queen of France**
* María**
* Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress**
* Margarita**
* Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
* Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
* Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
* Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress

7th generation|

* Maria Theresa, Queen of France**
* Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress*
* Maria Anna, Queen of Spain
* Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine
* Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
* Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress

8th generation|

* Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
* Maria Elisabeth
* Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
* Maria Theresa
* Maria Josepha
* Maria Magdalena

9th generation|

* Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
* Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
* Maria Theresa
* Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine

10th generation|

* Maria Elisabeth^
* Maria Anna^
* Maria Carolina^
* Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen^
* Maria Elisabeth^
* Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma^
* Johanna^
* Maria Josepha^
* Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples^
* Maria Antonia, Queen of France^

11th generation|

* Maria Theresa
* Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony^
* Maria Anna^
* Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria^
* Maria Amalia^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia#
* Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria#
* Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria#

12th generation|

* Marie Louise, Empress of the French
* Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
* Clementina, Princess of Salerno
* Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
* Maria Anna
* Maria Luisa^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
* Maria Caroline
* Hermine
* Elisabeth Franziska
* Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
* Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
* Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord#
* Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón#

13th generation|

* Maria Anna
* Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria^
* Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani^
* Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen^
* Mathilda
* Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
* Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
* Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria#

14th generation|

* Sophie
* Princess Gisela of Bavaria
* Marie Valerie
* Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg
* Maria Annunciata
* Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
* Maria Antonietta^
* Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony^
* Maria Theresa^
* Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^
* Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
* Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
* Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
* Princess Isabella of Bavaria
* Eleonora
* Renata, Princess Radziwill
* Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski

15th generation|

* Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
* Helena, Duchess of Württemberg^
* Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg^
* Dolores^
* Maria Inmaculata^
* Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio^
* Princess Maria Antonia^
* Assunta^
* Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil^
* Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg^
* Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
* Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg

16th generation|

* Adelheid
* Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
* Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein

17th generation|

* Gabriela
* Walburga, Countess Douglas
* Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine
* Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz

18th generation|

* Eleonore

* * also an infanta of Spain
* ** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
* ^ also a princess of Tuscany
* # also a princess of Modena

* v
* t
* e

Tuscan princesses by birth

1st generation|

* Princess Maria
* Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano
* Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara
* Virginia, Duchess of Modena^

2nd generation|

* Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua
* Princess Anna
* Marie, Queen of France
* Princess Maria Maddalena
* Claudia, Archduchess of Further Austria

3rd generation|

* Princess Maria Cristina
* Margherita, Duchess of Parma
* Anna, Archduchess of Further Austria
* Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat

4th generation|

* none

5th generation|

* Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine

6th generation|

* none

7th generation|

* Princess Maria Anna*
* Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen*
* Princess Maria Elisabeth*
* Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma*
* Princess Maria Johanna Gabriela*
* Princess Maria Josepha*
* Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily*
* Maria Antonia, Queen of France*

8th generation|

* Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony*
* Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria*

9th generation|

* Princess Maria Luisa*
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia*

10th generation|

* Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria*
* Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani*
* Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen*

11th generation|

* Princess Maria Antonietta*
* Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony*
* Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria*
* Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha*

12th generation|

* Helena, Duchess Philipp of Württemberg*
* Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg*
* Princess Dolores*
* Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri*
* Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio*
* Princess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis Pérez*

* also an archduchess of Austria
^did not have a royal or noble birth

* v
* t
* e

Infantas of Spain by marriage

Generations start with the daughters-in-law of Charles I of Spain

1st generation|

* Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal
* Mary I of England

2nd generation|

* None

3rd generation|

* Elisabeth of France

4th generation|

* None

5th generation|

* None

6th generation|

* None

7th generation|

* Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
* Infanta Barbara of Portugal
* Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
* Princess Louise Élisabeth of France

8th generation|

* Princess Maria Luisa of Parma
* Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal
* Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain*
* Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria

9th generation|

* Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily
* Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal
* Infanta Maria Teresa of Portugal, Princess of Beira
* Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily

10th generation|

* Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies
* Isabella II of Spain*
* Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain*
* Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy

11th generation|

* Infanta Eulalia of Spain*
* Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma
* Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois
* Princess Berthe de Rohan
* Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal

12th generation|

* Princess Louise of Orléans
* Infanta María Teresa of Spain*
* Maria Luisa de Silva y Fernández de Henestrosa
* Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal

13th generation|

* Princess Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma

14th generation|

* Princess Sofía of Greece and Denmark

Since 1987, the spouses of infantes are no longer infantas.

* *also an Infanta in her own right

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Duchesses of Parma

* Gerolama Orsini (1545–1547)
* Margaret of Austria (1547–1586)
* Margherita Aldobrandini (1600–1620)
* Margherita de' Medici (1628–1646)
* Princess Margherita Violante of Savoy (1660–1663)
* Isabella d'Este (1664–1666)
* Maria d'Este (1668–1686)
* Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (1695–1727)
* Enrichetta d'Este (1727–1731)
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1735–1740)
* Louise Élisabeth of France (1748–1759)
* Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1769–1802)
* Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy (1847–1849)
* Princess Louise of Artois (1849–1854)
* Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies* (1869–1882)
* Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal* (1884–1907)
* Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset* (1974–1977)
* Princess Irene of the Netherlands* (1977–1981)
* Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel* (2010–)

* denotes titular Duchess

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Czech Republic
* Sweden
* Poland
* Belgium

People|

* Italian People
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* RISM

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