Marian apparition

Supernatural appearance by Mary, mother of Jesus

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Mariology
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Immaculate Conception by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (c. 1675)

Overview

* Prayers
* Antiphons
* Titles
* Hymns to Mary
* Devotional practices
* Saints
* Societies
* Consecrations and entrustments
* Veneration

Titles of Mary

* Theotokos (Mother of God)
* Mediatrix
* Mother of the Church
* Our Lady of Good Counsel
* Our Lady of Mount Carmel
* Our Lady of Peace
* Our Lady of Sorrows
* Our Lady of Victory
* Our Lady, Star of the Sea
* Queen of Heaven
* Queen of Poland
* Refugium Peccatorum (Refuge of Sinners)
* Untier of Knots
* Virgin of Mercy

Prayers and hymns

* Angelus
* Fátima prayers
* Flos Carmeli
* Hail Mary
* Hail Mary of Gold
* Immaculata prayer
* Magnificat
* Mary, Mother of Grace
* Memorare
* Sub tuum praesidium

* Marian hymns

Devotional practices

* Acts of Reparation
* Consecration to Mary
* First Saturdays
* Rosary
* Seven Joys of the Virgin
* Seven Sorrows of Mary
* Three Hail Marys

Movements and societies

* Sodality of Our Lady
* Congregation of Marian Fathers
* Company of Mary (Montfort)
* Marianists (Society of Mary)
* Marist Fathers
* Marist Brothers
* Schoenstatt Movement
* Legion of Mary
* World Apostolate of Fátima (Blue Army)
* Mariological Society
* Our Lady's Rosary Makers
* Marian Movement of Priests
* Fatima Family Apostolate
* Queen of Angels Foundation

Apparitions

Approved, with widespread liturgical
veneration endorsed by the Holy See:

* Fátima
* Three Secrets of Fátima
* Guadalupe
* Knock
* La Salette
* Lourdes
* Miraculous Medal
* Walsingham
* Dowry of Mary

Key Marian feast days

* Mother of God (1 January)
* Candlemas (2 February)
* Annunciation (25 March)
* Assumption (15 August)
* Nativity (8 September)
* Holy Name (12 September)
* Presentation (21 November)
* Immaculate Conception (8 December)

Catholic Church portal

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A Marian apparition is a reported supernatural appearance of Mary, the mother of Jesus. While sometimes described as a type of vision, apparitions are generally regarded as external manifestations, whereas visions are more often understood as internal, spiritual experiences. Throughout history, both Marian apparitions and visions have been associated with religious messages, devotional practices, and pilgrimage traditions.

In the Catholic Church, for a reported appearance to be classified as a Marian apparition, the person or persons who claim to see Mary (the "seers") must claim that they see her visually located in their environment.[1] If the person claims to hear Mary but not see her, this is known as an interior locution, not an apparition. Also excluded from the category of apparitions are dreams, visions experienced in the imagination, the claimed perception of Mary in ordinarily-explainable natural phenomena, and miracles associated with Marian artwork, such as weeping statues.

Believers consider such apparitions to be real and objective interventions of divine power, rather than subjective experiences generated by the perceiving individuals, even in cases where the apparition is reportedly seen by only some, not all, of the people present at the event's location.

Marian apparitions are considered by believers to be expressions of Mary's ongoing motherly care for the church. The understood purpose of each apparition is to draw attention to some aspect of the Christian message, given the needs of a particular time and place. Apparitions are often accompanied by other alleged supernatural phenomena, such as medical cures. However, such miraculous events are not considered the purpose of Marian apparitions, but are alleged to exist primarily to validate and draw attention to the message.[2]

## Examples

[edit]

Main article: List of Marian apparitions

The Marian Vision of Saint Bernard, by Fra Bartolommeo, c. 1504. Uffizi, Florence

Some Marian apparitions are associated with one or more titles given to Mary, often based on the location of the apparition, such as Our Lady of Pontmain in Pontmain, France (1871). Others use a title that Mary purportedly applies to herself during the alleged apparition, as in the case of the disputed apparition entitled The Lady of All Nations (Netherlands, 1945..1959).

Some Marian apparitions have only one purported seer, such as that of Our Lady of Lourdes (France, 1858). Other apparitions have multiple seers; in the case of Our Lady of Fátima (1917), there were only three seers of the apparition itself, but miraculous phenomena were reported by a crowd of approximately 70,000 people, and even by others located miles away.[3] In other cases, the entirety of a large group of people claims to see Mary, as in the case of Our Lady of La Vang (Vietnam, c. 1800). Some modern mass apparitions, claimed to have been witnessed by hundreds of thousands, such as Our Lady of Zeitoun (Egypt, 1968~1971).[4]

Most alleged apparitions involve the verbal communication of messages, but others are silent, such as the apparition of Our Lady of Knock (Ireland, 1879).

Our Lady of Guadalupe is widely considered integral to the cultural identity of Mexico and Latin American culture. Statue of Our Lady of La Salette, an 1846 apparition reported to have occurred in France

Some apparitions are one-time events, such as Our Lady of La Salette (France, 1846). Others recur over an extended period, such as Our Lady of Laus (France, 17th/18th centuries), whose seer claimed 54 years of appearances. Public, serial apparitions (in which a seer not only says that they have experienced a vision, but that they expect it will reoccur, causing people to gather to observe) appear to be a relatively recent phenomenon; up until about the seventeenth century, most reported apparitions happened when the individual was alone, or at least no one else was aware of its occurrence.[5]

Physical contact is hardly ever reported as part of Marian apparitions. In rare cases, a physical artifact is reportedly left behind, such as the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico, 1531), which is said to have been miraculously imprinted on the cloak of Juan Diego.

## Assessment by the Catholic Church

[edit]

Jetzer being tricked. Jetzer was a Dominican friar in Bern, and some of his brothers tricked him into thinking he was receiving a revelation from the Virgin Mary. Eventually, he realized the truth. As punishment for this scandal, four Dominicans were burned at the stake by order of Pope Julius II with an audience of 30,000 people on May 1, 1509.[6]

The Catholic Church believes that supernatural Marian apparitions can occur, but also believes that many claimed apparitions are fabricated by the seer or the result of something other than divine intervention. For this reason, the Catholic Church has a formal evaluation process established for assessing claimed apparitions.

In 1978, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith promulgated investigation guidelines in a document entitled "Norms of the Congregation for Proceeding in Judging Alleged Apparitions and Revelations", better known as Normae Congregationis, a shortening of its Latin title.[7]

The 1978 norms were superseded by new guidelines issued by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith in May 2024. Investigations into alleged apparitions still ordinarily fall first within the jurisdiction of the local ordinary (i.e. diocesan bishop). The document recommends incidents of phenomena should be carefully assessed, to make sure that they are not fraudulent or for monetary gain.[8]

"Six possible conclusions that can be reached when discerning a possible supernatural phenomenon, ranging from a declaration that an event is not of supernatural origin to authorizing and promoting piety and devotion associated with a phenomenon without affirming its divine nature."[9] The bishop is to submit his findings to the Dicastery for review before publishing them.

Occasionally, an ecclesial authority will decide not to investigate the veracity of an apparition in itself but will permit religious practices related to it. Pope Leo XIII, for example, authorized the use of a scapular described in the messages of Our Lady of Pellevoisin (France, 1876),[10] but did not pass judgment on the supernatural character of the apparition itself.[11]

Under the new norms, a bishop or national conference will not make a declaration that these phenomena are of supernatural origin, but indicate by a "nihil obstat" (meaning "no objection") that they find no problematic elements with a reported phenomenon.[9] Even if a Catholic bishop sees no objection, belief in the apparition is never required of the Catholic faithful.[12][13] The Catholic faith is based on so-called Public Revelation, which ended with the death of the last living Apostle. A Marian apparition, however, is considered private revelation, which may emphasize some facet of the received public revelation for a specific purpose but can never add anything new to the deposit of faith.[14]

In Marpingen, Germany, Our Lady is said to have appeared several times to three groups of visionaries: in 1876–1877, then in 1934–1936, and in 1999. The investigation performed by the Bishop of Trier after the last apparition concluded in 2005 that "the events in Marpingen cannot be confirmed as being of supernatural origin".[15]

In the Catholic Church, approval of a Marian apparition is relatively rare. The majority of investigated apparitions are rejected as fraudulent or otherwise false.[16] Recently rejected apparition claims include those of "Our Lady of Surbiton", denounced as fraudulent in 2007,[17] and those associated with Holy Love Ministries in Elyria, Ohio, condemned in 2009.[18] Some whose apparition claims are rejected have seceded from the Catholic Church as a result and initiated new groups, as in the case of the Mariavite Church, the Palmarian Catholic Church, and the Fraternité Notre-Dame.

## Cultural impact

[edit]

See also: Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church

Part of a series of articles on

Mother of Jesus
Chronology

* Presentation of Mary
* Annunciation

* Visitation
* Marriage
* Joseph

* Virgin birth
* Nativity
* Holy Family

* Presentation of Jesus at the Temple

* Flight into Egypt

* Finding in the Temple
* Cana

* Crucifixion
* Resurrection

* Pentecost

Marian perspectives

* Catholic
* Eastern Orthodox

* Protestant
* Anglican
* Lutheran

* Ecumenical
* Latter Day Saint
* Islamic

Catholic Mariology

* Mariology
* History of Mariology

* Papal teachings
* Saints

Marian dogmas

* Immaculate Conception

* Theotokos (Mother of God)

* Assumption

* Perpetual virginity

Mary in culture

* Apparitions
* Art
* Feast days
* Hymns
* Music
* Shrines
* Titles

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In many cases, apparition seers report a request from Mary for the construction of a shrine on the place of the apparition. Such Marian shrines often become popular sites of Christian pilgrimage. The most-visited Marian shrine in the world is the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City, which draws 10 million pilgrims each year.[19] Other popular apparition-related Marian pilgrimage sites include the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima in Portugal (6–8 million per year[20][21]) and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in France (1.5 million annually).[22]

"When Marian apparitions occur, Mary addresses those who see her in their native language, and often promulgates a particular image of herself that incorporates elements of the local culture."[23] Apparitions can become a part of national identity, as Our Lady of Guadalupe is for the majority-Catholic population of Mexico. She's been depicted in telenovelas (soap operas), and her image is commonly seen on objects such as magnets and t-shirts in Mexico. Mexican immigrants to the United States have also brought these cultural elements with them, and she’s prominently featured in murals and other works of art in cities with a large Mexican population across the US, such as San Antonio, Texas, and Los Angeles, California.[24] Our Lady of Knock is the most common depiction of Mary in Ireland.

Apparitions often result in the establishment of Marian confraternities, movements, and societies that seek to heed and spread the messages of a particular apparition, such as the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima.

Occasionally, apparitions will introduce prayers that become incorporated into widespread Catholic practice, as for the case of the Fátima prayers, or the legendary revelation of the Rosary to Saint Dominic.

## Political impact

[edit]

Marian apparitions have held significant importance during wartime and periods of political change.

In Italy, Mary would become both an important religious figure and her image would be used by the church and political parties. In 1848, the first elections were held for the parliament of the Italian Republic following the Revolutions of 1848 in Italy. This election was between the Christian Democrats and the Popular Front. The Christian Democrats, with the support of Pope Pius XII, portrayed the election as voting for Christ or against Christ to maintain power. During this era, there was an increased number of Marian Apparitions occurring throughout France, such as viewers seeing her appear atop a church. While some leftists claimed these were orchestrated by the church, they would ultimately sway the public towards reinstating the Christian Democrats. [25]

In Eastern Europe, conflicts between the Ukrainian government and those that identified as Transcarpathian arose in the Carpathian Mountains in the Western Ukraine region. Dzhublyk has been the site of various Marian apparitions. Halemba argues that Marian apparitions commonly become resources to challenge and restructure existing social and political structures. At Dzhublyk, during one of the first Marian apparitions the viewer claimed that Mary said her mission was to reinstate the church’s power and unite the people with each other within the church. The visionaries, Marianka and Olenka who saw the Marian Apparition at Dzhublyk, would communicate Mary’s wishes to the priest managers, who would then share the message for them. Dzhublyk, like the site of other Marian apparitions, became a booming pilgrimage site and a church was constructed in her honor. The town has seen significant economic growth since the first sightings in 2002.[26]

Between 1937 and 1940, a group of young girls in Heede, Germany reported seeing Marian apparitions over 100 times in total, during which she warned against secularization. Conflicts between German citizens, church officials, and the government began to rise. Mystics like Therese Neumann who claimed to have Marian apparitions were at risk of excommunication and legal prosecution. The Nazi regime viewed Catholicism as a deviation from their authority and persecuted and killed various German priests and nuns, particularly those that resisted against Nazi control. Marian apparitions also increased significantly following World War II, with up to 14 apparitions being reported each year between 1945 and 1954. Following the downfall of Nazism, apparitions in Heroldsbach and Fehrbach became common. In 1950, during a Marian apparition, the viewers claimed that disobeying her wishes would lead to Russia invading Germany and bringing "starvation with them".[27]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Zimdars-Swartz, Sandra L. (2014). Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje. Princeton University Press. p. 4\. ISBN 978-1400861637. "An apparition is best understood as a specific kind of vision in which a person or being not normally within the visionary's perceptual range appears to that person, not in a world apart as in a dream, and not as a modification of a concrete object as in the case of a weeping icon or moving statue, but as part of the environment, without apparent connection to verifiable visual stimuli."
2. ^ Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co. New York. 1985, Imprimatur, pp. 25–26 ISBN 978-0-89942-367-8
3. ^ Arcement, Katherine (October 13, 2017). "Our Lady of Fatima: The Virgin Mary promised three kids a miracle that 70,000 gathered to see". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
4. ^ Kosloski, Philip (May 5, 2019). "This Marian apparition in Egypt was witnessed by at least 250,000 people". Aletia. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
5. ^ Zimdars-Swartz, Sandra L. (2014). Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje. Princeton University Press. p. 5\. ISBN 978-1400861637.
6. ^ History of the Great Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in Germany, Jean Henri Merle d'Aubigné, Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1870
7. ^ "Norms Regarding the Manner of Proceeding in the Discernment of Presumed Apparitions or Revelations". Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. February 24, 1978.
8. ^ Lowen, Mark (May 18, 2024). "Vatican tightens rules on supernatural phenomena". BBC News. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
9. ^ a b McLellan, Justin (May 17, 2024). "Vatican publishes new norms to discern alleged supernatural phenomena". Catholic News Service. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
10. ^ Cruz, Joan Carroll (2012). See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady. Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books. pp. 205–211\. ISBN 978-0895558039.
11. ^ "All About Mary: Pellevoisin Apparitions". The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
12. ^ Kosloski, Philip (May 15, 2019). "This map illustrates 500 years of Mary's apparitions". Aleteia. Retrieved October 7, 2019. "Even if the Church recognizes an apparition as worthy of belief, no Catholic is obligated to believe in any private revelation, such as an apparition. The Church simply says that a person can find spiritual aid from an apparition if he or she so chooses."
13. ^ "Private and public revelation". Catholic Culture. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
14. ^ Laurentin, René; Sbalchiero, Patrick (2007). Dictionnaire des «apparitions» de la Vierge Marie (in French). Fayard. p. 12\. ISBN 9-782-21363-1011.
15. ^ Louis, Justine (2008). "La Prudence Comme Mot d'Ordre" (PDF). L'Église catholique face à l'extraordinaire chrétien depuis Vatican II: Mémoire de thèse (PhD) (in French). Lyon: Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3. pp. 150–151\. S2CID 160094467. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
16. ^ "Apparitions Statistics, Modern: University of Dayton, Ohio". udayton.edu. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
17. ^ Petre, Jonathan (September 23, 2007). "Vatican rejects woman's Virgin Mary claim". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
18. ^ Armstrong, Patti (November 20, 2009). "Proclamation on Holy Love Ministries Will Test Hearts and Obedience". Catholic Exchange. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
19. ^ "Shrine Of Guadalupe Most Popular In World", Zenit News, June 13, 1999
20. ^ Neves, Céu (February 19, 2017). "Religião movimenta 330 milhões de turistas por ano e seis milhões vão a Fátima" [Religion moves 330 million tourists a year and six million go to Fátima]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese).
21. ^ "Fátima expects to receive 8 million visitors in 2017", in Sapo20, December 15, 2016.
22. ^ "Fréquentation de Lourdes". www.lourdes-france.org.
23. ^ Dadaglo, Gina. "Marian Apparitions for Catholics Across the World", The Faith & Belief Forum, April 3, 2022
24. ^ Matovina, Timothy (2019). Theologies of Guadelupe: from the era of conquest to Pope Francis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-090276-6.
25. ^ Margry, Peter Jan, ed. (February 3, 2021). Cold War Mary: Ideologies, Politics, and Marian Devotional Culture. Universitaire Pers Leuven. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1595mv2. ISBN 978-94-6166-356-6. JSTOR j.ctv1595mv2.
26. ^ Halemba, Agnieszka E. (2015). Negotiating Marian apparitions: the politics of religion in Transcarpathian Ukraine. Leipzig studies on the history and culture of East-Central Europe. Budapest New York (N.Y.): Central European university press. ISBN 978-615-5053-36-8.
27. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael E. (2018). Disruptive power: Catholic women, miracles, and politics in modern Germany, 1918-1965. German and European studies. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-0343-7. OCLC 1005117701.

## Further reading

[edit]

* McClure, Kevin (1983). The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary. Wellingborough: Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-351-6.
* Laurentin, René (1991) [1990]. The Apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary Today. Dublin: Veritas Publications. ISBN 1853901199.
* Odell, Catherine M. (1995). Those Who Saw Her: Apparitions of Mary. Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 0-87973-664-X. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
* Connell, Janice T. (1996). Meetings with Mary: Visions of The Blessed Mother. United States: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-39705-3.
* Sparrow, G. Scott (2004). Sacred Encounters with Mary. Chicago: Thomas More Association/Ave Maria Press. ISBN 1-59471-047-3.
* Cruz, Joan Carroll (2012). See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady. Charlotte NC: TAN Books. ISBN 978-0895557186.
* Maunder, Chris. Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in 20th-century Catholic Europe, Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN 978-0198718383
* Zimdars-Swartz, Sandra L., Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje, Princeton University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1400861637

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Mary, mother of Jesus

Family|

* Joseph (husband)
* Jesus (son)
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Life|

| Tradition: early life|

* Immaculate Conception
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* Perpetual virginity

|

In the Bible|

* Annunciation
* Virginal motherhood
* Visitation
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Tradition: later life|

* Bilocation to Saint James
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Apocryphal|

* Protoevangelium of James

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Other|

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Titles|

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Prayers|

* Angelus
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* Alma Redemptoris Mater
* Ave Regina caelorum
* Salve Regina
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* Hymns
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Art|

| West|

* Assumption
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|

East|

* Agiosoritissa
* Madonna del Rosario
* Derzhavnaya
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* Theotokos of Smolensk
* Theotokos of Vladimir
* Hodegetria

Related|

* Life of the Virgin
* Saint Luke painting the Virgin

* Category
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Private revelation in the Catholic Church

Revelations|

* Apparitional experience
* Christian mysticism
* Locution
* interior
* Marian apparition
* Religious ecstasy
* Vision (spirituality)
* Visions of Jesus and Mary

Miracles|

| Miraculous events|

* Eucharistic miracle
* Miracle of Lanciano
* Lourdes water
* Miracle of the Sun
* Odour of sanctity
* Tabor Light
* Thaumaturgy
* Weeping statue

|

Extraordinary graces|

* Bilocation
* Charism
* Gift of miracles
* Gifts of healing
* Glossolalia
* Interpretation of tongues
* Prophecy
* Word of Knowledge
* Word of wisdom
* Levitation
* Stigmata

Discernment|

* Documents
* Code of canon law
* Haurietis aquas
* Norms regarding the manner of proceeding in the discernment of presumed apparitions or revelations
* Tribus circiter
* Magisterium
* Rule of Faith
* Sensus fidei
* Theology
* Bridal theology
* Christology
* Mariology
* Mystical theology

Popular piety|

* Acts of reparation
* First Thursdays Devotion
* Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Consecration
* First Saturdays Devotion
* Miraculous Medal
* Seven Dolors
* Pilgrimage
* Rosary
* Rosary of the Holy Wounds
* Sacred Heart
* First Fridays Devotion
* Divine Mercy
* Chaplet of the Divine Mercy
* Eucharistic adoration
* Holy Hour
* Our Lady of Tears
* Saint Michael in the Catholic Church
* Chaplet of Saint Michael
* Prayer to Saint Michael
* Scapular

Shrines|

| Marian shrines|

* Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
* Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar
* Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal
* Knock Shrine
* Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima
* Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes
* Shrine of Our Lady of Champion
* Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva
* Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens
* Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei
* Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás

|

Others|

* Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paray-le-Monial
* Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy
* Sanctuary of Christ the King
* Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
* Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel

* Catholic Church portal

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Our Lady of Fátima

Marian apparitions in Fátima, Portugal, in 1917

Events|

* Guardian Angel of Portugal
* Three Secrets of Fátima
* Miracle of the Sun
* Fátima prayers
* Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Pontevedra apparitions
* First Saturdays Devotion

People|

* Visionaries
* Lúcia dos Santos
* Francisco and Jacinta Marto
* Artur de Oliveira Santos
* Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz
* José Alves Correia da Silva
* José Galamba de Oliveira
* Manuel Nunes Formigão

Related places|

* Aljustrel
* Cova da Iria
* Valinhos
* Sanctuary of Fátima
* Chapel of the Apparitions
* Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary
* Basilica of the Holy Trinity
* Parish Church of Fátima
* Sanctuary of the Apparitions

Books by
Sister Lúcia|

* Fatima in Lucia's Own Words (1976)
* Fatima in Lucia's Own Words II (2000)
* Calls from the Message of Fatima (2005)

Media|

* Avé de Fátima
* The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952 film)
* Fatima (2020 film)
* A Pathway Under the Gaze of Mary: Biography of Sister Maria Lucia of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart

Related|

* Fatima Movement of Priests
* Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima
* Sol de Fátima
* America Needs Fatima
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Message of Fátima Movement
* Wax Museum of Fátima

Catholicism portal

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Our Lady of Lourdes

Marian apparitions in Lourdes, France (1858)

Apparitions|

* Lourdes apparitions
* Lourdes water
* Immaculate Conception

People|

* Bernadette Soubirous
* Dominique Peyramale
* Marie Therese Vauzou

Places|

* Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes
* Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
* Basilica of St. Pius X
* Rosary Basilica
* Lourdes grotto replicas
* Our Lady of Lourdes (Kāpiti Coast)

Related|

* Lourdes Medical Bureau
* Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
* The Song of Bernadette (1941 novel)
* The Song of Bernadette (1943 film)
* "The Village of St. Bernadette" (1959 song)
* Lourdes (2009 film)
* Lourdes Hymn
* Wax Museum of Lourdes

* Catholicism portal

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Our Lady of Guadalupe

Marian apparitions in Villa de Guadalupe (1531)

People|

* Juan Diego
* Juan Bernardino
* Don Juan de Zumárraga

Places|

* Hill of Tepeyac
* El Tepeyac National Park
* Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
* List of churches dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe

Historicity|

* Codex Escalada (1548)
* Stradanus engraving (1615 or 1621)
* Image of the Virgin Mary Mother of God of Guadalupe (1648 book)
* Huei tlamahuiçoltica (1649 tract)
* Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 (1666 testimony)
* Maravilla Americana (1756 book)

Related|

* Miracle of the roses
* Tepeyac (1917 film)
* The Saint Who Forged a Country (1942 film)
* Tonantzin
* Marcos Cipac de Aquino
* Miguel Sánchez

* Catholicism portal

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* United States
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* Israel

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