Mariana of Austria

Queen of Spain from 1649 to 1665

For Maria Anna of Austria (1683–1754), Queen consort of Portugal, see Maria Anna of Austria.

Mariana of Austria

Portrait of Mariana of Austria by Diego Velázquez, 1652–53

Queen consort of Spain
Tenure| 7 October 1649 – 17 September 1665
Queen regent of Spain
Regency| 17 September 1665 – 6 November 1675
Monarch| Charles II

Born| (1634-12-24)24 December 1634
Wiener Neustadt, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died| 16 May 1696(1696-05-16) (aged 61)
Palace of the Councils, Madrid, Crown of Castile
Burial|

El Escorial

Spouse|

Philip IV of Spain

(m. 1649; died 1665)​

Issue
Among others|

* Margaret Theresa, Holy Roman Empress
* Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
* Charles II, King of Spain

House| Habsburg
Father| Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother| Maria Anna of Spain
Signature|

Mariana of Austria[a] (24 December 1634 – 16 May 1696) was Queen of Spain from 1649 until the death of her husband Philip IV of Spain in 1665. Appointed regent for their infant son Charles II, she remained an influential figure until her death in 1696.

Her regency was overshadowed by the Decline of Spain in the second half of the 17th century, and internal political divisions, combined with a general European economic crisis. Charles' failure to produce an heir ultimately ended in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

## Birth and early years

[edit]

Mariana was born on 24 December 1634 in Wiener Neustadt, second child of Maria Anna of Spain and her husband Ferdinand (1608–1657), who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1637. Her parents had three children who survived into adulthood, Mariana, and her two brothers, Ferdinand (1633–1654) and Leopold (1640–1705), elected emperor in 1658.[1]

In 1646, Mariana was betrothed to her cousin Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias, heir to the Spanish throne. His death soon afterwards left her without a prospective husband and her widowed uncle Philip IV without a successor. The solution was a marriage between Philip and his niece on 7 October 1649 at Navalcarnero, outside Madrid.[2]

Mariana in Spanish costume, c. 1630s

Only two of their five children survived to adulthood. The eldest, Margaret Theresa, married her maternal uncle Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1666. Mariana's second daughter, Maria Ambrosia, lived only fifteen days, followed by two sons, Philip Prospero and Ferdinand Thomas. On 6 November 1661, Mariana gave birth to her last child, a son, Charles.[3] Subject to ill health for much of his life, one study argues this may have been caused by genetic disorders inherited from his parents.[4]

## Regency

[edit]

Mariana of Austria by Diego Velázquez, c. 1656

### First regency: 1665–1677

[edit]

Charles was three years old when Philip died on 17 September 1665, and Mariana was appointed regent, advised by a Regency Council, until he became a legal adult at the age of 14. She adopted the valido[b] system established by Philip in 1620, the first being Juan Everardo Nithard, an Austrian Jesuit and her personal confessor; as Philip's will excluded foreigners from the Regency Council, he had to be naturalised, causing immediate resentment.[5] Other informal advisors included Gaspar de Bracamonte, 3rd Count of Peñaranda and Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel.[6]

Charles' poor health and lack of an heir meant his reign was often dominated by a power struggle between Mariana's Austrian faction, and a pro-French lobby initially led by his illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria the Younger. Spain was also divided into the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, whose very different political cultures made it almost impossible to enact reforms or increase taxes. As a result, government finances were in perpetual crisis, the Crown declaring bankruptcy in 1647, 1652, 1661, and 1666.[7]

Cardinal Juan Everardo Nithard, c. 1674, Mariana's first advisor until ousted in 1669

Spain was exhausted by almost a century of continuous war, while the second half of the 17th century coincided with a period of extreme cold weather known as the Little Ice Age. Between 1692 and 1699, crops failed across Europe and an estimated 5–10% of the population starved to death.[8] The new government inherited other problems, the long-running Portuguese Restoration War being the most urgent. This was made worse in May 1667 when France once again invaded the Spanish Netherlands, and occupied the Spanish province of Franche-Comté.[9] The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) ended the war with France, while the Treaty of Lisbon (1668) restored Portugal's independence.[10]

Peace ended the drain on Spanish resources, while France returned most of the territories over-run in the War of Devolution. They represented a significant diplomatic achievement, but many Spanish military officers considered the terms humiliating. Joseph Malladas, an Aragonese captain, was executed in June 1668 for plotting to murder Nithard, reputedly on John's behalf.[11] In February 1669, Nithard was succeeded as valido by Aytona, who died in 1670 and was replaced in turn by Valenzuela, a member of her household since 1661.[12] An outsider from the lower ranks of Spanish nobility, Valenzuela depended entirely on Mariana for his position.[13]

In 1672, Spain was dragged into the Franco-Dutch War; Valenzuela was dismissed when Charles came of age in 1675, but Spanish policy continued to be undermined by the struggle for power. Mariana reinstated the regency in 1677 on the grounds of Charles's ill-health and Valenzuela was restored, before John finally gained control in 1677.

### Second regency: 1679–1696

[edit]

John died in September 1679 and Mariana became regent once again; one of his final acts was arranging the marriage of Charles to 17-year-old Marie Louise of Orléans, which took place in November 1679.[14] She died in February 1689, without producing an heir; as with many deaths of the period, limited medical knowledge led to allegations she was poisoned. Modern assessments of her symptoms conclude it was almost certainly appendicitis, possibly from the treatments undertaken to improve fertility.[15]

Mariana in her later years, by Claudio Coello, c. 1685–1693

Her replacement was Maria Anna of Neuburg, one of 12 children whose family reputation for fertility made them popular choices for royal marriages. Of her sisters, Maria Sophia married Peter II of Portugal, while Eleonore was the third wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Anna was aunt to future emperors Joseph I and Charles VI, making her an ideal choice for the Austrian faction.[16] However, Charles was by now almost certainly impotent, his autopsy later revealing he had only one atrophied testicle.[17]

As his health declined, internal struggles over the succession became increasingly bitter, leadership of the pro-French faction passing to Fernández de Portocarrero, Archbishop of Toledo. In 1690, Spain joined the Grand Alliance in the Nine Years' War with France. It declared bankruptcy again in 1692 and by 1696, France occupied most of Catalonia; Mariana retained power with the support of German auxiliaries under Maria Anna's brother Charles Philip, many of whom were expelled after Mariana's death.[18] She died on 16 May 1696 at the Uceda Palace in Madrid, at the age of sixty-one, probably from breast cancer.[19]

## Legacy

[edit]

In 1668, Mariana approved the establishment of a Jesuit mission under Diego Luis de San Vitores and Saint Pedro Calungsod on a series of islands the Spanish referred to as the Ladrones, which were renamed the Mariana Islands in her honour.[20]

The Portrait of Mariana of Austria painted by Diego Velázquez was commissioned by Philip and is the only known full-length painting of her. The original is in the Prado Museum in Madrid; a copy was sent to her father Ferdinand and is held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. She also appears as a detail in Velasquez' masterpiece Las Meninas which features her daughter Margaret Theresa.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Spanish: Mariana de Austria German: Maria Anna von Österreich
2. ^ Translated as Favourite, its true meaning is closer to senior advisor

## References

[edit]

1. ^ O'Connor 1978, pp. 7–14.
2. ^ Graziano 2004, pp. 106–107.
3. ^ Rule 2017, pp. 91–108.
4. ^ Callaway 2013.
5. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 154.
6. ^ "Mariana Engracia de Toledo Portugal y Pimentel". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish).
7. ^ Cowans 2003, pp. 26–27.
8. ^ De Vries 2009, pp. 151–194.
9. ^ Geyl 1936, pp. 311.
10. ^ Barton 2009, p. 123.
11. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 53.
12. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 155.
13. ^ Knighton 2005, p. 293.
14. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 265–269.
15. ^ García-Escudero López et al. 2009, p. 181.
16. ^ Rommelse 2011, p. 224.
17. ^ García-Escudero López et al. 2009, p. 182.
18. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 158.
19. ^ Graziano 2004, p. 108.
20. ^ Kamen 2002, p. 419.

## Sources

[edit]

* Barton, Simon (2009). A History of Spain. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0230200128.
* Callaway, Ewen (2013). "Inbred Royals Show Traces of Natural Selection". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12837. S2CID 87959487.
* Cowans, Jon (2003). Modern Spain: A Documentary History. U. of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1846-9.
* De Vries, Jan (2009). "The Economic Crisis of the 17th Century". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 40 (2).
* Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1963). Age of Louis XIV (Story of Civilization). TBS Publishing. ISBN 0207942277. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* García-Escudero López, Ángel; Arruza Echevarría, A.; Padilla Nieva, Jaime; Puig Giró, Ramon (April 2009). "Carlos II: del hechizo a su patología génito-urinaria" [Charles II; from spell to genitourinary pathology]. Archivos Españoles de Urología [History of Urology] (in Spanish). 62 (3): 179–185\. doi:10.4321/s0004-06142009000300002. ISSN 0004-0614. PMID 19542589.
* Geyl, P (1936). "Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653–72". History. 20 (80): 303–319\. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x. JSTOR 24401084.
* Gonzalo, Alvarez; Ceballos, Francisco; Quintero, Celsa (2009). "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty". PLOS ONE. 4 (4): e5174. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5174A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005174. PMC 2664480. PMID 19367331.
* Graziano, Frank (2004). Wounds of Love: The Mystical Marriage of Saint Rose of Lima. OUP. ISBN 0195136403.
* Kamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.
* Knighton, Tess (2005). Carreras Lopez, Juan José (ed.). The Royal Chapel in the time of the Habsburgs: Music and Court Ceremony in Early Modern Europe. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843831396.
* Mitchell, Silvia Z (2013). Mariana of Austria and Imperial Spain: Court, Dynastic, and International Politics in Seventeenth- Century Europe. University of Miami Scholarly Repository.
* Mitchell, Silvia Z (2019). Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0271083391.
* O'Connor, John T. (1978). Negotiator out of Season. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-0436-0.
* Rommelse, Gijs (2011). Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750). Routledge. ISBN 978-1409419136.
* Rule, John (2017). Onnekink, David; Mijers, Esther (eds.). The Partition Treaties, 1698-1700; A European View in Redefining William III: The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138257962.
* Stolicka, Ondrej. Different German Perspectives on Spanish Politics in the 1670s: The Reaction of Vienna and Berlin on the Coup of Juan José de Austria in the Year 1677, JEHM 23(4), 2019, pp. 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-00002638
* Storrs, Christopher (2006). The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199246378.

## External links

[edit]

* "Fernando de Valenzuela, marquis de Villa Sierra". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
* "Ferdinand III of Habsburg (Habsburg-Lothringen), Holy Roman Emperor". Geni.com. 13 July 1608. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
* Piferrer, Francisco (1859). "Nobiliario de los reinos y señorios de España (revisado por A. Rujula y Busel).[Nobility of Spain]". Google books. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

## Family tree

[edit]

Ancestors of Mariana of Austria

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
of Castile[i][ii][iii]
1478–1506| | Joanna
of Castile[i][ii][iii]
1479–1555

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Isabella
of Portugal[iv][v]
1503–39| | Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor[iv][v]
1500–58| | | | | | Ferdinand I
Holy Roman Emperor[vi][vii][viii]
1503–64| | Anna
of Bohemia
and Hungary[vi][vii][viii]
1503–47| | | | Isabella
of Austria[ix]
1501–26| | Christian II
of Denmark[ix]
1481–1559|
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Maria
of Spain[x]
1528–1603| | Maximilian II
Holy Roman Emperor[x]
1527–76| | | | | | | Anna
of Austria[xi][xii]
1528–90| | Albert V
Duke of Bavaria[xi][xii]
1528–1579| | Christina
of Denmark[ix]
1522–90| | Francis I
Duke of Lorraine[ix]
1517–45|
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Philip II
of Spain[xiii]
1527–98| | | | Anna
of Austria[xiii]
1549–80| | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria[xiv][xv]
1540–90| | Maria Anna
of Bavaria[xiv][xv]
1551–1608| | William V
Duke of Bavaria[xvi]
1548–1626| | | | Renata
of Lorraine[xvi]
1544–1602| | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | Philip III
of Spain[xvii][xviii]
1578–1621| | | | | | | Margaret
of Austria[xvii][xviii]
1584–1611| | Ferdinand II
Holy Roman Emperor[xix]
1578–1637| | | | | Maria Anna
of Bavaria[xix]
1574–1616
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Maria Anna
of Spain[xix]
1606–46| | | | | | | Ferdinand III
Holy Roman Emperor[xix]
1608–57|
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Philip IV
of Spain[xx]
1605–65| | | | | | Mariana
of Austria[xx]
1634–96
| | | |
Notes:

1. ^ a b Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
2. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Elisabeth (eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 167 - via Wikisource.
4. ^ a b Kurth, Godefroid (1911). "Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 19 - via Wikisource.
6. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 352 - via Wikisource.
7. ^ a b Press, Volker (1990). "Maximilian II.". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 16\. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 471–475. (full text online).
8. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 151 - via Wikisource.
9. ^ a b c d Cartwright, Julia Mary (1913). Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522–1590. New York: E. P. Dutton. pp. 536–539.
10. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 151 - via Wikisource.
11. ^ a b Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1897). "Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 42\. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 717–723.
12. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 20 - via Wikisource.
13. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp III." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 120 - via Wikisource.
14. ^ a b Eder, Karl (1961). "Ferdinand II.". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 5\. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 83–85. (full text online).
15. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 13 - via Wikisource.
16. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 23 - via Wikisource.
17. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 23 - via Wikisource.
18. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp IV." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 122 - via Wikisource.
19. ^ a b c d Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 24 - via Wikisource.
20. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Charles II. (King of Spain)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Mariana of Austria

House of Habsburg

Born: 23 December 1634 Died: 16 May 1696

Spanish royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Elisabeth of France |  Queen consort of Spain
7 October 1649 – 17 September 1665  | Vacant

Title next held by

Marie Louise d'Orléans

* v
* t
* e

Spanish royal consorts

* Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (2014–present)

* Sophía of Greece and Denmark (1975–2014)
* Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1906–1931)
* Maria Christina of Austria (1879–1885)
* Mercedes of Orléans (1878)
* Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo (1870–1873)
* Francis, Duke of Cádiz (1846–1868)
* Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (1829–1833)
* Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (1819–1829)
* Maria Isabel of Portugal (1816–1818)
* Julie Clary (1808–1813)
* Maria Luisa of Parma (1788–1808)
* Maria Amalia of Saxony (1759–1760)
* Barbara of Portugal (1746–1758)
* Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (1724)
* Elisabeth Farnese (1714–1724, 1724–1746)
* Maria Luisa of Savoy (1701–1714)
* Maria Anna of Neuburg (1690–1700)
* Marie Louise of Orléans (1679–1689)
* Mariana of Austria (1649–1665)
* Élisabeth of France (1621–1644)
* Margaret of Austria (1598–1611)
* Anna of Austria (1570–1580)
* Élisabeth of France (1559–1568)
* Mary I of England (1556–1558)
* Isabella of Portugal (1526–1539)

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Naples

* Margaret of Burgundy*
* Mary of Hungary
* Sancia of Majorca
* Andrew, Duke of Calabria
* James IV of Majorca
* Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
* Margaret of Durazzo
* Mary of Lusignan
* Mary of Enghien
* James II, Count of La Marche
* Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
* Maria of Castile*
* Isabella of Clermont
* Joanna of Aragon
* Joanna of Naples
* Isabella del Balzo
* Anne of Brittany
* Isabella I of Castile*
* Germaine of Foix*
* Isabella of Portugal*
* Mary I of England*
* Elisabeth of Valois*
* Anna of Austria*
* Margaret of Austria*
* Elisabeth of France*
* Mariana of Austria*
* Marie Louise d'Orléans*
* Maria Anna of Neuburg*
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel*
* Maria Amalia of Saxony*
* Maria Carolina of Austria*
* Julie Clary
* Caroline Bonaparte

*Also Queen of Sicily

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Sicily

County of Sicily (1071–1130)|

* Judith d'Évreux
* Eremburga of Mortain
* Adelaide del Vasto
* Elvira of Castile

Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)|

* Elvira of Castile
* Sibylla of Burgundy
* Beatrice of Rethel
* Margaret of Navarre
* Joan of England
* Sibylla of Acerra
* Irene Angelina
* Constance of Aragon
* Isabella II of Jerusalem
* Isabella of England
* Elisabeth of Bavaria
* Helena Angelina Doukaina
* Beatrice of Provence
* Margaret of Burgundy
* Isabella of Castile
* Blanche of Anjou
* Eleanor of Anjou
* Elizabeth of Carinthia
* Constance of Aragon
* Antonia of Baux
* Blanche I of Navarre
* Margaret of Prades
* Eleanor of Alburquerque
* Maria of Castile
* Juana Enríquez
* Isabella I of Castile
* Germaine of Foix
* Isabella of Portugal
* Mary I of England
* Elisabeth of Valois
* Anna of Austria
* Margaret of Austria
* Elisabeth of France
* Mariana of Austria
* Marie Louise d'Orléans
* Maria Anna of Neuburg
* Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
* Anne Marie d'Orléans
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Maria Amalia of Saxony
* Maria Carolina of Austria

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archduchesses by descent

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

1st generation|

* Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria

2nd generation|

* Margaret, Duchess of Savoy

3rd generation|

* Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France*
* Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway*
* Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia*
* Catherine, Queen of Portugal*

4th generation|

* Maria, Holy Roman Empress*
* Joanna, Princess of Portugal*
* Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
* Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
* Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
* Magdalena
* Catherine, Queen of Poland
* Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
* Margaret
* Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
* Helena
* Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

5th generation|

* Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands**
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy**
* Anna, Queen of Spain
* Elisabeth, Queen of France
* Margaret (1567–1633)
* Maria (1584–1649)
* Anna, Holy Roman Empress
* Anna, Queen of Poland
* Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
* Catherine Renata
* Gregoria Maximiliana
* Eleanor (1582–1620)
* Margaret, Queen of Spain
* Constance, Queen of Poland
* Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

6th generation|

* Anna, Queen of France**
* María**
* Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress**
* Margarita**
* Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
* Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
* Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
* Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress

7th generation|

* Maria Theresa, Queen of France**
* Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress*
* Maria Anna, Queen of Spain
* Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine
* Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
* Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress

8th generation|

* Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
* Maria Elisabeth
* Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
* Maria Theresa
* Maria Josepha
* Maria Magdalena

9th generation|

* Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
* Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
* Maria Theresa
* Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine

10th generation|

* Maria Elisabeth^
* Maria Anna^
* Maria Carolina^
* Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen^
* Maria Elisabeth^
* Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma^
* Johanna^
* Maria Josepha^
* Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples^
* Maria Antonia, Queen of France^

11th generation|

* Maria Theresa
* Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony^
* Maria Anna^
* Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria^
* Maria Amalia^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia#
* Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria#
* Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria#

12th generation|

* Marie Louise, Empress of the French
* Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
* Clementina, Princess of Salerno
* Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
* Maria Anna
* Maria Luisa^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
* Maria Caroline
* Hermine
* Elisabeth Franziska
* Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
* Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
* Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord#
* Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón#

13th generation|

* Maria Anna
* Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria^
* Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani^
* Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen^
* Mathilda
* Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
* Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
* Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria#

14th generation|

* Sophie
* Princess Gisela of Bavaria
* Marie Valerie
* Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg
* Maria Annunciata
* Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
* Maria Antonietta^
* Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony^
* Maria Theresa^
* Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^
* Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
* Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
* Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
* Princess Isabella of Bavaria
* Eleonora
* Renata, Princess Radziwill
* Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski

15th generation|

* Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
* Helena, Duchess of Württemberg^
* Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg^
* Dolores^
* Maria Inmaculata^
* Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio^
* Princess Maria Antonia^
* Assunta^
* Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil^
* Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg^
* Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
* Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg

16th generation|

* Adelheid
* Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
* Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein

17th generation|

* Gabriela
* Walburga, Countess Douglas
* Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine
* Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz

18th generation|

* Eleonore

* * also an infanta of Spain
* ** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
* ^ also a princess of Tuscany
* # also a princess of Modena

* v
* t
* e

Consorts of Luxembourg

County of Luxemburg (963–1354)

| Elder House of Luxembourg
(963–1136)|

* Hedwig of Nordgau
* Clementia of Aquitaine
* Mathilde of Northeim
* Ermengarde of Zutphen

|
|

House of Namur
(1136–1189)|

* Laurette of Flanders
* Agnes of Guelders

House of Hohenstaufen
(1196–1197)|

* Margaret, Countess of Blois

House of Namur
(1197–1247)|

* None

House of Limburg
(1247–1354)|

* Margaret of Bar
* Beatrice of Avesnes
* Margaret of Brabant
* Elizabeth of Bohemia
* Beatrice of Bourbon
* Blanche of Valois
* Anne of Bavaria
* Anna von Schweidnitz
* Joanna, Duchess of Brabant

Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)

| House of Limburg
(1354–1443)|

* Joanna, Duchess of Brabant
* Joanna of Bavaria
* Agnes of Opole

|
|

House of Valois-Burgundy
(1443–1482)|

* Isabella of Portugal
* Margaret of York

House of Habsburg
(1482–1700)|

* Joanna of Castile
* Isabella of Portugal
* Mary I of England
* Elisabeth of Valois
* Anna of Austria
* Elisabeth of France
* Mariana of Austria
* Marie Louise d'Orléans
* Maria Anna of Neuburg

House of Bourbon
(1700–1712)|

* Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy

House of Wittelsbach
(1712–1713)|

* Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska

House of Habsburg
(1713–1780)|

* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

House of Habsburg-Lorraine
(1780–1794)|

* Maria Luisa of Spain
* Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)

| House of Orange-Nassau
(1815–1890)|

* Wilhelmine of Prussia
* Anna Pavlovna of Russia
* Sophie of Württemberg
* Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont

|
|

House of Nassau-Weilburg
(1890–present)|

* Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau
* Marie Anne of Portugal
* Felix of Bourbon-Parma
* Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium
* María Teresa Mestre y Batista-Falla

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[c.]: circa
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