Maryland

U.S. state

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Maryland (disambiguation).

State in the United States

Maryland

State

Flag

Seal

Nicknames:

"Old Line State", "Free State", "Little America",[1] "America in Miniature"[2]

Mottoes:

* "Fatti maschii, parole femine"
(English: "Strong Deeds, Gentle Words")[3]
* The Latin text encircling the seal:
Scuto bonæ voluntatis tuæ coronasti nos ("With Favor Wilt Thou Compass Us as with a Shield") Psalm 5:12[4]

Location of Maryland within the United States

Country| United States
Before statehood| Province of Maryland
Admitted to the Union| April 28, 1788 (7th)
Capital| Annapolis
Largest city| Baltimore
Largest county or equivalent| Montgomery
Largest metro and urban areas|

* Washington–Baltimore (combined)
* Baltimore (metro and urban)

Government

• Governor| Wes Moore (D)
• Lieutenant Governor| Aruna Miller (D)
Legislature| General Assembly
• Upper house| Senate
• Lower house| House of Delegates
Judiciary| Supreme Court of Maryland
U.S. senators|

* Chris Van Hollen (D)
* Angela Alsobrooks (D)

U.S. House delegation|

* 7 Democrats
* 1 Republican

(list)
Area

• Total

| 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km2)
• Land| 9,776 sq mi (25,314 km2)
• Water| 2,633 sq mi (6,819 km2)  21%
• Rank| 42nd
Dimensions

• Length| 200 mi (320 km)
• Width| 125 mi (200 km)
Elevation

| 350 ft (110 m)
Highest elevation

(Hoye-Crest[5][a])

| 3,360 ft (1,024 m)
Lowest elevation

(Atlantic Ocean[5])

| 0 ft (0 m)
Population

(2024)

• Total

|  6,263,220[6]
• Rank| 18th
• Density| 632/sq mi (244/km2)
• Rank| 5th
• Median household income

| $98,700 (2023)[7]
• Income rank

| 3rd
Demonym| Marylander
Language

• Official language| None (English, de facto)
Time zone| UTC−05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation|

ISO 3166 code| US-MD
Traditional abbreviation| Md.
Latitude| 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N
Longitude| 75° 03′ W to 79° 29′ W
Website| maryland.gov
State symbols of MarylandList of state symbols

Flag of Maryland

Seal of Maryland

Coat of arms of Maryland

Song| None. Formerly: "Maryland, My Maryland" by James Ryder Randall (1861), (adopted 1939, repealed 2021)
Living insignia
Bird| Baltimore oriole
Cat breed| Calico cat
Crustacean| Blue crab
Dog breed| Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Fish| Rock fish
Flower| Black-eyed Susan
Horse breed| Thoroughbred
Insect| Baltimore checkerspot butterfly
Reptile| Diamondback terrapin
Tree| White oak
Inanimate insignia
Beverage| Milk
Dance| Square dance
Dinosaur| Astrodon johnstoni
Food| Smith Island cake
Fossil| Ecphora gardnerae gardnerae
Gemstone| Patuxent River stone
Ship| Skipjack
Sport|

* Jousting
* Lacrosse

State route marker
State quarter

Released in 2000

Lists of United States state symbols

Maryland (US: /ˈmɛrɪlənd/ ⓘ MERR-il-ənd)[b] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic[9] region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east, as well as with the Atlantic Ocean to its east, and the national capital and federal district of Washington, D.C. to the southwest. With a total area of 12,407 square miles (32,130 km2), Maryland is the ninth-smallest state by land area,[10] and its population of 6,177,224 ranks it the 18th-most populous state and the fifth-most densely populated. Maryland's capital city is Annapolis, and the state's most populous city is Baltimore.[11]

Maryland's coastline was first explored by Europeans in the 16th century. Prior to that, it was inhabited by several Native American tribes, mostly the Algonquian peoples.[12] One of the original Thirteen Colonies, the Province of Maryland was founded in 1634 by George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, a Catholic convert[13][14] who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England.[15] In 1632, Charles I of England granted Lord Baltimore a colonial charter, naming the colony after his wife, Henrietta Maria.[16] In 1649, the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion, which enshrined the principle of toleration.[17] Religious strife was common in Maryland's early years, and Catholics remained a minority, albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony.

Maryland's early settlements and population centers clustered around waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. Its economy was heavily plantation-based and centered mostly on the cultivation of tobacco. Demand for cheap labor from Maryland colonists led to the importation of numerous indentured servants and enslaved Africans. In 1760, Maryland's current boundaries took form following the settlement of a long-running border dispute with Pennsylvania. Many of its citizens played key political and military roles in the American Revolutionary War. Although it was a slave state, Maryland remained in the Union during the American Civil War, and its proximity to Washington D.C. and Virginia made it a significant strategic location. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Maryland took part in the Industrial Revolution, driven by its seaports, railroad networks, and mass immigration from Europe.

Since the 1940s, the state's population has grown rapidly, to approximately six million residents, and it is among the most densely populated U.S. states. As of 2015[update], Maryland had the highest median household income of any state, owing in large part to its proximity to Washington, D.C., and a highly diversified economy spanning manufacturing, retail services, public administration, real estate, higher education, information technology, defense contracting, health care, and biotechnology.[18] Maryland is one of the most multicultural states in the country; it is one of the seven states where non-Whites compose a majority of the population, with the fifth-highest percentage of African Americans, and high numbers of residents born in Africa, Asia, Central America, and the Caribbean. The state's central role in U.S. history is reflected by its hosting of some of the highest numbers of historic landmarks per capita.

The western portion of the state contains stretches of the Appalachian Mountains, the central portion is primarily composed of the Piedmont, and the eastern side of the state makes up a significant portion of the Chesapeake Bay. Sixteen of Maryland's twenty-three counties, and the city of Baltimore, border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries,[19][11] which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline. Although one of the smallest states in the U.S., it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature.[20] Maryland's geography, culture, and history are diverse, including elements of the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, and Southern regions of the country.

## History

[edit]

Main articles: History of Maryland and Native American tribes in Maryland

### 17th century

[edit]

#### Maryland's first colonial settlement

[edit]

Main article: Province of Maryland

Present-day Maryland was originally inhabited by tribes such as the Piscataway (including the Patuxent), the Nanticoke (including the Tocwogh, the Ozinie and other subdivisions), the Powhatan, the Lenape, the Susquehannock, the Shawnee, the Tutelo, the Saponi, the Pocomoke and the Massawomeck.[21][self-published source?] George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1632), sought a charter from King Charles I for the territory between Massachusetts to the north and Virginia to the immediate south.[22] After Baltimore died in April 1632, the charter was granted to his son, Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), on June 20, 1632. Officially, the new "Maryland Colony" was named in honor of Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I.[23] Lord Baltimore initially proposed the name "Crescentia", the land of growth or increase, but "the King proposed Terra Mariae [Mary Land], which was concluded on and inserted in the bill."[15]

The original capital of Maryland was St. Mary's City, on the north shore of the Potomac River, and the county surrounding it was the first erected and created in the province,[24] first called Augusta Carolina, after the King, and later named St. Mary's County.[25]

Lord Baltimore's first settlers arrived in the new colony in March 1634, with his younger brother, Leonard Calvert (1606–1647), as the first provincial Governor of Maryland. They made their first permanent settlement at St. Mary's City in what is now St. Mary's County. They purchased the site from the paramount chief of the region, who was eager to establish trade. St. Mary's became the first capital of Maryland, and remained so for 60 years until 1695. More settlers soon followed. Their tobacco crops were successful and quickly made the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of malaria, yellow fever, and typhoid, life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in New England.[26]

#### Persecution of Catholics

[edit]

See also: Plundering Time

Maryland was founded to provide a haven for England's Roman Catholic minority.[27] Although Maryland was the most heavily Catholic of the English mainland colonies, the religion was still in the minority, consisting of less than 10% of the total population.[28]

In 1642, several Puritans left Virginia for Maryland and founded the city of Providence, now called Annapolis, on the western shore of the upper Chesapeake Bay.[29] A dispute with traders from Virginia over Kent Island in the Chesapeake led to armed conflict. In 1644, William Claiborne, a Puritan, seized Kent Island while his associate, the pro-Parliament Puritan Richard Ingle, took over St. Mary's.[30] Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. The two years from 1644 to 1646 when Claiborne and his Puritan associates held sway were known as "The Plundering Time". They captured Jesuit priests, imprisoned them, and then sent them back to England.

In 1646, Leonard Calvert returned with troops, recaptured St. Mary's City, and restored order. The House of Delegates passed the "Act concerning Religion" in 1649, granting religious liberty to all Trinitarian Christians.[26]

In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government. "Protestants swept the Catholics out of the legislature ... and religious strife returned."[26] The Puritans set up a new government prohibiting both Roman Catholicism and Anglicanism. The Puritan revolutionary government persecuted Maryland Catholics during its reign, known as the "plundering time". Mobs burned down all the original Catholic churches of southern Maryland. The Puritan rule lasted until 1658, when the Calvert family and Lord Baltimore regained proprietary control and re-enacted the Toleration Act.

After England's Glorious Revolution in 1688, Maryland outlawed Catholicism. In 1704, the Maryland General Assembly prohibited Catholics from operating schools, limited the corporate ownership of property to hamper religious orders from expanding or supporting themselves, and encouraged the conversion of Catholic children.[28] The celebration of the Catholic sacraments was also officially restricted. This state of affairs lasted until after the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Wealthy Catholic planters built chapels on their land to practice their religion in relative secrecy.

Into the 18th century, individual priests and lay leaders claimed Maryland farms belonging to the Jesuits as personal property and bequeathed them to evade the legal restrictions on religious organizations' owning property.[28]

### Border disputes (1681–1760)

[edit]

Main articles: Penn–Calvert boundary dispute and Cresap's War

A 1732 map of Maryland[31]

The royal charter granted Maryland the land north of the Potomac River up to the 40th parallel. A problem arose when Charles II granted a charter for the Province of Pennsylvania, which defined Pennsylvania's southern border as the 40th parallel, identical to Maryland's northern border. But the grant indicated that Charles II and William Penn assumed the 40th parallel would pass close to New Castle, Delaware, where it falls north of Philadelphia, which Penn already designated as Pennsylvania's capital city. Negotiations ensued after the problem was discovered in 1681.

A compromise proposed by Charles II in 1682 was undermined by Penn's receiving the additional grant of what is now Delaware.[32] Penn successfully argued that the Maryland charter entitled Lord Baltimore only to unsettled lands, and Dutch settlement in Delaware predated his charter. The dispute remained unresolved for nearly a century, carried on by the descendants of William Penn and Lord Baltimore—the Calvert family, which controlled Maryland, and the Penn family, which controlled Pennsylvania.[32]

The border dispute with Pennsylvania led to Cresap's War in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 and escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a cease-fire. A provisional agreement had been established in 1732.[32]

Negotiations continued until a final agreement was signed in 1760. The agreement defined the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania as the line of latitude now known as the Mason–Dixon line. Maryland's border with Delaware was based on the Transpeninsular Line and the Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle.[32]

### 18th century

[edit]

Main articles: American Revolutionary War, Maryland in the American Revolution, Lee Resolution, United States Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia campaign, Articles of Confederation § Ratification, Treaty of Paris (1783), Mount Vernon Conference, Annapolis Convention (1786), Constitutional Convention (United States), Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Most of the English colonists arrived in Maryland as indentured servants, and had to serve a several-year term as laborers to pay for their passage.[33] In the early years, the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid, and white and black laborers commonly lived and worked together, and formed unions. Mixed-race children born to white mothers were considered free by the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which children took the social status of their mothers, a principle of slave law that was adopted throughout the colonies, following Virginia in 1662.

Many of the free black families migrated to Delaware, where land was cheaper.[34] As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in England, planters in Maryland imported thousands more slaves and racial caste lines hardened.

Maryland was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. Near the end of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), on February 2, 1781, Maryland became the last and 13th state to approve the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, first proposed in 1776 and adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778, which brought into being the United States as a united, sovereign and national state. It also became the seventh state admitted to the Union after ratifying the new federal Constitution in 1788. In December 1790, prior to the move of the national capital from Philadelphia in 1800, Maryland donated land selected by first President George Washington to the federal government for its creation. The land was provided along the north shore of the Potomac River from Montgomery and Prince George's counties, as well as from Fairfax County and Alexandria on the south shore of the Potomac in Virginia; however, the land donated by the Commonwealth of Virginia was later returned to that state by the District of Columbia retrocession in 1846.

### 19th century

[edit]

The bombardment of Fort McHenry in the Battle of Baltimore, which inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner"

Influenced by a changing economy, revolutionary ideals, and preaching by ministers, numerous planters in Maryland freed their slaves in the 20 years after the Revolutionary War. Across the Upper South the free black population increased from less than 1% before the war to 14% by 1810.[35] Abolitionists Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were born slaves during this time in Dorchester County and Talbot County, respectively.[36][37]

During the War of 1812, the British military attempted to capture Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. During its bombardment, the song "The Star-Spangled Banner" was written by Francis Scott Key; it was later adopted as the national anthem.

National Road, later renamed U.S. Route 40, was authorized in 1817 as the federal highway, and ran from Baltimore to St. Louis. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first chartered railroad in the United States, opened its first section of track for regular operation in 1830 between Baltimore and Ellicott City,[38] and in 1852 it became the first rail line to reach the Ohio River from the eastern seaboard.[39]

#### Civil War

[edit]

Main article: Maryland in the American Civil War

The Battle of Antietam in 1862, one of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, with nearly 23,000 casualties

The state remained in the Union during the American Civil War,[40] due in significant part to demographics and Federal intervention. The 1860 census, held shortly before the outbreak of the civil war, showed that 49% of Maryland's African Americans were free.[35]

Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks suspended the state legislature, and to help ensure the election of a new pro-union governor and legislature, President Abraham Lincoln had a number of its pro-slavery politicians arrested, including the Mayor of Baltimore, George William Brown; suspended several civil liberties, including habeas corpus; and ordered artillery placed on Federal Hill overlooking Baltimore.

In April 1861, Federal units and state regiments were attacked as they marched through Baltimore, sparking the Baltimore riot of 1861, the first bloodshed in the Civil War.[41] The largest and most significant battle in the state was the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg. Although a tactical draw, the battle was considered a strategic Union victory and a turning point of the war.

#### Post-Civil War

[edit]

A new state constitution in 1864 abolished slavery and Maryland was first recognized as a "Free State" in that context.[42] Following passage of constitutional amendments that granted voting rights to freedmen, in 1867 the state extended suffrage to non-white males.

The Democratic Party rapidly regained power in the state from Republicans. Democrats replaced the Constitution of 1864 with the Constitution of 1867. Following the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Democrats devised means of disenfranchising blacks, initially by physical intimidation and voter fraud, later by constitutional amendments and laws. Blacks and immigrants, however, resisted Democratic Party disfranchisement efforts in the state. Maryland blacks were part of a biracial Republican coalition elected to state government in 1896–1904 and comprised 20% of the electorate.[43]

Compared to some other states, blacks were better established both before and after the civil war. Nearly half the black population was free before the war, and some had accumulated property. Half the population lived in cities. Literacy was high among blacks and, as Democrats crafted means to exclude them, suffrage campaigns helped reach blacks and teach them how to resist.[43] Whites did impose racial segregation in public facilities and Jim Crow laws, which effectively lasted until the passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.

Baltimore grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution, due in large part to its seaport and good railroad connections, attracting European immigrant labor. Many manufacturing businesses were established in the Baltimore area after the Civil War. Baltimore businessmen, including Johns Hopkins, Enoch Pratt, George Peabody, and Henry Walters, founded notable city institutions that bear their names, including respectively a university, library system, music and dance conservatory, and art museum.

Cumberland was Maryland's second-largest city in the 19th century. Nearby supplies of natural resources along with railroads fostered its growth into a major manufacturing center.[44]

### 20th century

[edit]

The ruins left by the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904

The Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought political reforms. In a series of laws passed between 1892 and 1908, reformers worked for standard state-issued ballots (rather than those distributed and marked by the parties); obtained closed voting booths to prevent party workers from "assisting" voters; initiated primary elections to keep party bosses from selecting candidates; and had candidates listed without party symbols, which discouraged the illiterate from participating. These measures worked against ill-educated whites and blacks. Blacks resisted such efforts, with suffrage groups conducting voter education. Blacks defeated three efforts to disenfranchise them, making alliances with immigrants to resist various Democratic campaigns.[43] Disenfranchisement bills in 1905, 1907, and 1911 were rebuffed, in large part because of black opposition. Blacks comprised 20% of the electorate and immigrants comprised 15%, and the legislature had difficulty devising requirements against blacks that did not also disadvantage immigrants.[43]

The Progressive Era also brought reforms in working conditions for Maryland's labor force. In 1902, the state regulated conditions in mines; outlawed child laborers under the age of 12; mandated compulsory school attendance; and enacted the nation's first workers' compensation law. The workers' compensation law was overturned in the courts, but was redrafted and finally enacted in 1910.

The Great Baltimore Fire of 1904 burned for more than 30 hours, destroying 1,526 buildings and spanning 70 city blocks. More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control.

With the nation's entry into World War I in 1917, new military bases such as Camp Meade, the Aberdeen Proving Ground, and the Edgewood Arsenal were established. Existing facilities, including Fort McHenry, were greatly expanded.

After Georgia congressman William D. Upshaw criticized Maryland openly in 1923 for not passing Prohibition laws, Baltimore Sun editor Hamilton Owens coined the "Free State" nickname for Maryland in that context, which was popularized by H. L. Mencken in a series of newspaper editorials.[42][45]

Maryland's urban and rural communities had different experiences during the Great Depression. The "Bonus Army" marched through the state in 1932 on its way to Washington, D.C. Maryland instituted its first income tax in 1937 to generate revenue for schools and welfare.[46]

Passenger and freight steamboat service, once important throughout Chesapeake Bay and its many tributary rivers, ended in 1962.[47]

Baltimore was a major war production center during World War II. The biggest operations were Bethlehem Steel's Fairfield Yard, which built Liberty ships; and Glenn Martin, an aircraft manufacturer.

Maryland experienced population growth following World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, as suburban growth took hold around Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, the state began to take on a more mid-Atlantic culture as opposed to the traditionally Southern and Tidewater culture that previously dominated most of the state. Agricultural tracts gave way to residential communities, some of them carefully planned such as Columbia, St. Charles, and Montgomery Village. Concurrently the Interstate Highway System was built throughout the state, most notably I-95, I-695, and the Capital Beltway, altering travel patterns. In 1952, the eastern and western halves of Maryland were linked for the first time by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge, which replaced a nearby ferry service.[48]

Maryland's regions experienced economic changes following WWII. Heavy manufacturing declined in Baltimore. In Maryland's four westernmost counties, industrial, railroad, and coal mining jobs declined. On the lower Eastern Shore, family farms were bought up by major concerns and large-scale poultry farms and vegetable farming became prevalent. In Southern Maryland, tobacco farming nearly vanished due to suburban development and a state tobacco buy-out program in the 1990s.

In an effort to reverse depopulation due to the loss of working-class industries, Baltimore initiated urban renewal projects in the 1960s with Charles Center and the Baltimore World Trade Center. Some resulted in the break-up of intact residential neighborhoods, producing social volatility, and some older residential areas around the harbor have had units renovated and have become popular with new populations.

## Geography

[edit]

See also: Geography of Maryland, List of islands of Maryland, and List of rivers of Maryland

Physical regions of Maryland

Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with Belgium.[49] It is the 42nd-largest and 9th-smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii that, with its 10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2), is the next smallest state. The next largest state is Maryland's neighbor, West Virginia, which is nearly twice the size of Maryland with its area of 24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2).

### Description

[edit]

Western Maryland is known for its heavily forested mountains. A panoramic view of Deep Creek Lake and the surrounding Appalachian Mountains in Garrett County. Great Falls on the Potomac River Patapsco River includes the Thomas Viaduct and is part of the Patapsco Valley State Park; the river forms Baltimore's Inner Harbor as it empties into the Chesapeake Bay. Sunset over a marsh at Cardinal Cove on the Patuxent River Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the nation and the largest water feature in Maryland

Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature.[50] It ranges from sandy dunes dotted with seagrass in the east, to low marshlands teeming with wildlife and large bald cypress near the Chesapeake Bay, to gently rolling hills of oak forests in the Piedmont Region, and pine groves in the Maryland mountains to the west.

Maryland is bounded on its north by Pennsylvania, on its north and east by Delaware, on its east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on its south and west, across the Potomac River, by West Virginia and Virginia. The mid-portion of its border with Virginia is interrupted by Washington, D.C., which sits on land that was originally part of Montgomery and Prince George's counties and including Georgetown, Maryland, which was ceded to the United States federal government in 1790 to form the Washington, D.C. Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state, and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore.

Most of the state's waterways are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, with the exceptions of a tiny portion of extreme western Garrett County (drained by the Youghiogheny River as part of the watershed of the Mississippi River), the eastern half of Worcester County (which drains into Maryland's Atlantic coastal bays), and a small portion of the state's northeast corner (which drains into the Delaware River watershed). So prominent is the Chesapeake in Maryland's geography and economic life that there has been periodic agitation to change the state's official nickname to the "Bay State", a nickname that has been used by Massachusetts for decades.

The highest point in Maryland, with an elevation of 3,360 feet (1,020 m), is Hoye Crest on Backbone Mountain, in the southwest corner of Garrett County, near the border with West Virginia, and near the headwaters of the North Branch of the Potomac River. Close to the small town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state, less than 2 miles (3.2 km) separates its borders,[51] the Mason–Dixon line to the north, and the northwards-arching Potomac River to the south.

Portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. For example, the Delmarva Peninsula is composed of the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the entire state of Delaware, and the two counties that make up the Eastern Shore of Virginia, whereas the westernmost counties of Maryland are considered part of Appalachia. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain,[52] though it straddles the border between the two regions.

### Geology

[edit]

Earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the state's distance from seismic/earthquake zones.[53][54] The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland. Buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily.[55] As well as this, notably a M4.8 earthquake from Tewksbury in central New Jersey was felt slightly throughout Maryland.[56]

Maryland has no natural lakes, mostly due to the lack of glacial history in the area.[57] All lakes in the state today were constructed, mostly via dams.[58] Buckel's Bog is believed by geologists to have been a remnant of a former natural lake.[59]

Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible.[60]

### Flora

[edit]

Black-eyed susans, the state flower, grow throughout much of the state.[61]

As is typical of states on the East Coast, Maryland's plant life is abundant and healthy. An adequate volume of annual precipitation helps to support many types of plants, including seagrass and various reeds at the smaller end of the spectrum to the gigantic Wye Oak, a huge example of white oak, the state tree, which can grow over 70 feet (21 m) tall.

Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay and on the Delmarva Peninsula. Moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state. The Appalachian Mountains of western Maryland are home to Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests. These give way to Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests near the West Virginia border.[62]

Many foreign species are cultivated in the state, some as ornamentals, others as novelty species. Included among these are the crape myrtle, Italian cypress, southern magnolia, live oak in the warmer parts of the state,[63] and even hardy palm trees in the warmer central and eastern parts of the state.[64] USDA plant hardiness zones in the state range from Zones 5 and 6 in the extreme western part of the state to Zone 7 in the central part, and Zone 8 around the southern part of the coast, the bay area, and parts of metropolitan Baltimore.[65] Invasive plant species, such as kudzu, tree of heaven, multiflora rose, and Japanese stiltgrass, stifle growth of endemic plant life.[66] Maryland's state flower, the black-eyed susan, grows in abundance in wild flower groups throughout the state.

### Fauna

[edit]

A feral Chincoteague Pony on Assateague Island on Maryland's Atlantic coastal islands

The state harbors a considerable number of white-tailed deer, especially in the woody and mountainous west of the state, and overpopulation can become a problem. Mammals can be found ranging from the mountains in the west to the central areas and include black bears,[67] bobcats,[68] foxes, coyotes,[69] raccoons, and otters.[67]

There is a population of rare wild (feral) horses found on Assateague Island.[70] They are believed to be descended from horses that escaped from Spanish galleon shipwrecks.[70] Every year during the last week of July, they are captured and swim across a shallow bay for sale at Chincoteague, Virginia, a conservation technique which ensures the tiny island is not overrun by the horses.[70] The ponies and their sale were popularized by the children's book, Misty of Chincoteague.

The purebred Chesapeake Bay Retriever dog was bred specifically for water sports, hunting and search and rescue in the Chesapeake area.[71] In 1878, the Chesapeake Bay Retriever was the first individual retriever breed recognized by the American Kennel Club.[71] and was later adopted by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County as their mascot.

Maryland's reptile and amphibian population includes the diamondback terrapin turtle, which was adopted as the mascot of University of Maryland, College Park, as well as the threatened Eastern box turtle.[72] The state is part of the territory of the Baltimore oriole, which is the official state bird and mascot of the MLB team the Baltimore Orioles.[73] Aside from the oriole, 435 other species of birds have been reported from Maryland.[74]

The state insect is the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, although it is not as common in Maryland as it is in the southern edge of its range.[75]

### Environment

[edit]

Maryland joined with neighboring states during the end of the 20th century to improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay. The bay's aquatic life and seafood industry have been threatened by development and by fertilizer and livestock waste entering the bay.[76][77]

In 2007, Forbes.com rated Maryland as the fifth "Greenest" state in the country, behind three of the Pacific States and Vermont. Maryland ranks 40th in total energy consumption nationwide, and it managed less toxic waste per capita than all but six states in 2005.[78] In April 2007, Maryland joined the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) — a regional initiative, formed by all the Northeastern states, Washington, D.C., and three Canadian provinces, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[79] In March 2017, Maryland became the first state with proven gas reserves to ban fracking by passing a law against it. Vermont has such a law, but no shale gas, and New York has such a ban, though it was made by executive order.[60]

In 2023, AES Corporation announced its intent to retire the 23-year-old Warrior Run coal plant in June 2024. It was the state's last coal-fired power plant that did not already have plans to shut down.[80]

### Climate

[edit]

Further information: Climate change in Maryland

Köppen climate types of Maryland, using 1991–2020 climate normals Winter on Lancaster Street in Baltimore's Fells Point

Maryland has a wide array of climates, due to local variances in elevation, proximity to water, and protection from colder weather due to downslope winds. The eastern half of Maryland, which includes Ocean City, Salisbury, Annapolis, and the southern and eastern suburbs of Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, lies on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, with flat topography and sandy or muddy soil. This region has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters; it falls under USDA Hardiness zone 8a.[65]

The Piedmont region, which includes northern and western greater Baltimore, Westminster, Gaithersburg, Frederick, and Hagerstown, has average seasonal snowfall totals generally exceeding 20 inches (51 cm), and, as part of USDA Hardiness zones 7b and 7a,[65] temperatures below 10 °F (−12 °C) are less rare. From the Cumberland Valley on westward, the climate begins to transition to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa).

In Western Maryland, the higher elevations of Allegany and Garrett counties, including the cities of Cumberland, Frostburg, and Oakland, display more characteristics of the humid continental zone, due in part to elevation. They fall under USDA Hardiness zones 6b and below.[65]

Precipitation in the state is characteristic of the East Coast. Annual rainfall ranges from 35 to 45 inches (890 to 1,140 mm) with more in higher elevations. Nearly every part of Maryland receives 3.5–4.5 inches (89–114 mm) per month of rain. Average annual snowfall varies from 9 inches (23 cm) in the coastal areas to over 100 inches (250 cm) in the western mountains of the state.[81]

Because of its location near the Atlantic Coast, Maryland is somewhat vulnerable to tropical cyclones, although the Delmarva Peninsula and the outer banks of North Carolina provide a large buffer, such that strikes from major hurricanes (category 3 or above) occur infrequently. More often, Maryland gets the remnants of a tropical system that has already come ashore and released most of its energy. Maryland averages around 30–40 days of thunderstorms a year, and averages around six tornado strikes annually.[82]

Monthly average high and low temperatures for various Maryland cities and landmarks (covering breadth and width of the state) City  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Oakland | 34 °F (1 °C)
16 °F (−9 °C) | 38 °F (3 °C)
17 °F (−8 °C) | 48 °F (9 °C)
25 °F (−4 °C) | 59 °F (15 °C)
34 °F (1 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
45 °F (7 °C) | 75 °F (24 °C)
53 °F (12 °C) | 79 °F (26 °C)
58 °F (14 °C) | 78 °F (26 °C)
56 °F (13 °C) | 71 °F (22 °C)
49 °F (9 °C) | 62 °F (17 °C)
37 °F (3 °C) | 50 °F (10 °C)
28 °F (−2 °C) | 39 °F (4 °C)
21 °F (−6 °C)
Cumberland | 41 °F (5 °C)
22 °F (−6 °C) | 46 °F (8 °C)
24 °F (−4 °C) | 56 °F (13 °C)
32 °F (0 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
41 °F (5 °C) | 77 °F (25 °C)
51 °F (11 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C)
60 °F (16 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C)
65 °F (18 °C) | 87 °F (31 °C)
63 °F (17 °C) | 80 °F (27 °C)
55 °F (13 °C) | 69 °F (21 °C)
43 °F (6 °C) | 57 °F (14 °C)
34 °F (1 °C) | 45 °F (7 °C)
26 °F (−3 °C)
Hagerstown | 39 °F (4 °C)
22 °F (−6 °C) | 42 °F (6 °C)
23 °F (−5 °C) | 52 °F (11 °C)
30 °F (−1 °C) | 63 °F (17 °C)
39 °F (4 °C) | 72 °F (22 °C)
50 °F (10 °C) | 81 °F (27 °C)
59 °F (15 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C)
64 °F (18 °C) | 83 °F (28 °C)
62 °F (17 °C) | 76 °F (24 °C)
54 °F (12 °C) | 65 °F (18 °C)
43 °F (6 °C) | 54 °F (12 °C)
34 °F (1 °C) | 43 °F (6 °C)
26 °F (−3 °C)
Frederick | 42 °F (6 °C)
26 °F (−3 °C) | 47 °F (8 °C)
28 °F (−2 °C) | 56 °F (13 °C)
35 °F (2 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
45 °F (7 °C) | 77 °F (25 °C)
54 °F (12 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C)
63 °F (17 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C)
68 °F (20 °C) | 87 °F (31 °C)
66 °F (19 °C) | 80 °F (27 °C)
59 °F (15 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
47 °F (8 °C) | 56 °F (13 °C)
38 °F (3 °C) | 45 °F (7 °C)
30 °F (−1 °C)
Baltimore | 42 °F (6 °C)
29 °F (−2 °C) | 46 °F (8 °C)
31 °F (−1 °C) | 54 °F (12 °C)
39 °F (4 °C) | 65 °F (18 °C)
48 °F (9 °C) | 75 °F (24 °C)
57 °F (14 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C)
67 °F (19 °C) | 90 °F (32 °C)
72 °F (22 °C) | 87 °F (31 °C)
71 °F (22 °C) | 80 °F (27 °C)
64 °F (18 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
52 °F (11 °C) | 58 °F (14 °C)
43 °F (6 °C) | 46 °F (8 °C)
33 °F (1 °C)
Elkton | 42 °F (6 °C)
24 °F (−4 °C) | 46 °F (8 °C)
26 °F (−3 °C) | 55 °F (13 °C)
32 °F (0 °C) | 67 °F (19 °C)
42 °F (6 °C) | 76 °F (24 °C)
51 °F (11 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C)
61 °F (16 °C) | 88 °F (31 °C)
66 °F (19 °C) | 87 °F (31 °C)
65 °F (18 °C) | 80 °F (27 °C)
57 °F (14 °C) | 69 °F (21 °C)
45 °F (7 °C) | 58 °F (14 °C)
36 °F (2 °C) | 46 °F (8 °C)
28 °F (−2 °C)
Ocean City | 45 °F (7 °C)
28 °F (−2 °C) | 46 °F (8 °C)
29 °F (−2 °C) | 53 °F (12 °C)
35 °F (2 °C) | 61 °F (16 °C)
44 °F (7 °C) | 70 °F (21 °C)
53 °F (12 °C) | 79 °F (26 °C)
63 °F (17 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C)
68 °F (20 °C) | 82 °F (28 °C)
67 °F (19 °C) | 77 °F (25 °C)
60 °F (16 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
51 °F (11 °C) | 58 °F (14 °C)
39 °F (4 °C) | 49 °F (9 °C)
32 °F (0 °C)
Waldorf | 44 °F (7 °C)
26 °F (−3 °C) | 49 °F (9 °C)
28 °F (−2 °C) | 58 °F (14 °C)
35 °F (2 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
43 °F (6 °C) | 75 °F (24 °C)
53 °F (12 °C) | 81 °F (27 °C)
62 °F (17 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C)
67 °F (19 °C) | 83 °F (28 °C)
65 °F (18 °C) | 78 °F (26 °C)
59 °F (15 °C) | 68 °F (20 °C)
47 °F (8 °C) | 59 °F (15 °C)
38 °F (3 °C) | 48 °F (9 °C)
30 °F (−1 °C)
Point Lookout State Park | 47 °F (8 °C)
29 °F (−2 °C) | 51 °F (11 °C)
31 °F (−1 °C) | 60 °F (16 °C)
38 °F (3 °C) | 70 °F (21 °C)
46 °F (8 °C) | 78 °F (26 °C)
55 °F (13 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C)
64 °F (18 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C)
69 °F (21 °C) | 87 °F (31 °C)
67 °F (19 °C) | 81 °F (27 °C)
60 °F (16 °C) | 71 °F (22 °C)
49 °F (9 °C) | 61 °F (16 °C)
41 °F (5 °C) | 50 °F (10 °C)
32 °F (0 °C)
[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]

### Cities and metro areas

[edit]

See also: Maryland statistical areas

Maryland population distribution map; Maryland's population is concentrated mostly in the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area.

Most of the population of Maryland lives in the central region of the state, in the Baltimore metropolitan area and Washington metropolitan area, both of which are part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. The majority of Maryland's population is concentrated in the cities and suburbs surrounding Washington, D.C., and in and around Baltimore, Maryland's most populous city. Historically, these and many other Maryland cities developed along the Fall Line, the line along which rivers, brooks, and streams are interrupted by rapids and waterfalls. Maryland's capital city, Annapolis, is one exception to this pattern since it lies along the banks of the Severn River, close to where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.

The Eastern Shore is less populous and more rural, as are the counties of western Maryland. The two westernmost counties of Maryland, Allegany and Garrett, are mountainous and sparsely populated, resembling West Virginia and Appalachia more than they do the rest of the state. Both eastern and western Maryland are, however, dotted with cities of regional importance, such as Ocean City, Princess Anne, and Salisbury on the Eastern Shore and Cumberland, Frostburg, and Hancock in Western Maryland. Southern Maryland is still somewhat rural, but suburbanization from Washington, D.C., has encroached significantly since the 1960s; important local population centers include Lexington Park, Prince Frederick, California, and Waldorf.[93][94]

Largest cities or towns in Maryland

2020 U.S. Census populations

Rank  | Name | County | Pop.
1 | Baltimore | Independent city | 585,708
2 | Columbia | Howard | 104,681
3 | Germantown | Montgomery | 91,249
4 | Waldorf | Charles | 81,410
5 | Silver Spring | Montgomery | 81,015
6 | Frederick | Frederick | 78,171
7 | Ellicott City | Howard | 75,947
8 | Glen Burnie | Anne Arundel | 72,891
9 | Gaithersburg | Montgomery | 69,657
10 | Bethesda | Montgomery | 68,056

## Demographics

[edit]

See also: List of counties in Maryland, List of incorporated places in Maryland, and List of census-designated places in Maryland

Maryland's counties Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1790| 319,728| | —
1800| 341,548| | 6.8%
1810| 380,546| | 11.4%
1820| 407,350| | 7.0%
1830| 447,040| | 9.7%
1840| 470,019| | 5.1%
1850| 583,034| | 24.0%
1860| 687,049| | 17.8%
1870| 780,894| | 13.7%
1880| 934,943| | 19.7%
1890| 1,042,390| | 11.5%
1900| 1,188,044| | 14.0%
1910| 1,295,346| | 9.0%
1920| 1,449,661| | 11.9%
1930| 1,631,526| | 12.5%
1940| 1,821,244| | 11.6%
1950| 2,343,001| | 28.6%
1960| 3,100,689| | 32.3%
1970| 3,922,399| | 26.5%
1980| 4,216,975| | 7.5%
1990| 4,781,468| | 13.4%
2000| 5,296,486| | 10.8%
2010| 5,773,552| | 9.0%
2020| 6,177,224| | 7.0%
2024 (est.)| 6,263,220| | 1.4%
Source: 1910–2020[95]

In the 2020 United States census, the United States Census Bureau found that population of Maryland was 6,185,278 people, a 7.1% increase from the 2010 United States census.[95] The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Maryland was 6,045,680 on July 1, 2019, a 4.71% increase from the 2010 United States census and an increase of 2,962, from the prior year. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 269,166 (464,251 births minus 275,093 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 116,713 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 129,730 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,017 people.[96] In 2018, The top countries of origin for Maryland's immigrants were El Salvador (11%), India (6%), China (5%), Nigeria (5%), and the Philippines (4%).[97] The center of population of Maryland is located on the county line between Anne Arundel County and Howard County, in the unincorporated community of Jessup.[98]

Maryland's history as a border state has led it to exhibit characteristics of both the Northern and the Southern regions of the United States. Generally, rural Western Maryland between the West Virginian Panhandle and Pennsylvania has an Appalachian culture; the Southern and Eastern Shore regions of Maryland embody a Southern culture,[99] while densely populated Central Maryland – radiating outward from Baltimore and Washington, D.C. – has more in common with that of the Northeast.[100] The U.S. Census Bureau designates Maryland as one of the South Atlantic States,[101] but it is commonly associated with the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States by other federal agencies, the media, and some residents.[102][103][104][105][106]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 5,349 homeless people in Maryland.[107][108]

### Birth data

[edit]

As of 2011, 58.0 percent of Maryland's population younger than age 1 were minority background.[109]

Note: Births in the table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother  Race | 2013[110] | 2014[111] | 2015[112] | 2016[113] | 2017[114] | 2018[115] | 2019[116] | 2020[117] | 2021[118] | 2022[119] | 2023[120]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

White | 32,568 (45.2%)  | 33,178 (44.9%)  | 32,412 (44.0%)  | 31,278 (42.8%)  | 29,809 (41.6%)  | 29,585 (41.6%)  | 28,846 (41.1%)  | 28,060 (40.9%)  | 28,193 (41.3%)  | 27,333 (39.7%)  | 25,746 (39.3%)
Black | 24,764 (34.4%)  | 25,339 (34.3%)  | 25,017 (34.0%)  | 22,829 (31.2%)  | 22,327 (31.1%)  | 21,893 (30.8%)  | 21,494 (30.6%)  | 20,869 (30.4%)  | 20,449 (29.9%)  | 20,438 (29.7%)  | 18,939 (28.9%)
Asian | 5,415 (7.5%)  | 5,797 (7.8%)  | 5,849 (7.9%)  | 5,282 (7.2%)  | 5,276 (7.3%)  | 4,928 (6.9%)  | 4,928 (7.0%)  | 4,595 (6.7%)  | 4,431 (6.5%)  | 4,480 (6.5%)  | 4,262 (6.5%)
American Indian | 300 (0.4%)  | 260 (0.3%)  | 279 (0.4%)  | 104 (0.1%)  | 127 (0.2%)  | 114 (0.2%)  | 113 (0.2%)  | 79 (0.1%)  | 83 (0.1%)  | 77 (0.1%)  | 75 (0.1%)
Hispanic (any race)  | 10,515 (14.6%)  | 10,974 (14.8%)  | 11,750 (16.0%)  | 11,872 (16.2%)  | 12,223 (17.1%)  | 12,470 (17.5%)  | 12,872 (18.3%)  | 13,034 (19.0%)  | 13,164 (19.3%)  | 14,398 (20.9%)  | 14,442 (22.0%)
Total | 71,953 (100%)  | 73,921 (100%)  | 73,616 (100%)  | 73,136 (100%)  | 71,641 (100%)  | 71,080 (100%)  | 70,178 (100%)  | 68,554 (100%)  | 68,285 (100%)  | 68,782 (100%)  | 65,594 (100%)

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Country of birth (2022)[121][122] Birthplace | Population

|

United States | 4,999,873
El Salvador | 105,778
India | 60,535
China | 43,499
Nigeria | 39,185
Guatemala | 38,222
Philippines | 37,020
South Korea | 34,091
Mexico | 33,833
Ethiopia | 28,554
Jamaica | 26,068
Honduras | 21,991
Cameroon | 19,934
Vietnam | 19,082
Peru | 17,414
Pakistan | 16,386
Ghana | 14,722
Dominican Republic | 13,880
Nepal | 8,646-25,000[c]

### Language and ancestry

[edit]

Racial makeup of Maryland excluding Hispanics from racial categories (2019)[123]
NH = Non-Hispanic

1. White NH (49.82%)
2. Black NH (29.75%)
3. Asian NH (6.35%)
4. Native American NH (0.25%)
5. Pacific Islander NH (0.04%)
6. Two or more races NH (2.85%)
7. Other NH (0.31%)
8. Hispanic Any Race (10.64%)

As of 2016, the most spoken languages in Maryland other than English were Spanish (9%), Chinese (1.2%), West African languages (mostly Yoruba and Igbo, 1%), French (1%), Korean (0.7%), Afro-Asiatic languages (mostly Amharic, 0.6% and Arabic, 0.4%), and Tagalog (0.6%). Other languages with a large number of speakers in Maryland include Vietnamese (0.4%), Russian (0.4%), Hindi (0.3%), Urdu (0.3%), Persian (0.3%), Nepali (0.3%), Haitian Creole (0.2%), and Telugu (0.2%).[124][125]

Racial breakdown of population of Maryland  Racial composition | 1970[126] | 1990[126] | 2000[127] | 2010[128] | 2020[129]

|
|
|
|
|

White | 81.5% | 71.0% | 64.0% | 60.8%  | 58.5%
Black | 17.8% | 24.9% | 27.9% | 29.8%  | 31.1%
Asian | 0.5% | 2.9% | 4.0% | 5.5%  | 6.7%
Native American | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%  | 0.6%
Other race | 0.1% | 0.9% | 1.8% | 3.6%  | –
Two or more races | – | – | 2.0% | 2.9%  | 2.9%
Non-Hispanic whites | 80.4% | 69.6% | 62.1% | 54.7%  | 50.0%
Ethnic origins in Maryland Map of counties in Maryland by racial plurality, according to 2020 U.S. census findings

Non-Hispanic White

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

70–80%

80–90%

90%+

|  Black or African American

50–60%

60–70%

|

In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Maryland's population as 17.8 percent African-American and 80.4 percent non-Hispanic White.[126]

In 2019, non-Hispanic white Americans were 49.8% of Maryland's population (White Americans, including White Hispanics, were 57.3%), which made Maryland a majority minority state.[123] 50.2% of Maryland's population is non-white, or is Hispanic or Latino, the highest percentage of any state on the East Coast, and the highest percentage after the majority-minority states of Hawaii, New Mexico, Texas, California, Nevada, and Washington, D.C.[130] By 2031, minorities are projected to become the majority of voting eligible residents of Maryland.[131] Maryland's multiculturalism and diversity can be explained by its historically large African American population, and immigration brought by the importance of the D.C. and Baltimore areas, especially from Central America, Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia.

African Americans form a sizable portion of the state's population, 31.1% as of 2020.[129] Most are descendants of people transported to the area as slaves from West Africa. Concentrations of African Americans live in Baltimore City, Prince George's County, Charles County, western parts of Baltimore County, and the southern Eastern Shore. Charles County and Prince George's County are the two counties where African Americans are the most successful monetarily in the country, with average household incomes much higher than in the rest of the country. As a former slave state, Maryland has had a large African-American population for much of its history; African American populations have increased over time with the Great Migration to the D.C. and Baltimore areas, and in more recent times with the New Great Migration and with movement out from Washington D.C. into Montgomery, Prince George's, and Charles counties, as a result of gentrification and rising housing costs in D.C. causing many African Americans to leave. Prince George's County in particular has been a magnet for African Americans from D.C. to move to for decades; it is often referred to as "Ward 9" of D.C.

Maryland has by far the highest percentage of residents born in Africa out of any state; residents of African descent include 20th-century and later immigrants from Nigeria, particularly of the Igbo and Yoruba tribes; Ethiopia, particularly Amharas with significant Oromo and Tigrayan populations; Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Kenya.[132] Maryland also hosts populations from other African and Caribbean nations. Maryland's African immigrant population is generally well-educated and is most concentrated in the inner suburbs of Baltimore and D.C. Nigerians are the fourth-largest immigrant group in Maryland, and are largely concentrated in the Baltimore area and surrounding suburbs, as well as Prince George's county. Many immigrants from the Horn of Africa, especially Ethiopia, have settled in Maryland, with large communities in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., particularly in Montgomery and Prince George's counties. The Washington metropolitan area has the world's largest population of Ethiopians outside of Ethiopia.[133] The Ethiopian community of Greater D.C. was historically based in the Adams Morgan and Shaw neighborhoods of Washington, D.C., but as the community has grown, many Ethiopians have settled in Silver Spring.[134] The Ethiopian American population in Maryland and the rest of the D.C. area is largely Amharic-speaking, but there are significant numbers of speakers of Oromo and Tigrinya speakers as well. The Washington metropolitan area is also home to a large Eritrean community.

The top reported ancestries by Maryland residents are: German (15%), Irish (11%), English (8%), American (7%), Italian (6%), and Polish (3%).[135]

Irish American populations can be found throughout the Baltimore area,[136] and the Northern and Eastern suburbs of Washington, D.C., in Maryland, who were descendants of those who moved out to the suburbs[137] of Washington, D.C.'s once predominantly Irish neighborhoods[137][138]), as well as Western Maryland, where Irish immigrant laborers helped to build the B&O Railroad.[136] Smaller but much older Irish populations can be found in Southern Maryland, with some roots dating as far back as the early Maryland colony.[139] This population, however, still remains culturally very active and yearly festivals are held.[140]

More recent European immigrants of the late 19th and early 20th century settled first in Baltimore, attracted to its industrial jobs. These groups were largely of Jewish, Italian, Greek, Polish, Czech, Lithuanian, Russian and Ukrainian descent. The Greek community includes a number of Greek Jews.[141]

The shares of European immigrants born in Eastern Europe increased significantly between 1990 and 2010. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to the United States—12 percent of whom currently reside in Maryland.[142][143]

Hispanic immigrants of the later 20th century have settled in Aspen Hill, Hyattsville/Langley Park, Glenmont/Wheaton, Bladensburg, Riverdale Park, Gaithersburg, as well as Highlandtown and Greektown in East Baltimore. Maryland has the highest percentage of residents of Central American origin of any state.[citation needed] Salvadorans are the largest Hispanic group in Maryland, and Maryland has the largest percentage of Salvadoran residents of any state.[citation needed] The D.C. area also has the highest percentage of Salvadorans of any American metro area, who are particularly concentrated in Prince George's and Montgomery counties, and has the second-highest total number of Salvadorans after the Los Angeles area. Other Hispanic groups with significant populations in the state include Mexicans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, Dominicans, Peruvians, and Puerto Ricans, along with growing populations of Brazilians, Colombians, Ecuadorians, and Bolivians. Maryland's Hispanic population is especially concentrated in Montgomery County and Prince George's County, with other large populations in the Baltimore area and Frederick County. Maryland has one of the most diverse Hispanic populations in the country, with significant populations from various Caribbean and Central American nations.[144]

Caribbean Americans have a significant presence in Maryland, especially Jamaican Americans, who make up 0.6% of the population and have had a significant presence and influence in Maryland's politics and culture; Maryland's current governor, Wes Moore, is the son of a Jamaican immigrant mother. Other Caribbean American nationalities with a large population in Maryland include Dominicans, Haitians, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, and Guyanese. Caribbean Americans are most concentrated in Prince George's County, the city of Baltimore, and Baltimore County.

Asian Americans are concentrated in the suburban counties surrounding Washington, D.C., and in Baltimore suburbs, especially Howard County, with Chinese American, Korean American and Taiwanese American communities in Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Germantown. Chinese in particular form the second largest group of Asian Americans, and are the largest group in Montgomery County.[citation needed] Maryland also has a large Korean American population, especially in Howard County, where there is a Koreatown in Ellicott City.[145][146] Filipino Americans, the largest group of Southeast Asians, form major communities in Montgomery, Prince George's, and Charles counties; other large groups of Southeast Asians include Vietnamese, who are concentrated in Montgomery County, and Burmese, who are concentrated in Frederick, Howard, and Baltimore Counties.[citation needed] Maryland has a very large and diverse South Asian American population that has had a major presence in the state since the 1970s. Indian Americans are the largest Asian group in Maryland, making up 1.7 percent of the population, and live throughout the state, especially in Montgomery and Howard counties, with large numbers in Baltimore, Frederick, and Prince George's counties.[citation needed] The Indian American population is culturally and linguistically diverse, with the Indian languages spoken most being Hindi, Gujarati, Telugu, and Tamil.[citation needed] There are also large Pakistani American populations throughout the D.C. and Baltimore areas, especially in Baltimore County and Howard County, and a large Bangladeshi American community in the D.C. area.[citation needed] Maryland has one of the largest populations of Nepali Americans, including Bhutanese Americans of Nepali descent, in the U.S., many of whom are recent immigrants or refugees who sought asylum after expulsion from Bhutan or the 2015 Nepal earthquake; there are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 Nepalis in Maryland, concentrated in the Baltimore area with significant populations in the D.C. area.[citation needed] The first Nepali American elected to a state legislature, Harry Bhandari, was elected in Maryland, representing part of Baltimore County.[147][148] There are three state-recognized tribes, and in 2020, 31,845 identified as being Native American alone, and 96,805 did in combination with one or more other races.[149]

Attracting educated Asians and Africans to the professional jobs in the region, Maryland has the fifth-largest proportions of racial minorities in the country.[150]

In 2006, 645,744 were counted as foreign born, which represents mainly people from Latin America and Asia. About four percent are undocumented immigrants.[151]

According to The Williams Institute's analysis of the 2010 U.S. census, 12,538 same-sex couples are living in Maryland, representing 5.8 same-sex couples per 1,000 households.[152]

Romani people are present in Maryland.[153]

### Religion

[edit]

Baltimore Basilica, the first Catholic cathedral built in the U.S.

Religion in Maryland (2014)[154]

Religion |  | Percent
Protestant |

| 52%
None |

| 23%
Catholic |

| 15%
Jewish |

| 3%
Other faiths |

| 2%
Buddhist |

| 1%
Hindu |

| 1%
Islam |

| 1%
Mormon |

| 1%
Orthodox Christian |

| 1%

Maryland has been historically prominent to American Catholic tradition because the English colony of Maryland was intended by George Calvert as a haven for English Catholics. Baltimore was the seat of the first Catholic bishop in the U.S. (1789), and Emmitsburg was the home and burial place of the first American-born citizen to be canonized, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. Georgetown University, the first Catholic University, was founded in 1789 in what was then part of Maryland; it became a part of the District of Columbia when it was created in the 1790s. The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Baltimore was the first Roman Catholic cathedral built in the United States, and the Archbishop of Baltimore is, albeit without formal primacy, the United States' quasi-primate,[citation needed] and often a cardinal. Among the immigrants of the 19th and 20th centuries from eastern and southern Europe were many Catholics.

Despite its historic relevance to the Catholic Church in the United States, the percentage of Catholics in the state of Maryland is below the national average of 20%. Demographically, both Protestants and those identifying with no religion are more numerous than Catholics.

According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, 69 percent of Maryland's population identifies themselves as Christian. Nearly 52% of the adult population are Protestants.[d] Following Protestantism, Catholicism is the second largest religious affiliation, comprising 15% percent of the population.[154][155] Amish/Mennonite communities are found in St. Mary's, Garrett, and Cecil counties.[156] Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion in Maryland, with 241,000 adherents, or four percent of the total population.[157] Jews are numerous throughout Montgomery County and in Pikesville and Owings Mills northwest of Baltimore. An estimated 81,500 Jewish Americans live in Montgomery County, constituting approximately 10% of the total population.[158] The Seventh-day Adventist Church's world headquarters and Ahmadiyya Muslims' national headquarters are located in Silver Spring, just outside Washington, D.C.

Per the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 61 percent of Maryland's population identified with Christianity.[159] Protestantism and Roman Catholicism continued to dominate the Christian landscape, and the Jewish community remained at 3% of the total religious population. Of the unaffiliated, the PRRI study determined their increase to 28% of the population.

### LGBT population

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Maryland

Maryland has one of the highest percentages of LGBT people in its populace out of any state; 5.7% of Marylanders identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer, the highest of any state. (Washington, D.C. ranks higher with a LGBT population of 8.6%.) Maryland ranks as one of the best states in the nation for rights of the LGBT community, with protections against discrimination enacted since 2001 for sexuality and 2014 for gender, same-sex marriage legalization in 2013, bans on conversion therapy enacted in 2018, abolition of the gay panic defense in 2021, and issuance in 2023 of an executive order protecting the rights of transgender individuals. In 2020, Montgomery County unanimously passed an ordinance implementing an LGBTIQ+ bill of rights.

The first person known to describe himself as a drag queen was William Dorsey Swann, born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the LGBTQ community's right to assemble.[160]

In February 2010, Attorney General Doug Gansler issued an opinion stating that Maryland law should honor same-sex marriages from out of state. At the time, the state Supreme Court wrote a decision upholding marriage discrimination.[152]

On March 1, 2012, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley signed the freedom to marry bill into law after it passed in the state legislature. Opponents of same-sex marriage began collecting signatures to overturn the law, which faced a referendum, as Question 6, in the November 2012 election.[152] A January 2011 Gonzales Research & Marketing Strategies poll showed 51% support for marriage in the state.[161]

In May 2012, Maryland's Court of Appeals ruled that the state will recognize marriages of same-sex couples who married out-of-state, no matter the outcome of the November election.[152] Voters upheld the bill, passing Question 6 with 52% to 48% on November 6, 2012. Same-sex couples began marrying in Maryland on January 1, 2013.[152]

## Economy

[edit]

See also: Business in Maryland, List of federal installations in Maryland, List of shopping malls in Maryland, and Maryland locations by per capita income

A map showing Maryland's median income by county. Data is sourced from the 2014 ACS five-year estimate report, published by the U.S. Census Bureau

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maryland's gross state product in 2016 was $382.4 billion.[162] However, Maryland has been using Genuine Progress Indicator, an indicator of well-being, to guide the state's development, rather than relying only on growth indicators like GDP.[163][164] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland households are currently the wealthiest in the country, with a 2013 median household income of $72,483,[165] which puts it ahead of New Jersey and Connecticut, which are second and third respectively. Two of Maryland's counties, Howard and Montgomery, are the second and eleventh wealthiest counties in the nation respectively. Maryland has the most millionaires per capita in 2013, with a ratio of 7.7 percent.[166] Also, the state's poverty rate of 7.8 percent is the lowest in the country.[167][168][169] Per capita personal income in 2006 was $43,500, fifth in the nation. As of March 2022, the state's unemployment rate was 4.6 percent.[170]

Maryland's economy benefits from the state's proximity to the federal government in Washington, D.C., with an emphasis on technical and administrative tasks for the defense/aerospace industry and bio-research laboratories, as well as staffing of satellite government headquarters in the suburban or exurban Baltimore/Washington area. Ft. Meade serves as the headquarters of the Defense Information Systems Agency, United States Cyber Command, and the National Security Agency/Central Security Service. In addition, a number of educational and medical research institutions are located in the state. The various components of The Johns Hopkins University and its medical research facilities are now the largest single employer in the Baltimore area.[citation needed]

Manufacturing, while large in dollar value, is highly diversified with no sub-sector contributing over 20 percent of the total. Typical forms of manufacturing include electronics, computer equipment, and chemicals. The once-mighty primary metals sub-sector, which once included what was then the largest steel factory in the world at Sparrows Point, still exists, but is pressed with foreign competition, bankruptcies, and mergers.[citation needed] During World War II, the Glenn Martin Company (now part of Lockheed Martin) airplane factory employed some 40,000 people.

Mining other than construction materials is virtually limited to coal, which is located in the mountainous western part of the state. The brownstone quarries in the east, which gave Baltimore and Washington much of their characteristic architecture in the mid-19th century, were once a predominant natural resource. Historically, there used to be small gold-mining operations in Maryland, some near Washington, but these no longer exist.

In 2022, the top private employers by number of employees were BYK Gardner, Clean Harbors, Holy Cross Hospital, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Northrop Grumman, University of Maryland, and University of Maryland Medical Center.[171]

### Port of Baltimore

[edit]

One major service activity is transportation, centered on the Port of Baltimore and its related rail and trucking access. The port ranked 17th in the U.S. by tonnage in 2008.[172] Although the port handles a wide variety of products, the most typical imports are raw materials and bulk commodities, such as iron ore, petroleum, sugar, and fertilizers, often distributed to the relatively close manufacturing centers of the inland Midwest via good overland transportation. The port also receives several brands of imported motor vehicles and is the number one auto port in the U.S.[173]

Baltimore City is among the top 15 largest ports in the nation,[174] and was one of six major U.S. ports that were part of the February 2006 controversy over the Dubai Ports World deal.[175] The state as a whole is heavily industrialized, with a prosperous economy and influential technology centers. Its computer industries are some of the most sophisticated in the United States, and the federal government has invested heavily in the area. Maryland is home to several large military bases and scores of high-level government jobs.

The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is a 14 miles (23 km) canal on the Eastern Shore that connects the waters of the Delaware River with those of the Chesapeake Bay, and in particular with the Port of Baltimore, carrying 40 percent of the port's ship traffic.[176]

### Fishing

[edit]

Maryland has a large food-production sector. A large component of this is commercial fishing, centered in the Chesapeake Bay, but also including activity off the short Atlantic seacoast. The largest catches by species are the blue crab, oysters, striped bass, and menhaden. The Bay also has overwintering waterfowl in its wildlife refuges. The waterfowl support a tourism sector of sportsmen.

### Agriculture

[edit]

Main article: Agriculture in Maryland

Agriculture is an important part of Maryland's economy.

Maryland has large areas of fertile agricultural land in its coastal and Piedmont zones, though this land use is being encroached upon by urbanization. Agriculture is oriented to dairy farming (especially in foothill and piedmont areas) for nearby large city milksheads, plus specialty perishable horticulture crops, such as cucumbers, watermelons, sweet corn, tomatoes, melons, squash, and peas (Source:USDA Crop Profiles). The southern counties of the western shoreline of Chesapeake Bay are warm enough to support a tobacco cash crop zone, which has existed since early Colonial times, but declined greatly after a state government buy-out in the 1990s. There is also a large automated chicken-farming sector in the state's southeastern part; Salisbury is home to Perdue Farms. Maryland's food-processing plants are the most significant type of manufacturing by value in the state. Farming suffers from weeds as anywhere else, including an unusual multiply resistant ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) found by Rousonelos et al., 2012 with both ALS- and PPO-resistances[177] and which by 2016 had developed a third, EPSP resistance.[178] This ragweed population is a drag on soybean cultivation and, as of May 7, 2022[update], is the worst multiresistant weed problem in the state.[178]

### Biotechnology

[edit]

Maryland is a major center for life sciences research and development. With more than 400 biotechnology companies located there, Maryland is the fourth largest nexus in this field in the United States.[179]

Institutions and government agencies with an interest in research and development located in Maryland include the Johns Hopkins University, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, more than one campus of the University System of Maryland, Goddard Space Flight Center, the United States Census Bureau, the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, the federal Food and Drug Administration, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Celera Genomics company, the J. Craig Venter Institute, and AstraZeneca (formerly MedImmune).

Maryland is home to defense contractor Emergent BioSolutions, which manufactures and provides an anthrax vaccine to U.S. government military personnel.[180]

### Tourism

[edit]

See also: List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland

Ocean City, a beach resort along the Atlantic Ocean and a popular tourist destination in Maryland

Tourism is popular in Maryland. Many tourists visit Baltimore, the beaches of the Eastern Shore, and the nature of western Maryland. Attractions in Baltimore include the Harborplace, the Baltimore Aquarium, Fort McHenry, as well as the Camden Yards baseball stadium. Ocean City on the Atlantic Coast has been a popular beach destination in summer, particularly since the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was built in 1952 connecting the Eastern Shore to the more populated Maryland cities.[48] The state capital of Annapolis offers sites such as the state capitol building, the historic district, and the waterfront. Maryland also has several sites of interest to military history, given Maryland's role in the American Civil War and in the War of 1812. Other attractions include the historic and picturesque towns along the Chesapeake Bay, such as Saint Mary's, Maryland's first colonial settlement and original capital.[181]

### Healthcare

[edit]

Main articles: List of hospitals in Maryland and Maryland hospital payment system

As of 2017, the top two health insurers including all types of insurance were CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield with 47% market share followed by UnitedHealth Group at 15%.[182]

Maryland has experimented with healthcare payment reforms, notably beginning in the 1970s with an all-payer rate setting program regulated by the Health Services Cost Review Commission.[183] In 2014, it switched to a global budget revenue system, whereby hospitals receive a capitated payment to care for their population.[183]

## Transportation

[edit]

The Maryland Department of Transportation oversees most transportation in the state through its various administration-level agencies.[184] The independent Maryland Transportation Authority maintains and operates the state's eight toll facilities.

### Roads

[edit]

See also: List of Interstate Highways in Maryland, List of Maryland state highways, List of minor Maryland state highways, and List of former Maryland state highways

The Chesapeake Bay Bridge, which connects Maryland's Eastern and Western Shores

Maryland's Interstate highways include 110 miles (180 km) of I-95, which enters the northeast portion of the state, travels through Baltimore, and becomes part of the eastern section of the Capital Beltway to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. I-68 travels 81 miles (130 km), connecting the western portions of the state to I-70 in the small town of Hancock. I-70 enters from Pennsylvania north of Hancock and continues east for 93 miles (150 km) to Baltimore, connecting Hagerstown and Frederick along the way.

I-83 has 34 miles (55 km) in Maryland and connects Baltimore to southern central Pennsylvania (Harrisburg and York, Pennsylvania). Maryland also has an 11-mile (18 km) portion of I-81 that travels through the state near Hagerstown. I-97, fully contained within Anne Arundel County and the shortest (17.6 miles (28.3 km)) one- or two-digit interstate highway in the contiguous US, connects the Baltimore area to the Annapolis area.

There are also several auxiliary Interstate highways in Maryland. Among them are two beltways encircling the major cities of the region: I-695, the McKeldin (Baltimore) Beltway, which encircles Baltimore; and a portion of I-495, the Capital Beltway, which encircles Washington, D.C. I-270, which connects the Frederick area with Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. through major suburbs to the northwest of Washington, is a major commuter route and is as wide as fourteen lanes at points. I-895, also known as the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway, provides an alternate route to I-95 across Baltimore Harbor.

Both I-270 and the Capital Beltway were extremely congested; however, the Intercounty Connector has alleviated some congestion over time. Construction of the ICC was a major part of the campaign platform of former Governor Robert Ehrlich, who was in office from 2003 until 2007, and of Governor Martin O'Malley, who succeeded him. I-595, which is an unsigned highway concurrent with US 50/US 301, is the longest unsigned interstate in the country and connects Prince George's County and Washington, D.C. with Annapolis and the Eastern Shore via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.

Maryland also has a state highway system that contains routes numbered from 2 through 999, however most of the higher-numbered routes are either unsigned or are relatively short. Major state highways include Routes 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway/Solomons Island Road/Southern Maryland Blvd.), 4 (Pennsylvania Avenue/Southern Maryland Blvd./Patuxent Beach Road/St. Andrew's Church Road), 5 (Branch Avenue/Leonardtown Road/Point Lookout Road), 32, 45 (York Road), 97 (Georgia Avenue), 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway), 210 (Indian Head Highway), 235 (Three Notch Road), 295 (Baltimore-Washington Parkway), 355 (Wisconsin Avenue/Rockville Pike/Frederick Road), 404 (Queen Anne Highway/ Shore Highway), and 650 (New Hampshire Avenue).

### Airports

[edit]

See also: Aviation in Maryland and List of airports in Maryland

Maryland's largest airport is Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, more commonly referred to as BWI. The airport is named for the Baltimore-born Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court justice. The only other airports with commercial service are at Hagerstown and Salisbury.

The Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. are also served by the other two airports in the region, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Dulles International Airport, both in Northern Virginia. The College Park Airport is the nation's oldest, founded in 1909, and is still used. Wilbur Wright trained military aviators at this location.[185][186]

### Rail

[edit]

See also: List of Maryland railroads

* v
* t
* e

Maryland passenger rail stations

Legend

| Floridian

to Chicago

|  |
Cumberland |  |

|  |

Via West Virginia

|  |

|  |

| Brunswick Line

to Martinsburg

|  |

| Northeast Corridor

to Boston South

Brunswick |  |

|  | Perryville
Point of Rocks |  |

|  | Aberdeen
|  |

|  | Edgewood
Frederick |  |

|  | Martin Airport

Monocacy |  |

|  | Penn Station

|  |

|  | West Baltimore
Dickerson |  |

|  | Halethorpe
|  |

|  | Camden Station

Barnesville |  |

|  |
|  |

|  | BWI Airport

Boyds |  |

|  | St. Denis
|  |

|  | Dorsey
Germantown |  |

|  | Odenton
|  |

|  | Jessup
Metropolitan Grove |  |

|  | Savage
|  |

|  | Bowie State
Gaithersburg |  |

|  | Laurel Race Track
|  |

|  | Laurel
Washington Grove |  |

|  | Seabrook
|  |

|  | Muirkirk

Rockville |  |

|  | Greenbelt

Garrett Park |  |

|  | New Carrollton

Kensington |  |

|  | College Park

Silver Spring |  |

|  | Riverdale

| Brunswick Line to D.C.

Floridian to Miami

|  |

| Camden Line

to Washington, D.C.

|  |

|  |

| Penn Line and Amtrak

to Washington, D.C.

|  |  |  |  |  |

Key

|  |  |

|  | Brunswick Line

|
|
|
|

|  |

|  | Camden Line
|  |

|  | Penn Line
|  |

|  | Amtrak
|  |  |  |  |  |
Ellicott City Station, on the original Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line, the oldest remaining passenger station in the nation. The rail line is still used by CSX Transportation for freight trains, and the station is now a museum.

Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela Express serve Penn Station in Baltimore, BWI Airport, New Carrollton, and Aberdeen along the Washington, D.C. to Boston Northeast Corridor. Train service is provided to Rockville and Cumberland by Amtrak's Washington, D.C., to Chicago Capitol Limited.

The WMATA's Metrorail rapid transit and Metrobus local bus systems (the 2nd and 6th busiest in the nation of their respective modes) provide service in Montgomery and Prince George's counties and connect them to Washington D.C.. The Maryland Transit Administration (often abbreviated as "MTA Maryland"), a state agency part of the Maryland Department of Transportation also provides transit services within the state. Headquartered in Baltimore, MTA's transit services are largely focused on central Maryland, as well as some portions of the Eastern Shore and Southern MD. Baltimore's Light RailLink and Metro SubwayLink systems serve its densely populated inner-city and the surrounding suburbs. The MTA also serves the city and its suburbs with its local bus service (the 9th largest system in the nation). The MTA's Commuter Bus system provides express coach service on longer routes connecting Washington, D.C. and Baltimore to parts of Central and Southern MD as well as the Eastern Shore. The commuter rail service, known as MARC, operates three lines which all terminate at Washington Union Station and provide service to Baltimore's Penn and Camden stations, Perryville, Frederick, and Martinsburg, West Virginia. In addition, many suburban counties operate local bus systems which connect to and complement the larger MTA and WMATA/Metro services.

The MTA will also administer the Purple Line, an under-construction light rail line that will connect the Maryland branches of the Red, Green/Yellow, and Orange lines of the Washington Metro, as well as offer transfers to all three lines of the MARC commuter rail system.[187][188]

Freight rail transport is handled principally by two Class I railroads, as well as several smaller regional and local carriers. CSX Transportation has more extensive trackage throughout the state, with 560 miles (900 km),[189] followed by Norfolk Southern Railway. Major rail yards are located in Baltimore and Cumberland,[189] with an intermodal terminal (rail, truck and marine) in Baltimore.[190]

## Law and government

[edit]

Main article: Government of Maryland

See also: List of Governors of Maryland, Maryland Army National Guard, and Maryland Air National Guard

The Maryland State House in Annapolis dates to 1772, and houses the Maryland General Assembly and offices of the governor. The historical coat of arms of Maryland in 1876

The government of Maryland is conducted according to the state constitution. The government of Maryland, like the other 49 state governments, has exclusive authority over matters that lie entirely within the state's borders, except as limited by the Constitution of the United States.

Power in Maryland is divided among three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Maryland General Assembly is composed of the Maryland House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate. Maryland's governor is unique in the United States as the office is vested with significant authority in budgeting. Unlike many other states, significant autonomy is granted to many of Maryland's counties.

Most of the business of government is conducted in Annapolis, the state capital; however some cabinet departments and state officials have their offices in Baltimore. Elections for governor and most statewide offices, as well as most county elections, are held in midterm-election years (even-numbered years not divisible by four).

The judicial branch of state government consists of one united District Court of Maryland that sits in every county and Baltimore City, as well as 24 Circuit Courts sitting in each County and Baltimore City, the latter being courts of general jurisdiction for all civil disputes over $30,000, all equitable jurisdiction and major criminal proceedings. The intermediate appellate court is known as the Appellate Court of Maryland and the state supreme court is the Supreme Court of Maryland. The appearance of the justices of the Supreme Court of Maryland is unique; Maryland is the only state whose justices wear red robes.[191]

### Taxation

[edit]

Maryland imposes five income tax brackets, ranging from 2 to 6.25 percent of personal income.[192] The city of Baltimore and Maryland's 23 counties levy local "piggyback" income taxes at rates between 1.25 and 3.2 percent of Maryland taxable income. Local officials set the rates and the revenue is returned to the local governments quarterly. The top income tax bracket of 9.45 percent is the fifth highest combined state and local income tax rates in the country, behind New York City's 11.35 percent, California's 10.3 percent, Rhode Island's 9.9 percent, and Vermont's 9.5 percent.[193]

Maryland's state sales tax is six percent.[194] All real property in Maryland is subject to the property tax.[195] Generally, properties that are owned and used by religious, charitable, or educational organizations or property owned by the federal, state or local governments are exempt.[195] Property tax rates vary widely.[195] No restrictions or limitations on property taxes are imposed by the state, meaning cities and counties can set tax rates at the level they deem necessary to fund governmental services.[195]

### Elections

[edit]

Main article: Elections in Maryland

Further information: Political party strength in Maryland

Spiro Agnew, the 39th Vice President of the United States during the Nixon administration, the highest-ranking political leader from Maryland since the nation's founding

Following the American Civil War, Maryland's elections have largely been controlled by the Democratic Party, which accounted for 54.9% of the state's registered voters as of May 2017.[196]

State elections are dominated by Baltimore and four populous suburban counties bordering Washington, D.C., and Baltimore: Montgomery, Prince George's, Anne Arundel, and Baltimore counties. As of July 2017,[197] 66 percent of the state's population resides in these six jurisdictions, most of which contain large, traditionally Democratic voting blocs: African Americans in Baltimore City and Prince George's; federal employees in Prince George's, Anne Arundel, and Montgomery; and post-graduates in Montgomery. The remainder of the state, particularly Western Maryland and the Eastern Shore, is more supportive of Republicans.[citation needed] One of Maryland's best known political figures is a Republican – former governor Spiro Agnew, who pled no contest to tax evasion and resigned in 1973.[198]

In 1980, Maryland was one of six states to vote for Jimmy Carter. In 1992, Bill Clinton fared better in Maryland than any other state, except his home state of Arkansas. In 1996, Maryland was Clinton's sixth best; in 2000, Maryland ranked fourth for Gore; and in 2004, John Kerry showed his fifth-best performance in Maryland. In 2008, Barack Obama won the state's 10 electoral votes with 61.9 percent of the vote, to John McCain's 36.5 percent.

In 2002, former Governor Robert Ehrlich was the first Republican to be elected to that office in four decades, and after one term, he lost his seat to Baltimore Mayor and Democrat Martin O'Malley. Ehrlich ran again for governor in 2010, losing again to O'Malley.

Voter registration and party enrollment in Maryland
as of March 2025[199] Party  | Total  | Percentage

|
|

| Democratic | 2,232,517  | 45.30%
| Republican | 1,032,539  | 24.20%
| Independents / unaffiliated  | 953,440  | 22.18%
| Green  | 5,302  | 0.12%
| Working Class  | 2,614  | 0.06%
| Other parties  | 72,417  | 1.69%
Total  | 4,298,829  | 100.00%

The 2006 election brought no change in the pattern of Democratic dominance. After Democratic Senator Paul Sarbanes announced that he was retiring, Democratic Congressman Benjamin Cardin defeated Republican Lieutenant Governor Michael S. Steele, with 55 percent of the vote, against Steele's 44 percent.

While Republicans typically win more counties in statewide elections by piling up large margins in the west and east, they are usually overcome by the densely populated and solidly Democratic Baltimore–Washington axis. In 2008, for instance, McCain won 17 counties to Obama's six (plus Baltimore City). While McCain won most of the western and eastern counties by margins of 2-to-1 or more, he was almost completely shut out in the larger counties surrounding Baltimore and Washington; every large county except Anne Arundel went for Obama, who won by 25 points statewide.[200]

From 2007 to 2011, U.S. Congressman Steny Hoyer (MD-5), a Democrat, was elected as Majority Leader for the 110th Congress and 111th Congress of the House of Representatives, serving in that post again from 2019 to 2023. In addition, Hoyer served as House Minority Whip from 2003 to 2006 and 2012 to 2018. His district covers parts of Anne Arundel and Prince George's counties, in addition to all of Charles, Calvert, and St. Mary's counties in southern Maryland.[201]

In 2010, Republicans won control of most counties. The Democratic Party remained in control of eight county governments, including that of Baltimore.[202]

In 2022, Wes Moore became the first Democrat elected Governor of Maryland since 2010, replacing Republican Larry Hogan, who did not run for re-election due to term limits. Moore is the first African-American elected Governor of Maryland, and the fifth African-American governor in American history.[203]

## Media

[edit]

A well-known newspaper in Maryland is The Baltimore Sun.[204] Many residents of the Washington metropolitan area receive The Washington Post.[205]

The most populous areas are served by either Baltimore or Washington, D.C. broadcast stations. The Eastern Shore is served primarily by broadcast media based around the Delmarva Peninsula; the northeastern section receives both Baltimore and Philadelphia stations. Garrett County, which is mountainous, is served by stations from Pittsburgh, and requires cable or satellite for reception. Maryland is served by statewide PBS member station Maryland Public Television (MPT).[206]

## Education

[edit]

### Primary and secondary education

[edit]

See also: List of school districts in Maryland, List of high schools in Maryland, and Arts and culture of Maryland

Memorial Chapel at the University of Maryland, Maryland's flagship university University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Education Week ranked Maryland #1 in its nationwide 2009–2013 Quality Counts reports.[207] Primary and secondary education in Maryland is overseen by the Maryland State Department of Education, which is headquartered in Baltimore.[208] The highest educational official in the state is the State Superintendent of Schools, who is appointed by the State Board of Education to a four-year term of office. The Maryland General Assembly has given the Superintendent and State Board autonomy to make educationally related decisions, limiting its influence on the day-to-day functions of public education. Each county and county-equivalent in Maryland has a local Board of Education charged with running the public schools in that particular jurisdiction.

The budget for education was $5.5 billion in 2009, representing about 40 percent of the state's general fund.[209] Data from the 2017 census shows that, among large school districts, four Maryland districts are in the top six for per-pupil annual spending, exceeded only by the Boston and New York City districts.[210]

Maryland has a broad range of private primary and secondary schools. Many of these are affiliated with various religious sects, including parochial schools of the Catholic Church, Quaker schools, Seventh-day Adventist schools, and Jewish schools. In 2003, Maryland law was changed to allow for the creation of publicly funded charter schools, although the charter schools must be approved by their local Board of Education and are not exempt from state laws on education, including collective bargaining laws.

In 2008, the state led the entire country in the percentage of students passing Advanced Placement examinations. 23.4 percent of students earned passing grades on the AP tests given in May 2008. This marks the first year that Maryland earned this honor.[211] Three Maryland high schools (in Montgomery County) were ranked among the top 100 in the country by US News in 2009, based in large part on AP test scores.[212]

### Colleges and universities

[edit]

See also: List of colleges and universities in Maryland

Maryland has several historic and renowned private colleges and universities, the most prominent of which is Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876 with a grant from Baltimore entrepreneur Johns Hopkins.

The first public university in the state is the University of Maryland, Baltimore, which was founded in 1807 and contains the University of Maryland's only public academic health, human services, and one of two law centers (the other being the University of Baltimore School of Law). Seven professional and graduate schools train the majority of the state's physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, social workers, and pharmacists.[213] The flagship university and largest undergraduate institution in Maryland is the University of Maryland, College Park which was founded as the Maryland Agricultural College in 1856 and became a public land grant college in 1864. Towson University, founded in 1866, is the state's second largest university.

In 1974, Maryland, along with seven other states, mainly in the South, submitted plans to desegregate its state universities; Maryland's plans were approved by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.[214]

Baltimore is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and the Maryland Institute College of Art. The majority of public universities in the state (Bowie State University, Coppin State University, Frostburg State University, Salisbury University and the University of Maryland-Eastern Shore) are affiliated with the University System of Maryland. Two state-funded institutions, Morgan State University and St. Mary's College of Maryland, as well as two federally funded institutions, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the United States Naval Academy, are not affiliated with the University System of Maryland. The University of Maryland Global Campus is the largest public university in Maryland[215] and one of the largest distance-learning institutions in the world.[216]

St. John's College in Annapolis and Washington College in Chestertown, both private institutions, are the oldest colleges in the state and among the oldest in the country. Other private institutions include Mount St. Mary's University, McDaniel College (formerly known as Western Maryland College), Hood College, Stevenson University (formerly known as Villa Julie College), Loyola University Maryland, and Goucher College, among others.

### Public libraries

[edit]

Maryland's 24 public library systems deliver public education for everyone in the state of Maryland through a curriculum that comprises three pillars: Self-Directed Education (books and materials in all formats, e-resources), Research Assistance & Instruction (individualized research assistance, classes for students of all ages), and Instructive & Enlightening Experiences (e.g., Summer Reading Clubs, author events).

Maryland's library systems include, in part:

* Anne Arundel County Public Library
* Baltimore County Public Library
* Cecil County Public Library
* Enoch Pratt Free Library
* Frederick County Public Library
* Harford County Public Library
* Howard County Public Library
* Montgomery County Public Libraries
* Prince George's County Memorial Library System
* St. Mary's County Public Library[217]

Many of the library systems have established formalized partnerships with other educational institutions in their counties and regions.[218]

## Sports

[edit]

See also: Sports in Maryland and List of people from Maryland § Athletes

Oriole Park at Camden Yards, home of the Baltimore Orioles M&T Bank Stadium, home of the Baltimore Ravens

With two major metropolitan areas, Maryland has a number of major and minor professional sports franchises. Two National Football League teams play in Maryland, the Baltimore Ravens in Baltimore and the Washington Commanders in Landover. The Baltimore Colts represented the NFL in Baltimore from 1953 to 1983 before moving to Indianapolis.

The Baltimore Orioles are the state's Major League Baseball franchise. The National Hockey League's Washington Capitals and the National Basketball Association's Washington Wizards formerly played in Maryland, until the construction of an arena in Washington, D.C. in 1997 (now known as Capital One Arena). University of Maryland's team is the Maryland Terrapins.

Maryland enjoys considerable historical repute for the talented sports players of its past, including Cal Ripken Jr. and Babe Ruth. In 2012, The Baltimore Sun published a list of Maryland's top ten athletes in the state's history. The list includes Babe Ruth, Cal Ripken Jr, Johnny Unitas, Brooks Robinson, Frank Robinson, Ray Lewis, Michael Phelps, Jimmie Foxx, Jim Parker, and Wes Unseld.[219]

Other professional sports franchises in the state include three affiliated minor league baseball teams, one independent league baseball team, the Baltimore Blast indoor soccer team, two indoor football teams and three low-level outdoor soccer teams. Maryland is also home to one of the three races in horse racing's annual Triple Crown, the Preakness Stakes, which is run every spring at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. The Baltimore Stallions were a Canadian Football Team in the CFL that played the 1994–95 season.

Congressional Country Club has hosted three golf tournaments for the U.S. Open and a PGA Championship.

The official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse.[220] The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located in Sparks, Maryland at the USA Lacrosse headquarters. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise.[221]

## Friendship partners

[edit]

Maryland has relationships with many provinces, states, and other administrative divisions worldwide.

* Bong and Maryland Counties, in Liberia[222]
* Jalisco, Mexico (1996)[223]
* Cross River and Ondo States, Nigeria[224][225]
* KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[226]
* Medan Marelan, Indonesia[227]

## See also

[edit]

* Maryland portal
* United States portal

* Index of Maryland-related articles
* Outline of Maryland
* List of people from Maryland
* USS Maryland, 4 ships

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
2. ^ In American English, the first syllable is pronounced /ˈmɛr-/ even by the minority of speakers who contrast the vowels in merry /ˈmɛri/ and Mary /ˈmɛəri/. The pronunciation /ˈmɛərɪlənd/ MAIR-il-ənd is the predominant one in British Received Pronunciation.[8]
3. ^ As of 2022–2023, there were only 8,646 Nepali immigrants in Maryland; however, numerous sources cite the number of Nepali or Nepali-Bhutanese immigrants and refugees in Maryland as between 20,000 and 25,000, considering that the community has often been undercounted.
4. ^ Including Evangelical Protestants (18%), Mainline Protestants (18%), and Historically[further explanation needed] Black Protestants (16%)[154]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Maryland's quality of life ranks high compared to other states". The Daily Record. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
2. ^ "Maryland Facts". Maryland Office of Tourism. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
3. ^ "Senate Bill 88" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2017.
4. ^ "Great Seal of Maryland (reverse)". Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
5. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
6. ^ "United States Census Quick Facts Maryland". Retrieved January 3, 2025.
7. ^ "Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023" (PDF). Retrieved January 12, 2025.
8. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
9. ^ "Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
10. ^ "Maryland - 2023 - III.B. Overview of the State". mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
11. ^ a b "Baltimore". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 18, 2023. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
12. ^ "People, Tribes and Bands". Maryland Manual On-line: A Guide to Maryland and its Government. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
13. ^ "George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert, Barons Baltimore" William Hand Browne, Nabu Press (August 1, 2010), ISBN 117662539X ISBN 978-1176625396
14. ^ Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic : the Lords Baltimore in the seventeenth century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801879630. OCLC 53967315.
15. ^ a b Andrews, Matthew Page (1929). History of Maryland: Province and State. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 3–5.
16. ^ "The Charter of Maryland : 1632". avalon.law.yale.edu. December 18, 1998. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
17. ^ "Avalon Project—Maryland Toleration Act; September 21, 1649". avalon.law.yale.edu. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
18. ^ "State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
19. ^ Tom Horton; William Chesapeake Bay Foundation (2013). Turning the Tide: Saving the Chesapeake Bay. Island Press. p. 221\. ISBN 9781610911160.
20. ^ "Maryland Facts". Visit Maryland. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
21. ^ "Maryland Indian Tribes and Languages". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
22. ^ Stewart, George R. (1967) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Sentry (3rd) ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 42–43.
23. ^ Marsh 2011, p. 5.
24. ^ Masser, Kristin P. "Maryland In Focus—St. Mary's County". Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
25. ^ History of Maryland, p. 32
26. ^ a b c "Maryland—The Catholic Experiment". www.ushistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016.
27. ^ Greenwell, Megan (August 21, 2008). "Religious Freedom Byway Would Recognize Maryland's Historic Role". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
28. ^ a b c Wilder, Craig Steven (2016). "War and Priests: Catholic Colleges and Slavery in the Age of Revolution". In Beckert, Seth; Rockman, Seth (eds.). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. p. 233\. ISBN 978-0-8122-4841-8.
29. ^ Taylor, Owen M., History of Annapolis (1872) p. 5
30. ^ Brenner, Robert. Merchants and Revolution London:Verso. 2003, ISBN 1-85984-333-6
31. ^ Tom (March 4, 2014). "Lord Baltimore's Map of Maryland in 1732". Ghosts of Baltimore. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
32. ^ a b c d Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-226-35591-7.
33. ^ "Indentured Servants and the Pursuits of Happiness" Archived January 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Crandall Shifflett, Virginia Tech.
34. ^ Paul Heinegg. Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware Archived August 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
35. ^ a b Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 81–82
36. ^ "Harriet Tubman". HISTORY. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
37. ^ Douglass, Frederick (2003). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble Classics. p. 17\. ISBN 978-1-59308-041-9.
38. ^ Dilts, James D. (1993). The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 80\. ISBN 978-0-8047-2235-3.
39. ^ Stover, John F. (1987). History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-911198-81-2.
40. ^ Walter Coffey (April 29, 2016). "Maryland Remains in the Union". The Civil War Months. Walter Coffey. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
41. ^ Vogler, Mark E. (April 18, 2009). "Civil War Guard on duty in Baltimore to save President Street Station". eagletribune.com. Eagle Tribune. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
42. ^ a b "Maryland at a Glance: Nicknames". Maryland State Archives. September 29, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
43. ^ a b c d Tuck, Stephen (Spring 2013). "Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century" (PDF). Reading for "Challenges of Democratization". Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014 - via Brandon Kendhammer, Ohio University.
44. ^ "Bird's Eye View of Cumberland, Maryland 1906". World Digital Library. 1906. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
45. ^ Dayhoff, Kevin (October 7, 2012). "Eagle Archive: Here's a toast to Maryland's origins as 'The Free State'". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
46. ^ Cairns, Huntington (December 1937). "History and Constitutionality of the Maryland Income Tax Law". Maryland Law Review. Legal History, Theory and Process Commons. UM Carey Law. pp. 1, 6. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2015. "... 1937 Special Session of the Maryland Legislature imposed an income tax ... expenditure of public funds for the benefit of able-bodied persons whose inability to support themselves arises from the prevalence of widespread unemployment."
47. ^ "The Steamboats of Chesapeake Bay". Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
48. ^ a b "William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bay Bridge—History". baybridge.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
49. ^ "Belgium". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2008. "Area—comparative: about the size of Maryland"
50. ^ Kelly, John (June 26, 2021). "Maryland calls itself America in miniature". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
51. ^ "Hancock—C&O Canal Trust". Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Trust. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
52. ^ Delgado, Patricia (December 2011). "Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Maryland Site Profile" (PDF). Maryland Department of Natural Resources. p. 54\. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017. "Map showing ... Maryland physiographic provinces"
53. ^ "M2.0—Maryland". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
54. ^ "M3.4—Maryland Potomac–Shenandoah Region". Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
55. ^ Reger, James P. "Earthquakes and Maryland". Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
56. ^ "Earthquake hits New Jersey, causing tremors in Maryland but no major damage". Baltimore Sun. April 5, 2024. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
57. ^ "Maryland's Lakes and Reservoirs: FAQ". Maryland Geological Survey. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
58. ^ Maryland.gov, "Maryland at a glance" Archived January 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed December 3, 2018.
59. ^ Rosenwald, Michael S. (July 30, 2012). "Fact: Maryland has no natural lakes". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
60. ^ a b Pamela Wood (March 27, 2017). "Maryland General Assembly approves fracking ban". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
61. ^ "Maryland at a Glance: State Symbols, Maryland State Flower—Black-Eyed Susan". Maryland Manual Online. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
62. ^ Olson, D. M.; Dinerstein, E.; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933–938\. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
63. ^ "Zone Hardiness Map through Prairie Frontier". Prairiefrontier.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
64. ^ John Leeds Bozman (1837). The history of Maryland: from its first settlement, in 1633, to the restoration, in 1660; with a copious introduction, and notes and illustrations. J. Lucas & E.K. Deaver. p. 24.
65. ^ a b c d "Hardiness Zones". Arbor Day Foundation. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
66. ^ "Invasive Species of concern in Maryland". Mdinvasivesp.org. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
67. ^ a b "Maryland Animals". Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
68. ^ Therres, Glenn (Fall 2007). "Lions in our mountains? The mystery of cougars in Maryland" (PDF). Wildlife and Heritage. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2009. "Historically bobcats were distributed statewide but during the post colonization period densities began to plummet. By the mid-1900s, populations had probably reached all-time lows, with remnant populations existing only in western Maryland. This prompted the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to classify them as a state-listed "Species of Special Concern." During the past quarter century, occupied range and densities have increased markedly. Results from the annual Bowhunter Survey and the Hunter Mail survey have identified bobcat sightings in 14 of Maryland's 23 counties. Currently, bobcats have dual legal classification in Maryland. In addition to the Species of Special Concern designation, they are also defined as a Game Animal / Furbearer with a closed harvest season."
69. ^ "Coyotes in Maryland". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011. "Coyotes were historically a western species with core populations found west of the Mississippi River. Alterations and/or elimination of competing predators during the post-European colonization period facilitated rapid range expansion into eastern North America during the 20th Century. Established populations now occur in every state and province in North America. Coyotes are a relatively new addition to local ecosystems, and were first documented in Maryland during 1972. Initial substantiated sightings occurred in Cecil, Frederick and Washington counties. Since that time population densities and occupied range have expanded incrementally and coyotes now occur statewide."
70. ^ a b c "Assateague Island National Seashore wild Ponies". Assateagueisland.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
71. ^ a b "Chesapeake Bay Retriever History". K9web.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
72. ^ "Eastern Box Turtle". Maryland Biodiversity Project. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
73. ^ "Maryland Government Website—Maryland State Bird". Msa.md.gov. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
74. ^ "Official list of the birds of Maryland" (PDF). Maryland/District of Columbia Records Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
75. ^ Euphydryas phaeton (Drury, 1773) Archived September 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Butterflies and Moths of North America
76. ^ Goodman, Peter S. (August 1, 1999). "An Unsavory Byproduct: Runoff and Pollution". Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
77. ^ Horton, Tom (January 1, 1999). "Hog farms' waste poses a threat". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
78. ^ Wingfield, Brian; Marcus, Miriam (October 16, 2007). "America's Greenest States". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
79. ^ "Program Design Archive". RGGI, Inc. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
80. ^ Caplan, Morgan (November 15, 2023). "Maryland On Track To Be Coal-Free by 2025 with Announced Retirement of Warrior Run Plant". Sierra_Club (Press release). Retrieved September 27, 2024.
81. ^ "Snowfall Map". Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
82. ^ "NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on October 24, 2006". Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
83. ^ "NowData—NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
84. ^ "Monthly Averages for Oakland, MD". weather.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
85. ^ "Station Name: MD Cumberland 2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
86. ^ "Monthly Averages for Hagerstown, MD". weather.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
87. ^ "Station Name: MD Frederick Police Brks". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
88. ^ "Station Name: MD MD Sci Ctr Baltimore". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
89. ^ "Monthly Averages for Elkton, MD (21921)". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
90. ^ "Station Name: MD Ocean City Muni Ap". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
91. ^ "Monthly Averages for Waldorf, MD". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
92. ^ "Monthly Averages for Point Lookout State Park [Scotland, MD]". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
93. ^ "Calvert County, Maryland's Success in Controlling Sprawl". Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
94. ^ Shields, Todd (February 16, 1997). "On Edge". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
95. ^ a b "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
96. ^ "QuickFacts Maryland; United States". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 7, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
97. ^ "Immigrants in Maryland" (PDF). American Immigration Council. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
98. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State—2000". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 12, 2001. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
99. ^ "The South As It's [sic] Own Nation". League of the South. 2004. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. "On the other hand, areas beyond these thirteen States maintain their Southern culture to varying degrees. Much of Missouri remains basically Southern, as do parts of southern Maryland and Maryland's eastern shore."
100. ^ Beck, John; Randall, Aaron & Frandsen, Wendy (June 27, 2007). "Southern Culture: An Introduction" (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 14–15\. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2008. "Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, and Maryland – slaveholding states and regions before the Civil War that did not secede from the Union – are also often included as part of the South. As border states, these states always were crossroads of values and customs, and today parts of Maryland seem to have become part of the 'Northeast'."
101. ^ "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
102. ^ "Regions of the United States". American Memory. The Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
103. ^ "Region 3: The Mid-Atlantic States". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
104. ^ "Your Local FBI Office". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
105. ^ "Routes Serving the Northeast". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
106. ^ "Best Regional Colleges". The Princeton Review. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
107. ^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State". Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
108. ^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
109. ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2020.+1+now+mostly+minorities,+but+not+in+Ohio:+Statistical+Snapshot&rft.date=2012-06-03&rft.aulast=Exner&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Maryland" class="Z3988">
110. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (1). National Center for Health Statistics: 35–36\. January 15, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
111. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (12). National Center for Health Statistics: 35–36\. December 23, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
112. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 66 (1). National Center for Health Statistics: 38, 40. January 5, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
113. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2016" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (1). National Center for Health Statistics: 25. January 31, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
114. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (8). National Center for Health Statistics: 20. November 7, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
115. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2018" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 68 (13). National Center for Health Statistics: 20. November 27, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
116. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (March 23, 2021). "Births: Final Data for 2019" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 70 (2). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–51\. PMID 33814033. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
117. ^ "Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
118. ^ "Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
119. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
120. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
121. ^ "Immigrants in Maryland". American Immigration Council. May 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
122. ^ "Biggest sources of immigrants to Maryland". Stacker. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
123. ^ a b "B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race—Maryland—2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
124. ^ "The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas". statisticalatlas.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
125. ^ acutrans19 (September 28, 2022). "Top 10 Languages of Maryland". Acutrans | Certified Translation Services. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
126. ^ a b c Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
127. ^ [1][usurped]
128. ^ "Maryland QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
129. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Maryland". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
130. ^ "Maryland Quick Facts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
131. ^ "States of Change: The Demographic Evolution of the American Electorate, 1974–2060" (PDF). Center for American Progress. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
132. ^ "Languages in Maryland" (PDF). U.S. English Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2012. "Prince George's County has the highest percentage of Kru/Ibo/Yoruba speakers of any county in the nation."
133. ^ *Westley, Brian. Washington: "Nation's Largest Ethiopian Community Carves Niche". ( Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine). USA Today. Associated Press. October 17, 2005.
* "Washington: Nation's Largest Ethiopian Community Carves Niche" Archived February 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. The Southeast Missourian. Associated Press. October 23, 2005. p. 7C. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
134. ^ Reed. "DC's 'Little Ethiopia' has moved to Silver Spring and Alexandria". Greater Greater Washington. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
135. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder—Results". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
136. ^ a b "Irish Immigrants in Baltimore: Introduction, Teaching American History in Maryland". Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
137. ^ a b Dastagir, Alia E. (May 23, 2011). "Swampoodle: The neighborhood behind the play". ABC Channel 7: TBD online magazine. p. 2\. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
138. ^ "Washington, DC Genealogy Research, Resources, and Records: Irish Neighborhoods in Old Washington". genweb.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
139. ^ "Mulberry Tree: College News: Explore Maryland's History in Ireland". St. Mary's College of Maryland online magazine. Spring 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
140. ^ "About the Celtic Society of Southern Maryland". CSSM.org. Celtic Society of Southern Maryland. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
141. ^ "KhK-GenGreece". www.yvelia.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
142. ^ "European Immigrants in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
143. ^ "Cities with the Highest Percentage of Russians in Maryland". Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
144. ^ Department of Legislative Services (June 2008). "Overview of Hispanic Community in Maryland" (PDF). pp. 6–7\. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
145. ^ Yau, Jennifer (2007). "The Foreign Born from Korea in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
146. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau: Maryland". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
147. ^ "2020 Regular Session - Bond Bill Fact Sheet for Baltimore Association of Nepalese in America" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
148. ^ "Maryland's Nepali community mourns Brindra Giri, a recent immigrant killed in Rite Aid warehouse shooting". Baltimore Sun. September 23, 2018. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
149. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census".
150. ^ "Minority population surging in Texas". NBC News. Associated Press. August 18, 2005. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
151. ^ Turner Brinton, "Immigration Bill Could Impact Maryland". Archived December 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Capital News Service, April 5, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
152. ^ a b c d e "Maryland". Freedom to Marry. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
153. ^ Mdhslibrarydept (April 18, 2013). "The Gypsy Queen of Baltimore* – Maryland Center for History and Culture". Maryland Center for History and Culture.
154. ^ a b c "Religious composition of adults in Maryland". Religious Landscape Study. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
155. ^ "State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
156. ^ "Maryland Amish". Amish America. March 2011. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
157. ^ "Table 77. Christian Church Adherents and Jewish Population States: 2008". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (Excel) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
158. ^ "2017 Greater Washington Jewish Community Demographic Study" (PDF). Jewish Federation of Greater Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
159. ^ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
160. ^ Joseph, Channing Gerard (January 31, 2020). "The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
161. ^ "Maryland Polling Memo". Public Policy Polling. May 24, 2012. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
162. ^ "Regional Data". Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
163. ^ Dolan, Karen (January 30, 2012). "A better way of measuring progress in Maryland". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
164. ^ Measuring Prosperity: Maryland's Genuine Progress Indicator | Solutions Archived October 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Thesolutionsjournal.com. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
165. ^ "American FactFinder MedImmune Results". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
166. ^ Frank, Robert (January 15, 2014). "Top states for millionaires per capita". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
167. ^ U.S. Poverty Rate Drops; Ranks of Uninsured Grow Archived July 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine washingtonpost.com.
168. ^ Maryland is ranked as richest state Archived December 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine baltimoresun.com.
169. ^ US Poverty Rate Declines Significantly Archived December 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine wibw.com.
170. ^ "Monthly Labor Review—February 2018" (PDF). Maryland Department of Labor, License, and Governing. April 5, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
171. ^ "2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report." Comptroller of Maryland. April 2023. p. 164. Archived April 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
172. ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. New Orleans, LA. "Tonnage for Selected U.S. Ports in 2008." Archived July 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Revised February 17, 2010.
173. ^ "Port of Baltimore". Automotive Logistics Buyers' Guide. Ultima Media. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017. "The Port of Baltimore handles more autos than any other US port."
174. ^ "Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
175. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Shaw, Gwyneth K. (March 11, 2006). "Bush fears terror setback". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
176. ^ "Chesapeake and Delaware Canal". Philadelphia, PA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
177. ^ Rousonelos, Stephanie L.; Lee, Ryan M.; Moreira, Murilo S.; VanGessel, Mark J.; Tranel, Patrick J. (2012). "Characterization of a Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Population Resistant to ALS- and PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides". Weed Science. 60 (3). Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) (CUP): 335–344\. Bibcode:2012WeedS..60..335R. doi:10.1614/ws-d-11-00152.1. ISSN 0043-1745. S2CID 86234767.
178. ^ a b Heap, Ian (May 7, 2022). "Multiple resistant Ambrosia artemisiifolia from United States, Maryland". The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
179. ^ "Maryland's Bioscience Environment: 2009". The Maryland Biotechnology Center. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
180. ^ "Emergent BioSolutions Receives Orphan Drug Designation for BioThrax for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of Anthrax Disease". Marketwatch.com. Dow Jones & Company. April 21, 2014. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
181. ^ Lam, Kenneth K. (August 30, 2013). "Unearthing early American life in St. Mary's City: St. Mary's City is an archaeological jewel on Maryland's Western Shore". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
182. ^ "Competition in health insurance research". American Medical Association. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
183. ^ a b Galarraga, Jessica; Pines, Jesse M. (2017). "The Challenging Transformation Of Health Care Under Maryland's Global Budgets". Health Affairs Forefront. doi:10.1377/forefront.20171214.96251. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
184. ^ "MDOT Departments". Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Maryland Department of Transportation. Retrieved on March 23, 2009.
185. ^ "College Park Aviation Museum Home". Collegeparkaviationmuseum.com. September 12, 2013. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
186. ^ "Frederick E. Humphreys: First Military Pilot". New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs: Military History. December 9, 2008. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
187. ^ "Purple Line". MDOT MTA Purple Line. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
188. ^ Shaver, Katherine (December 16, 2020). "Maryland board approves $250 million legal deal to complete Purple Line construction". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
189. ^ a b CSX Transportation. Jacksonville, FL (2010). "CSX and Maryland." Archived October 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
190. ^ Maryland Port Administration. Baltimore, MD. "Seagirt Marine Terminal." Archived January 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 31, 2011.
191. ^ Lamy, Rudolf B. (2006). "A Study of Scarlet: Red Robes and the Maryland Court of Appeals." Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Monograph. (Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Law Library.)
192. ^ "Maryland State taxes". BankRate.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
193. ^ "Maryland Income Tax Information—Local Tax Rates". Individuals.marylandtaxes.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
194. ^ "Sales and Use Tax". Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
195. ^ a b c d "A Homeowner's Guide to Property Taxes and Assessments". Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
196. ^ Maryland State Board of Elections. "Voter Registration Statistics". Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
197. ^ "American FactFinder—Results". Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
198. ^ Feerick, John D. (2014) [1976]. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Application (Third ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 132–133\. ISBN 978-0-8232-5200-8.
199. ^ "Voter Registration Statistics". Maryland State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
200. ^ Local and National Election Results—Election Center 2008—Elections & Politics Archived November 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. CNN.com. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
201. ^ "Congressman Steny Hoyer". Steny Hoyer. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
202. ^ "Official Gubernatorial General Election results for Maryland". The State Board of Elections. State of Maryland. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
203. ^ Daniels, Cheyanne M. (January 18, 2023). "Fast-rising Dem star Wes Moore to be inaugurated Wednesday". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
204. ^ "Bluesheets: (Baltimore) The Sun". Thomson Reuters. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
205. ^ "The Washington Post". Ballotpedia. Retrieved March 5, 2025.
206. ^ "About MPT". Maryland Public Television. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
207. ^ "Quality Counts – Maryland – State Highlights 2013" (PDF). Education Week: 4. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
208. ^ "About MSDE"[usurped]. Maryland State Department of Education. Retrieved on March 22, 2009.
209. ^ "Slicing education?". gazette.net. The Gazette. October 30, 2009. p. A-9. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2009. "As it stands, the $5.5 billion Maryland spends on education makes up about 40 percent of the general fund budget."
210. ^ "Top 10 Largest School Districts by Enrollment and Per Pupil Current Spending". United States Census Bureau. January 31, 2022. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
211. ^ de Vise, Daniel (February 5, 2009). "Md. Leads U.S. in Passing Rates on AP Exams". Washington Post. pp. B1. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
212. ^ "Best High Schools: Gold Medal List". usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
213. ^ "UMB Fast Facts". University of Maryland, Baltimore. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
214. ^ "JBHE Chronology of Major Landmarks in the Progress of African Americans in Higher Education" Archived April 1, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, JBHE.
215. ^ Miyares, Javier (April 8, 2020). "Education Viewpoint: This pandemic puts online education in the spotlight". Baltimore Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
216. ^ D'Amato, Pete (May 1, 2020). "Coronavirus accelerates higher education's trend toward distance learning". The Hechinger Report. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
217. ^ "Home". Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
218. ^ "Institute of Museum and Library Services—Maryland State Profile". IMLS. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
219. ^ "Top 10 Maryland athletes in The Sun's 175-year history". Baltimore Sun. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
220. ^ "State Symbols". Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
221. ^ "State Symbols: Marylanders take a walk, and eat cake too". Journalism.umd.edu. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
222. ^ "Bong County & Maryland County, Liberia". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
223. ^ "State of Jalisco, Mexico". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
224. ^ "Cross River State, Nigeria". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
225. ^ "Ondo State, Nigeria". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
226. ^ "Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
227. ^ "It turns out that this is the origin of Marelan, one of the sub-districts in Medan City". Net24jam.id. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2022.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Brugger, Robert J. (1988). Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634–1980. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5465-1.
* Chappelle, Susan Ellery Green; et al. (1986). Maryland: A History of its People. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3005-1.
* Davis, William Wilkins. Religion and Politics in Maryland on the Eve of the Civil War: The Letters of W. Wilkins Davis. Foreword by Charles W. Mitchell. 1988; rev. ed., Eugene, Ore.: Wipf & Stock, 2009.
* Denton, Lawrence M. (1995). A Southern Star for Maryland. Baltimore: Publishing Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9635159-3-3.
* Marsh, Carole (2011). My First Pocket Guide About Maryland. Gallopade International. p. 5\. ISBN 9780635086280.

## External links

[edit]

Maryland at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

* Official website
* Maryland Office of Tourism Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
* Energy Data & Statistics for Maryland[usurped]
* USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Maryland[usurped]
* U.S. Census Bureau[usurped]
* Catholic Encyclopedia article Archived June 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
* Maryland State Facts from USDA Archived August 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
* Geographic data related to Maryland at OpenStreetMap
* Maryland State Archives: Special Collections, Map Collections Archived November 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
* Maryland Historical Society: County Maps Archived July 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
* The Huntingfield Map Collection Archived June 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
* Maryland: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress Archived April 19, 2023, at the Wayback Machine

Preceded by

Massachusetts

|  List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Ratified Constitution on April 28, 1788 (7th)  | Succeeded by

South Carolina

|
|

* v
* t
* e

State of Maryland

Annapolis (capital)

Topics|

* Index
* Cities
* Government
* Congressional delegations
* Congressional maps
* History
* Mass media
* Newspapers
* Radio
* TV
* People
* Symbols
* Tourist attractions

Society|

* Abortion
* African Americans
* Agriculture
* Climate change
* Culture
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education
* Gun laws
* Homelessness
* LGBT rights
* Politics
* Sports

Regions|

* Allegheny Mountains
* Atlantic coastal plain
* Blue Ridge
* Chesapeake
* Cumberland Valley
* Delaware Valley
* Delmarva Peninsula
* Eastern Shore
* Piedmont
* Ridge and Valley
* Southern Maryland
* Tidewater
* Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area
* Baltimore metropolitan area
* Washington metropolitan area
* Western Maryland

Cities|

* Aberdeen
* Annapolis
* Baltimore
* Bowie
* Brunswick
* Cambridge
* College Park
* Cumberland
* Frederick
* Gaithersburg
* Greenbelt
* Hagerstown
* Havre de Grace
* Laurel
* Pocomoke City
* Rockville
* Salisbury
* Takoma Park
* Westminster

Towns|

* Bel Air
* Denton
* Easton
* Elkton
* Leonardtown
* Ocean City
* Port Deposit
* Upper Marlboro

CDPs|

* Arbutus
* Arnold
* Aspen Hill
* Baltimore Highlands
* Bethesda
* Camp Springs
* Carney
* Catonsville
* Chillum
* Clinton
* Cockeysville-Hunt Valley
* Colesville
* Columbia
* Crofton
* Dundalk
* Edgewood
* Eldersburg
* Elkridge
* Ellicott City
* Essex
* Fairland
* Ferndale
* Fort Washington
* Germantown
* Glen Burnie
* Green Haven
* Hillcrest Heights
* Landover
* Langley Park
* Lanham
* Lansdowne
* Lochearn
* Lutherville
* Middle River
* Milford Mill
* Montgomery Village
* Odenton
* Olney
* Owings Mills
* Oxon Hill
* Parkville
* Pasadena
* Perry Hall
* Pikesville
* Potomac
* Randallstown
* Redland
* Reisterstown
* Rosedale
* St. Charles
* Severn
* Severna Park
* Silver Spring
* South Gate
* Suitland
* Timonium
* Towson
* Urbana
* Waldorf
* Wheaton-Glenmont
* White Oak
* Woodlawn

Counties|

* Allegany
* Anne Arundel
* Baltimore
* Calvert
* Caroline
* Carroll
* Cecil
* Charles
* Dorchester
* Frederick
* Garrett
* Harford
* Howard
* Kent
* Montgomery
* Prince George's
* Queen Anne's
* St. Mary's
* Somerset
* Talbot
* Washington
* Wicomico
* Worcester

Maryland portal

* v
* t
* e

Northeastern United States

Topics|

* Culture
* Geography
* Government
* History

States|

* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New York
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* Vermont

Federal districts|

* District of Columbia

Major cities|

* Allentown
* Alexandria
* Arlington
* Baltimore
* Boston
* Bridgeport
* Brockton
* Buffalo
* Burlington
* Cambridge
* Elizabeth
* Erie
* Hartford
* Jersey City
* Lowell
* Manchester
* New Haven
* New York City
* Newark
* Paterson
* Philadelphia
* Pittsburgh
* Portland
* Providence
* Quincy
* Reading
* Rochester
* Scranton
* Springfield
* Stamford
* Syracuse
* Washington, D.C.
* Waterbury
* Wilmington
* Worcester

State capitals|

* Albany
* Annapolis
* Augusta
* Boston
* Concord
* Dover
* Hartford
* Harrisburg
* Montpelier
* Providence
* Trenton

See also|

* Northeast megalopolis

* v
* t
* e

Southern United States

Topics|

* Cuisine
* Culture
* Dialect
* accent
* Economy
* Geography
* Government and politics
* History
* Sports
* Black Southerners
* White Southerners

States|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Mississippi
* North Carolina
* Oklahoma
* South Carolina
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Federal districts|

District of Columbia

Major cities|

* Atlanta
* Austin
* Baltimore
* Birmingham
* Charleston (SC)
* Charleston (WV)
* Charlotte
* Columbia
* Dallas
* Fort Worth
* Greensboro
* Hampton
* Hialeah
* Houston
* Huntsville
* Jacksonville
* Little Rock
* Louisville
* Memphis
* Miami
* Nashville
* New Orleans
* Newport News
* Norfolk
* Oklahoma City
* Orlando
* Portsmouth
* Raleigh
* Richmond
* San Antonio
* St. Petersburg
* Tampa
* Tulsa
* Virginia Beach
* Washington, D.C.
* Wilmington
* Winston-Salem

State capitals|

* Annapolis
* Atlanta
* Austin
* Baton Rouge
* Charleston (WV)
* Columbia
* Dover
* Frankfort
* Jackson
* Little Rock
* Montgomery
* Nashville
* Oklahoma City
* Raleigh
* Richmond
* Tallahassee

* v
* t
* e

Thirteen Colonies

* New England Colonies
* Middle Colonies
* Chesapeake Colonies
* Tobacco Colonies
* Southern Colonies
* United Colonies

* Virginia (1607–1776)
* New Hampshire (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)
* Maryland (1632–1776)
* Connecticut (1636–1776)
* Rhode Island (1636–1776)
* Delaware (1664–1776)
* New Jersey (1664–1673; 1702–1776)
* New York (1664–1776)
* Pennsylvania (1681–1776)
* Massachusetts Bay (1691–1776)
* North Carolina (1712–1776)
* South Carolina (1712–1776)
* Georgia (1732–1776)

* Other British colonial entities in the contemporary United States

* Roanoke (1585–1590)
* Popham (1607–1608)
* Jamestown (1607–1699)
* Berkeley Hundred (1619)
* Plymouth (1620–1686; 1689–1691)
* Maine (1622–1658)
* Saint Croix (1625–1650)
* Carolana (1629–1663)
* Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629–1686; 1689–1691)
* Saybrook (1635–1644)
* New Haven (1638–1664)
* New England Confederation (1643–1654; 1675–c. 1680)
* Carolina (1663–1712)
* Rupert's Land (1670–1811)
* North-Western Territory (1670–1870)
* East Jersey (1674–1702)
* West Jersey (1674–1702)
* Dominion of New England (1686–1689)
* Indian Reserve (1763–1783)
* Quebec (1763–1783)
* East Florida (1763–1783)
* West Florida (1763–1783)
* New Ireland (1779–1783; 1814–1815)
* Columbia District (1810–1846)
* Red River Colony (1811–1818)
* Stickeen Territories (1862–1863)
* Colony of British Columbia (1863–1866)
* Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island (1866–1871)
* Province of British Columbia (1871–1903)

* Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States

* Columbian Viceroyalty (1492–1535)
* New Spain
* 1521–1821; Spanish Florida, 1565–1763
* New Navarre, 1565–1821
* Captaincy General of the Philippines, 1565–1898
* Captaincy General of Puerto Rico, 1580–1898
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México, 1598–1821
* Captaincy General of Cuba, 1607–1801
* Spanish Saint Croix, 1650–1651
* Spanish Texas, 1690–1821
* Las Californias, 1767–1804
* Spanish Louisiana, 1769–1801
* Provincias Internas, 1776–1821
* Spanish East Florida, 1783–1821
* Spanish West Florida, 1783–1821
* Alta California, 1804–1821
* New France
* 1534–1763; French Canada, 1535–1763
* French Florida, 1562–1565
* Hospitaller Saint Croix, 1651–1665
* French Saint Croix, 1665–1733
* Illinois Country, 1675–1769 and 1801–1803
* French Louisiana, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803
* New Netherland (1614–1667)
* Dutch Virgin Islands (1625–1672)
* New Sweden (1638–1655)
* Danish West Indies (1672–1917)
* Brandenburger Saint Thomas (1685–1754)
* Krabbeninsel (1689–1693)
* Scottish Darien Company (1698)
* Russian America (1799–1867)

Related Documents

* Discourse Concerning Western Planting (1584)
* Mayflower Compact (1620)
* Mourt's Relation (1622)
* Of Plymouth Plantation (1630–1651)
* Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638)
* Quintipartite Deed (1676)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Political divisions of the United States

List of states and territories

States|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Federal district|

Washington, D.C.

Territories|

* American Samoa
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Outlying islands|

* Baker Island
* Howland Island
* Jarvis Island
* Johnston Atoll
* Kingman Reef
* Midway Atoll
* Navassa Island
* Palmyra Atoll
* Wake Island

Indian country|

* Federally recognized tribe
* Indian reservation
* List of federally recognized tribes by state
* List of Indian reservations

International concessions|

* Guantanamo Bay
* Pituffik

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* 2
* BnF data
* 2
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Argentina
* Sweden
* Israel
* Catalonia

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* RISM
* Yale LUX

39°N 77°W﻿ / ﻿39°N 77°W﻿ / 39; -77﻿ (State of Maryland)
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa