Matcha

Fine powder green tea

For the Thai feminist and activist, see Matcha Phorn-in.

Matcha

Type| Green tea

* * *

Other names| 抹茶, "fine powder tea"
Origin| Japan, China

* * *

Quick description| Japanese stone-ground powder green tea of ancient Chinese origin

* * *

Regional names

"Matcha" in kanji

Chinese name
Chinese| 末茶[1]

| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| mǒchá
IPA| [mwǒ.ʈʂʰá]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| mut3-caa4
IPA| [mut̚˧.tsʰa˩]
Korean name
Hangul| 말차
Hanja| 抹茶
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| malcha
McCune–Reischauer| malch'a
Alternative Korean name
Hangul| 가루차
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| garucha
McCune–Reischauer| karuch'a
Japanese name
Kanji| 抹茶
Kana| まっちゃ
| Transcriptions

Revised Hepburn| matcha

Matcha[a] (抹茶) /ˈmætʃə, ˈmɑːtʃə/[2][3] is a finely ground powder of specially grown and processed green tea leaves that originated in China. Later, the characteristic green color of modern matcha was developed in Japan, where most matcha is produced today.[4] In the 12th century at the latest, Chinese compressed tea, the raw material for matcha, was introduced to Japan. When the production of compressed tea was banned in China in 1391,[5] matcha was abandoned in China but continued to develop in Japan thereafter.

When the method of shaded growing was invented in Japan in the 15th century, matcha transformed into a bright green tea from its previous brown color. Tea plants used for matcha are shade-grown for three to four weeks before harvest; the stems and veins are removed during processing. During shaded growth, the plant Camellia sinensis increases in theanine and caffeine production. The powdered form of matcha is consumed differently from tea leaves or tea bags, as it is suspended in a liquid, typically water or milk.

A cup of matcha tea

The traditional Japanese tea ceremony, typically known as "chanoyu" (茶の湯), centers on the preparation, serving and drinking of matcha as hot tea, and embodies a meditative spirituality. In modern times, matcha is also used to flavor and dye foods such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream, matcha lattes and a variety of Japanese wagashi confectionery.

## Definition

[edit]

In Japan, labeling standards based on the Food Labeling Law (enacted in 2015) define which teas can be labeled and sold as matcha. According to the law, matcha is defined as powdered tea made by grinding tea leaves, called tencha (碾茶), using a tea millstone to a fine powder.[6][7] Tencha refers to tea leaves grown under shade, steamed, and dried without kneading.

In tencha, hard parts such as stems and veins are removed from the tea leaves. As a result, tencha has a rich aroma and a mild taste, characterized by little bitterness.

While high-grade matcha is ground using a special millstone, matcha made with an ordinary grinder can still be labeled as such.[7]

Sencha (煎茶), a popular green tea in Japan, involves kneading tea leaves during manufacturing, whereas matcha is not kneaded.

In the case of sencha, kneading the tea leaves destroys the cells and makes it easier for its ingredients to dissolve in hot water. Matcha, however, does not require kneading because the powder is dissolved directly in hot water. Because of this difference in the production process, in Japan, sencha and other simply powdered green teas cannot be labeled or sold as matcha. They are called powdered tea (粉末茶)[7] and sold as powdered green tea (粉末緑茶)[8] or instant tea (インスタント茶) in Japan.

When comparing the amount of tencha and matcha in circulation, it is estimated that two-thirds of the matcha distributed globally does not meet the original definition of matcha.[9]

| Matcha  | Powdered tea  | Instant tea

|
|
|

Raw material tea  | Tencha  | Sencha  | Sencha
Shaded cultivation  | Yes  | No  | No
Characteristics  | Bright green and sweet  | Green and bitter  | Dried sencha extract

## History

[edit]

### China

[edit]

Various types of compressed teas

In China during the Tang dynasty (618–907), tea leaves were steamed and formed into compressed tea (tea bricks) for storage and trade. According to Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea (760-762), tea was first made by roasting compressed tea in solid form over a fire and then grinding it in a wooden grinder called a niǎn (碾, Japanese: yagen), boiling water in a pot, adding salt when it boils, and then adding the tea powder to the boiling water and boiling it until it foamed.[10][11] The tea was also sometimes mixed with green onions, ginger, jujubes, mandarin orange peels, Tetradium ruticarpum, and mint.[10]

During the Song dynasty (960–1279), the method of making powdered tea from steam-prepared dried tea leaves and preparing the beverage by whipping the tea powder and hot water together in a bowl became popular.[12]

Niǎn, an artifact from Famen Temple

Although the term "matcha" (抹茶) is not used, powdered tea prepared with a tea whisk is believed to have originated at the latest in the 11th century in China. The most famous references to powdered tea are Cai Xiang's Record of Tea (1049-1053) and Emperor Huizong's Treatise on Tea (1107), both from the Song dynasty (960-1279).[13][14] According to these documents, high-grade lump tea (compressed tea), as typified by Lóngfèng Tuánchá (龍鳳團茶, lit. 'Dragon and Phoenix Lump Tea'), was ground to powder with a metal niǎn, then sifted, after which the powder was poured into a tea bowl, hot water was poured into the bowl, and the tea was prepared with a tea whisk.

According to the Record of Tea, the finer the sieve, the more the tea floats; the coarser the sieve, the more the tea sinks, so it seems that the particles of the powder were larger than those of modern matcha. The tea ceremonies at Kennin-ji Temple in Kyoto and Engaku-ji Temple in Kamakura are examples of the traditions of the Song dynasty.[15]

The lump tea presented to the emperor was mixed with borneol, which had a strong aroma, and was coated with oil and fat flavoring to make the surface of the lump shiny, to the point that the tea's original aroma was extinguished. Cai Xiang criticized such processing.[13][14]

In addition, the ideal color of tea was considered to be white, rather than green or brown. However, since tea powder could not usually be made white, various processing methods had to be used to make it white. For example, tea buds were plucked when they had just sprouted and repeatedly squeezed, and water was added repeatedly to grind them. There was also a brand of white tea called "water buds" (水芽), in which the leafy part of the bud was removed and only the veins were used as raw material.[16]

The complex manufacturing process of lump tea during the Song dynasty required significant labor and money, and even the slightest error could result in failure. Consequently, it was expensive and inaccessible to the common people. During the Tang dynasty, "bitter when sipped and sweet when swallowed" (The Classic of Tea) was regarded as the true taste of tea. However, during the Song dynasty, this ideal was forcibly replaced by four characteristics: "aroma, sweetness, richness, and smoothness" (Treatise on Tea).[16] This was an attempt to completely eliminate the bitterness that tea naturally has. As a result, lump tea became an expensive and complicated product during the Song dynasty, and some suggest that this contributed to its rapid decline after the Ming dynasty.[16]

Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in his old age, c. 1397

In the Ming dynasty, the first emperor Zhu Yuanzhang issued a ban on the production of compressed tea in 1391, which led to the abandonment of compressed tea in China, and a method similar to the modern one, in which loose tea is steeped in hot water and extracted, became the mainstream.

In Shen Defu's Wanli ye huo bian (Unofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era, Chinese: 萬厲野獲編), it is recorded that "At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, teas from all over China were offered to the emperor, of which Jianning tea and Yángxiàn tea were the most highly valued. At that time, the Song dynasty production method was still in effect, and all the tea offered was ground and kneaded with a medicine grinder into a shape known as a Lóngtuán (龍團, lit. 'lump of dragon'), both large and small. However, in September of the 24th year of Hongwu, the emperor had the production of lóngtuán discontinued due to the heavy burden on the people's power. Instead, he made them pluck only tea buds and offer them to the emperor."[5][b]

With the ban on compressed tea, matcha, a powder made from it, also fell into disuse in China. From then on, matcha was to evolve in Japan based on Japanese aesthetics and principles.[17]

Some historians have pointed out that since the Ming Dynasty was a heavily agriculturalist dynasty with a strong spirit of respect for the military, and the Hongwu Emperor was a man who had risen from the lowest strata of society, he may have disliked the excessively refined and extravagant compressed tea.[18]

### Japan

[edit]

Yagen

The first documented evidence of tea in Japan dates to the 9th century. It is found in an entry in the Nihon Kōki having to do with the Buddhist monk Eichū (永忠), who is thought to have brought some tea back to Japan on his return from China. The entry states that Eichū personally prepared and served sencha (煎茶) to Emperor Saga, who was on an excursion in Karasaki (in present Shiga Prefecture) in 815.[19] This sencha is thought to be Chinese compressed tea, not sencha as we know it today, in which tea leaves are steeped in hot water to extract the ingredients.[19] By imperial order in 816, tea plantations were established in the Kinki region of Japan. However, interest in tea in Japan faded after this.[20]

Matcha (抹茶) is generally believed to have been introduced to Japan from the Song Dynasty (China) by Zen monk Eisai in 1191, along with tea seeds. He wrote Kissa Yōjōki (喫茶養生記, lit. 'book of drinking tea for curing') and presented it to Minamoto no Sanetomo, the third shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate, in 1214. At that time, tea was considered a kind of medicine.

The Kissa Yōjōki describes how tea was made in the Song dynasty as seen by Eisai. It states that tea leaves were plucked in the morning, steamed immediately, and then placed in a roasting rack to roast all night.[21] This process is believed to have been introduced to Japan at that time, but the major difference is that today's matcha production process does not include a long roasting process, except for drying for about 30 minutes. The tea at that time was a brownish-black lump tea, not green like today's matcha.[22] It is thought that this lump tea was powdered by a grinder and consumed as matcha.[22]

Characters for matcha (抹茶) in the Japanese dictionary Unpo Iroha Shū (1548)

The word matcha (抹茶) can be found in neither Chinese literature of the time nor Eisai's book. In Japan, the word "matcha" first appears in the Japanese language dictionary Unpo Iroha Shū (1548) compiled in the Muromachi period (1336-1573).[23]

The Book of Agriculture (1313) by Wang Zhen (fl. 1290–1333) of the Yuan dynasty contains the words mòchá (末茶) and mòzichá (末子茶), and there is a theory that these words came to be called "matcha" in Japan.[19] However, this book was published about 100 years after Eisai, and no documents have been found to indicate whether those words were introduced to Japan and changed to matcha by the 16th century.

Eisai's disciple, the monk Myōe (1173-1232), received a tea urn containing tea seeds from Eisai, sowed tea seeds in Togano'o, Kyoto, and opened a tea plantation. During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), Tsugano'o tea was called honcha (本茶, lit. 'real tea'), while teas from other regions was called hicha (非茶, lit. 'Non-tea'). Tsugano'o tea gained the highest reputation. He also established tea plantations in Uji, Kyoto. Uji thus became the leading tea production area in Japan.

In Japan, matcha then became an important item at Zen monasteries, and from the 14th through the 16th centuries, it was highly appreciated by members of the upper echelons of society.

Tea bowl, known as Suchiro, studio of Chōjirō

Until the 13th century, matcha was made by grinding tea leaves in a grinder called a yagen (薬研), but the particles were rough and coarse in texture; in the 14th century, a stone mill specialized for tea appeared and was used to grind tea leaves, resulting in finer particles and improved matcha quality.[24]

During the Muromachi period (1333-1573), tea spread to the common people. Among the upper classes, the act of drinking tea on expensive Chinese ceramics called karamono (唐物, lit. 'Tang Dynasty things') became popular. In the 16th century, however, simplicity was emphasized by tea masters such as Murata Jukō and Sen no Rikyū. By emphasizing introspection over boasting and obsession, the Japanese tea ceremony was born and developed, featuring tea served in rather simple utensils. The wabi-sabi aesthetic, which finds beauty in modesty, simplicity, and imperfection, came to be emphasized along with the tea ceremony.

The part of "Making tea" from the Picture Scroll of the Origin of Kiyomizu-dera Temple, 1517

It was conventionally believed that the method of growing tea plants in the shade by covering them with straw or reeds originated in Japan in the late 16th century. For example, the Portuguese missionary João Rodrigues Tçuzu, who came to Japan in 1577, wrote about shaded cultivation in his History of the Japanese Church (Historia da Igreja do Japão) in 1604. However, recent soil analyses of Uji tea plantations have revealed that it began in the first half of the 15th century at the latest.[25]

This method, which was initiated to protect the sprouts from frost damage, resulted in the development of the unique Japanese matcha (tencha), which was bright green, had a unique aroma and flavor, and was of dramatically improved quality.

By blocking sunlight, photosynthesis in tea leaves is inhibited, preventing the transformation of theanine, a component of umami, into tannins, the source of bitterness and astringency, resulting in the growth of tea leaves with a high umami content.[26] It has also been reported that shaded cultivation increases the amount of chlorophyll within tea leaves, resulting in a bright green color.[27] Until then, matcha tea introduced from China had been brown in color, just as brown is described as "the color of tea" (茶色) in Japan.

Ukiyo-e depicting tea picking in Uji, Kyoto. By Hiroshige III (1842-1894).

Since the Muromachi period, the term tea master (茶師, chashi) has been used to refer to a tea manufacturer and seller. In the Edo period (1603-1867), the term tea master came to refer specifically to the official tea masters (御用茶師, goyō chashi) of Uji, Kyoto, whose status was guaranteed by the Tokugawa shogunate.[28] There were three ranks of Uji tea masters: gomotsu tea masters (御物茶師, gomotsu chashi), ofukuro tea masters (御袋茶師, ofukuro chashi), and otōri tea masters (御通茶師, otōri chashi).[28]

Uji tea masters were allowed to use their family names and carry swords at their waists like samurai, and they dealt exclusively with the shogun, the imperial court, and feudal lords, and did not sell tea to the common people.[28] The shaded cultivation of tea was allowed only to Uji tea masters, and the production of high-grade matcha and gyokuro (high-grade sencha) was monopolized by the Uji tea masters.[28]

The oldest known brand of matcha is Baba Mukashi (祖母昔, lit. 'grandmother's old days'). Grandmother was Myōshūni (妙秀尼, died 1598), daughter of Rokkaku Yoshikata, who married Kanbayashi Hisashige. She was called "Baba" (grandmother) by Tokugawa Ieyasu.[29] Myōshūni excelled in tea making, and Ieyasu often enjoyed drinking her tea. The matcha made by her method was named Baba Mukashi, and later became the tea offered to the Shogun.[29] According to one theory, Baba Mukashi was named by Ieyasu.[30]

Other than Baba Mukashi, Hatsu Mukashi (初昔, lit. 'first old days') and Ato Mukashi (後昔, lit. 'later old days'), which were also presented to the Shogun, were well-known brands of matcha. Taka no Tsume (鷹の爪, lit. 'hawk's claw') and Shiro (白, lit. 'white') brand teas were also well known.[31]

At that time, matcha was shipped in tea jars filled with tencha in its leaf form, which was ground into a powdered form using a tea grinder when drunk. The event of transporting tea jars from Uji, Kyoto to Edo (now Tokyo) to present to the Shogun was called Ochatsubo Dōchū (御茶壺道中, lit. 'tea jar journey'), and even the lords had to stand by the road when the procession carrying the tea jars passed through the streets.

After the Meiji Restoration (1868), Uji tea growers, who had monopolized the production of tencha under shaded cultivation, lost their privileged position. They also lost their business partners, such as the shoguns and feudal lords. On the other hand, shaded cultivation became possible outside of Uji. In the Taishō era (1912-1926), the invention of the "tencha dryer" promoted the mechanization of tea production.

## Production

[edit]

Iced tencha tea, brewed from the leaves used to make powdered matcha

Matcha is made from shade-grown tea leaves that also are used to make gyokuro. The preparation of matcha starts several weeks before harvest and may last up to 20 days, when the tea bushes are covered to prevent direct sunlight. This slows down growth, stimulates an increase in chlorophyll levels, turns the leaves a darker shade of green, and causes the production of amino acids, in particular theanine. After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled up before drying as in the production of sencha (煎茶), the result will be gyokuro (jade dew) tea. If the leaves are laid out flat to dry, however, they will crumble somewhat and become known as tencha (碾茶). Then, tencha may be deveined, destemmed, and stone-ground to the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as matcha.[4]

Grinding the leaves is a slow process because the mill stones must not get too warm, lest the aroma of the leaves be altered. Up to one hour may be needed to grind 30 grams of matcha.

The flavor of matcha is dominated by its amino acids.[32] The highest grades of matcha have a more intense sweetness and deeper flavor than the standard or coarser grades of tea harvested later in the year.

The majority of matcha today is produced in Japan, where it is highly regarded as part of the tea ceremony (chanoyu) but rarely used otherwise. China and Vietnam also produce some matcha intended for export to the Japanese market, but they are regarded as inferior to the Japanese product and typically used in iced beverages, for example.[4]

## Tencha

[edit]

A hostess prepares matcha during a tea ceremony.

Tencha refers to green tea leaves that have not yet been ground into fine powder as matcha, as the leaves are instead left to dry rather than be kneaded. Since the leaves' cell walls are still intact, brewing tencha tea results in a pale green brew, which has a mellower taste compared to other green tea extracts, and only the highest grade of tencha leaves can brew to its fullest flavor. Tencha leaves are half the weight of other tea leaves such as sencha and gyokuro so most tencha brews require double the number of leaves. About an hour is needed to grind 40 to 70 g of tencha leaves into matcha, and matcha does not retain its freshness as long as tencha in powder form because powder begins to oxidize. Drinking and brewing tencha is traditionally prohibited by the Japanese tea ceremony.[33]

## Grades

[edit]

Until the Edo period (1603-1867), the production of matcha (tencha) was monopolized by tea growers in Uji, Kyoto. The best brands of matcha at that time were Baba Mukashi (祖母昔), Hatsu Mukashi (初昔), and Ato Mukashi (後昔), which were offered to the shogun. Uji tea growers still sell these brands today.[34] Today, various tea stores sell their own grades of brand-name teas.

Although there are no clear standards for matcha grades by the Japanese government or tea industry associations, there is a traditional distinction between ichiban-cha (一番茶, lit. 'first tea') and niban-cha (二番茶, lit. 'second tea'). Ichiban-cha is the first tea of the year, plucked in late April to late May. Niban-cha is the second tea plucked about 45 days after ichiban-cha is plucked.

Ichiban-cha contains more total nitrogen and free amino acids, which contribute to its flavor, while niban-cha contains more tannin (catechins), which is the bitter component.[35]

Commercial considerations, especially outside Japan, have increasingly seen matcha marketed according to "grades", indicating quality.[36]

Of the following terms "ceremonial grade" is not recognised in Japan but "food grade" or "culinary grade" are.

* Ceremonial grade designates tea for its use in tea ceremonies and Buddhist temples. All must be able to be used in koicha (濃茶), a "thick tea" with a high proportion of powder to water used in traditional tea ceremony. Ceremonial is the finest and purest form of matcha.[36]
* Premium grade is high-quality matcha green tea that contains young tea leaves from the top of the tea plant. Best for daily consumption, it is characterized by a fresh, subtle flavor, usually perfect for both new and everyday matcha drinkers alike.
* Cooking/culinary grade is the cheapest of all. Suitable for cooking purposes, smoothies etc. It is slightly bitter due to factors such as its production from leaves lower down on the tea plant, terroir, the time of harvest, or the process of its manufacture.[36]

In general, matcha is expensive compared to other forms of green tea, although its price depends on its quality. Higher grades are pricier due to the production methods and younger leaves used, and thus they have a more delicate flavor.

Blends of matcha are given poetic names known as chamei ("tea names") either by the producing plantation, shop, or creator of the blend, or by the grand master of a particular tea tradition. When a blend is named by the grand master of a tea ceremony lineage, it becomes known as the master's konomi.

Catechin concentration is highly dependent on leaf age (the leaf bud and the first leaf are richest in epigallocatechin gallate), but catechin levels also vary greatly between plant varieties and whether the plants are grown in shade.[37][38]

Chemical compositions of various grades of matcha were studied, with the results showing that the contents of caffeine, free amino acids, theanine, and vitamin C decreased with the decreasing price of matcha.[39]

### Location on the tea bush

[edit]

Where leaves destined for tencha are picked on the tea bush is vital for different grades of matcha. The young developing leaves on the top of the plant, that are soft and supple, are used for higher grades of matcha, resulting in a finer texture and flavour. For the lower grades, older more developed leaves are used, giving them a sandy texture and slightly bitter flavour.

### Treatment before processing

[edit]

Traditionally, sencha leaves are dried outside in the shade and are never exposed to direct sunlight; however, now drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is vibrantly green as a result of this treatment.[40]

### Stone grinding

[edit]

Without the correct equipment and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and suffer degraded quality. Typically, in Japan, it is stone-ground to a fine powder through the use of specially designed granite stone mills.[40]

### Oxidation

[edit]

Oxidation is also a factor in determining grade. Matcha exposed to oxygen may easily become compromised. Oxidized matcha has a distinctive hay-like smell, and a dull brownish-green color.

## Traditional preparation

[edit]

Matcha can be prepared in two main ways: the common thin style thin (薄茶, usucha) and the richer, less common thick style thick (濃茶, koicha).[41]

Prior to use, the matcha can be sifted through a sieve to reduce clumps.[42] Special sieves are available for this purpose, which are usually stainless steel and combine a fine wire-mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be placed on top of the sieve and the device shaken gently.

If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be placed into a small tea caddy known as a chaki. Otherwise, it can be scooped directly from the sieve into a chawan.

About 2–4 grams of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a chashaku, and then about 60–80 ml of hot water are added.[citation needed]

Matcha is traditionally served in a chawan often with a wagashi.

While other fine Japanese teas such as gyokuro are prepared using water cooled as low as 40 °C (104 °F), in Japan, matcha is commonly prepared with water just below the boiling point[43] although temperatures as low as 70–85 °C (158–185 °F) are similarly recommended.[44]

Usucha, or thin tea, is prepared with about 1.75 g (amounting to 1+1⁄2 heaped chashaku scoop, or about half a teaspoon) of matcha and about 75 ml (2+1⁄2 US fl oz) of hot water per serving, which can be whisked to produce froth or not, according to the drinker's preference (or to the traditions of the particular school of tea). Usucha creates a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.[citation needed]

Koicha, or thick tea, requires significantly more matcha (usually about doubling the powder and halving the water): about 3.75 g (amounting to 3 heaped chashaku scoops, or about one teaspoon) of matcha and 40 ml (1.3 fl oz) of hot water per serving, or as many as 6 teaspoons to 3⁄4 cups of water. Because the resulting mixture is significantly thicker (with a similar consistency to liquid honey), blending it requires a slower, stirring motion that does not produce foam. Koicha is normally made with more expensive matcha from older tea trees (exceeding 30 years), thus producing a milder and sweeter tea than usucha. It is served almost exclusively as part of Japanese tea ceremonies.[citation needed]

A chasen is used to create a uniform consistency.

The mixture of water and tea powder is whisked to a uniform consistency using a bamboo whisk known as a chasen. No lumps should be left in the liquid, and no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl. Because matcha may be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small wagashi sweet[45] (intended to be consumed before drinking),[46] but without added milk or sugar. It is usually considered that 40 g of matcha provides for 20 bowls of usucha or 10 bowls of koicha:[47]

## Other uses

[edit]

It is used in castella, manjū, and monaka; as a topping for shaved ice (kakigōri); mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavor tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries, including Swiss rolls and cheesecake, cookies, pudding, mousse, and green tea ice cream. Matcha frozen yogurt is sold in shops and can be made at home using Greek yogurt. The snacks Pocky and Kit Kat have matcha-flavoured versions in Japan.[48] It may also be mixed into other forms of tea. For example, it is added to genmaicha to form matcha-iri genmaicha (literally, roasted brown rice and green tea with added matcha).

The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American cafés, such as Starbucks, which introduced "green tea lattes" and other matcha-flavoured drinks after they became successful in their Japanese store locations.[49][50] As in Japan, it has become integrated into lattes, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies.[51][52] This increase in matcha-based drinks in the U.S. is driven by a rise in consumer interest in healthier beverage options, with many opting for matcha due to its perceived health benefits and lower caffeine content compared to coffee.

* Matcha ice cream at a restaurant in Tokyo

* Matcha cake

* Matcha tiramisu

* Cha-soba sushi roll

* Matcha nitro cold brew topped with whipped cream

* Matcha tea latte

* Coffee bean chocolate matcha in Maitum

## Basic matcha teaware

[edit]

The equipment required for making matcha is:

Tea bowl (茶碗, Cháwǎn, chawan)
Large enough to whisk the fine powder tea around 120 millilitres (4 US fl oz)
Tea whisk (茶筅, Cháxiǎn, chasen)
A bamboo whisk with fine bristles to whisk or whip the tea foam
Tea spoon (茶杓, Chábiāo, chashaku) also called tea scoop
A bamboo spoon to measure the powder tea into the tea bowl (not the same as a Western teaspoon)
Tea caddy (棗, Zǎo, natsume)
A container for the matcha powder tea
Tea cloth (茶巾, Chájīn, chakin)
A small cotton cloth for cleaning teaware during the tea ceremony

## Flavor

[edit]

Skeletal model of theanine molecule

Theanine, succinic acid, gallic acid, and theogallin are chemical factors contributing to the umami-enhancing flavor of matcha.[53][54] Compared to traditional green tea, the production of matcha requires the tea leaves to be protected from sunlight. Shading results in an increase in caffeine, and total free amino acids, including theanine, but also reduces the accumulation of catechins in leaves.[38][53]

## See also

[edit]

* Green tea
* Food powder
* Tea culture in Japan

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Matcha", also called fine powder tea or powdered tea, is the most common spelling, and accords with Hepburn romanization of the hiragana まっちゃ. In Kunrei-shiki romanization (ISO 3602) it is "mattya". "Maccha" is a nonstandard and uncommon spelling.
2. ^ The original text is "國初四方供茶，以建寧、陽羨茶品為上，時猶仍宋製，所進者俱碾而揉之，為大小龍團。至洪武二十四年九月，上以重勞民力，罷造龍團，惟采茶芽以進."

## References

[edit]

1. ^ From the Classic of Tea: "飲有粗茶、散茶、末茶、餅茶者。"
2. ^ "matcha – Definition of matcha in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries – English. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
3. ^ "matcha". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
4. ^ a b c Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). "Japan: Unique Teas and Introspective Customs". The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. New York: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-60774-172-5.
5. ^ a b Shen, Defu. "補遺一" [Addendum 1]. 萬曆野獲編 [Unofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era] (in Chinese) - via Wikisource.
6. ^ "食品表示基準Q＆A" [Food Labeling Standards Q&A] (PDF) (in Japanese). Consumer Affairs Agency. March 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
7. ^ a b c Japan Tea Central Public Interest Incorporated Association (2019). 緑茶の表示基準 [Green Tea Labeling Standards] (PDF) (Report) (in Japanese). p. 21.
8. ^ "粉末緑茶と抹茶の違いとは？" [What is the difference between powdered green tea and matcha?] (in Japanese). iiocha.com. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
9. ^ Kuwabara, Hideki (2015). お抹茶のすべて [All About Matcha] (in Japanese). Seibundo Shinkosha. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-4-416-61530-0.
10. ^ a b Lu, Yu. "五之煮" [5]. 茶經 [The Classic of Tea] (in Chinese) - via Wikisource.
11. ^ Han Wei, "Tang Dynasty Tea Utensils and Tea Culture: Recent Discoveries at Famen Temple", in Chanoyu Quarterly no. 74 (1993)
12. ^ Tsutsui Hiroichi, "Tea-drinking Customs in Japan", paper in Seminar Papers: The 4th International Tea Culture Festival. Korean Tea Culture Association, 1996.
13. ^ a b Cai, Xiang. 茶錄 [Record of Tea] (in Chinese) - via Wikisource.
14. ^ a b 千宗 (1957). Sen, Soshitsu (ed.). 茶道古典全集 [Complete Collection of Tea Ceremony Classics] (in Japanese). Vol. 1\. Tankō Shinsha. doi:10.11501/2466376.
15. ^ Fukumochi, Masayuki. "京都の無形文化財としての建仁寺四頭茶礼" [Kennin-ji's Yotsugashira Charei as an Intangible Cultural Property of Kyoto] (PDF). "Kankō & Tourism", the journal of the Osaka University of Tourism (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 January 2024.
16. ^ a b c Téng, Jūn (1993). 茶文化の思想的背景に関する研究 [Study on the ideological background of tea culture] (Thesis) (in Japanese). 神戸大学. doi:10.11501/3078362.
17. ^ Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). "A Brief History of Tea". The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. New York: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-60774-172-5.
18. ^ Chin, Shunshin (1992). 茶の話――茶事遍路 [Tale of Tea: Chaji Pilgrimage]. Asahi Bunko (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. pp. 90–100. ISBN 4-02-260705-X.
19. ^ a b c Nunome, Chōfū (December 1982). "抹茶の源流" [The Origin of Matcha]. Kaitoku (in Japanese) (51). Kaitoku-do Memorial Association: 21–27. doi:10.11501/7957009.
20. ^ Kaisen Iguchi; Sōkō Sue; Fukutarō Nagashima, eds. (2002). "Eisai". Genshoku Chadō Daijiten (in Japanese) (19 ed.). Tankōsha (ja:淡交社). OCLC 62712752.
21. ^ 千宗 (1958). Sen, Soshitsu (ed.). 茶道古典全集 [Complete Collection of Tea Ceremony Classics] (in Japanese). Vol. 1\. Tankō Shinsha. p. 13\. doi:10.11501/2466377.
22. ^ a b Ikegatani, Kenjiro (September 1988). "Tea: Especially on Chinese tea". Dietary Scientific Research (in Japanese). 9 (5). The Foundation for Dietary Scientific Research: 18–27. doi:10.11501/1841906.
23. ^ Ueda, Mannen; Matsui, Kanji (1919). 大日本国語辞典 [Dictionary of the Japanese Language] (in Japanese). Kinkodo Books. p. 907\. doi:10.11501/954648.
24. ^ Sawamura, Shinʼichi (2011). "中世以前の抹茶の粒度と味" [Particle Size and Taste of Matcha Produced before the Middle Ages]. Journal of Cookery Science of Japan (in Japanese). 44 (3). The Japan Society of Cookery Science: 231–237. doi:10.11402/cookeryscience.44.231.
25. ^ Inoue, Yuzuru; Nakao, Atsushi; Yauchi, Junta; Sase, Takashi; Konishi, Shigeki (2019). "京都府宇治市の茶園土壌を用いた覆下栽培の発祥時期の推定" [Estimation of the age of establishment of the traditional shaded cultivation system in a tea plantation in Uji, Kyoto, Japan using soil analysis and 14C dating]. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (in Japanese). 90 (6). Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition: 424–432. doi:10.20710/dojo.90.6_424.
26. ^ Ishigaki, Kozo (1981). "お茶の化学成分，味・香りと茶樹の栽培" [Chemical constituents of tea, taste and flavor and cultivation of tea plants]. Chemistry and Biology (in Japanese). 19 (5). The Japanese Society of Agricultural Chemistry: 278–285. doi:10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.19.278.
27. ^ Yoshida, Hiroyuki; Inuzuka, Masami; Fuchinoue, Hiroko; Shimoda, Michiko; Nomura, Setsuko; Watanabe, Hiroshi (1959). "かぶせ茶の原葉生産に関する基礎的研究(第1報)" [Basic Studies on the Production of Covered Tea Leaves (1st Report)]. Tea Research Report. 1959 (13): 30–38. doi:10.5979/cha.1959.30.
28. ^ a b c d Anada, Sayoko (30 November 1971). "江戸時代の宇治茶師" [Uji tea master in Edo period]. Gakushuin University History (in Japanese). 8. Gakushuin University Historical Society: 47–70.
29. ^ a b Tokugawa, Yoshinobu (10 October 1982). 二通の徳川家康筆 茶壺覚書 [Two letters from Tokugawa Ieyasu: Memorandum about tea jars]. Kobijutsu (Antique) (in Japanese). No. 64\. Sansaisha. pp. 82–89. doi:10.11501/6063359.
30. ^ 日本随筆大成編輯部 編 (1930). Nihon Suibi Daisen Editorial Department (ed.). 日本随筆大成 㐧三期 㐧七卷 [Japanese Essay Collection: The Third Period, Volume 7] (in Japanese). Nihon Zuihitsu Taisei Publishing Association. pp. 204–205. doi:10.11501/1914201.
31. ^ 新薩藩叢書 [The New Satsuma Domain Series] (in Japanese). Vol. 4\. Rekishi Toshosha. 1971. p. 185\. doi:10.11501/9769745.
32. ^ Kaneko, Shu; Kumazawa, Kenji; Masuda, Hideki; Henze, Andrea; Hofmann, Thomas (March 2006). "Molecular and Sensory Studies on the Umami Taste of Japanese Green Tea". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (7): 2688–2694. doi:10.1021/jf0525232. PMID 16569062.
33. ^ "Tencha – Pure Elegant Flavor". hibiki-an.com. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
34. ^ "上林春松本店" [Kanbayashi Shunsho Main Store]. Kanbayashi Shunsho honten. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
35. ^ Tsuji, Masaki (2001). "The Relationship between Chemical Components and the Quality of Tencha Tea". Tea Research Journal (in Japanese). 2001 (90). Japanese Society of Tea Science and Technology: 1–7. doi:10.5979/cha.2001.1.
36. ^ a b c Charky-Chami, Nicole (26 July 2023). "The Best Matcha Powders for Mixing Iced Green Tea Drinks Like Meghan Markle, Brad Pitt and Other Stars". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
37. ^ Graham, Harold N. (May 1992). "Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry". Preventive Medicine. 21 (3): 334–350. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(92)90041-F. PMID 1614995.
38. ^ a b Horie, Hideki (20 October 2017). "Chemical Components of Matcha and Powdered Green Tea". Journal of Cookery Science of Japan. 50 (5): 182–188. doi:10.11402/cookeryscience.50.182.
39. ^ Ikegaya, Kenjiro; Takayanagi, Hirotsugu; Anan, Toyomasa (1 December 1984). "Chemical composition of Mat-cha". Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal). 1984 (60): 79–81. doi:10.5979/cha.1984.60_79.
40. ^ a b "Growing and Processing of Matcha". Marukyu-Koyamaen. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
41. ^ Walloga, April. "Americans are obsessed with matcha tea — but we're drinking it all wrong". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
42. ^ "Skip The Coffee Shop—Make A Killer Matcha Latte Right At Home". Delish. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
43. ^ "How to enjoy Matcha (powdered green tea) with ease". kyoto-teramachi.or.jp. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
44. ^ "Preparation of Matcha". Marukyu-Koyamaen. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
45. ^ Hosking, Richard (1997). "Wagashi". A Dictionary of Japanese Food. Tuttle Publishing. p. 168.
46. ^ Paku, Kayoko Hirata (13 March 2019). "Wagashi Guide: History of Japanese Confectioneries". Just One Cookbook. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
47. ^ Horaido. "H4". JP: Dion. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. "Matcha used to be sold in packages of 10 monme (ancient measure of about 3.75 g, or 37.5 g for the package) and most tea masters considered that one package provided for 20 usucha (about 1.8 g each) or 10 koicha (about 3.75 g each). This is why today's traditional packaging is 40 g (the closest to 10 monme)"
48. ^ Rebecca Smithers (24 February 2019). "The matcha moment: why even KitKats now taste of green tea". The Guardian.
49. ^ "Starbucks matcha marches into the Via lineup with new, Japan-exclusive green tea drink mix". SoraNews24 -Japan News-. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
50. ^ "Green Tea Joins Starbucks Menu - Queens Gazette". Queens Gazette -. 19 April 2006. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
51. ^ "The Global Matcha Tea Industry". globaledge.msu.edu. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
52. ^ Back, Alexa (12 July 2022). "How Matcha Is Challenging the Coffee Market". TheStreet. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
53. ^ a b Ashihara, Hiroshi (1 May 2015). "Occurrence, biosynthesis and metabolism of theanine (γ-glutamyl-L-ethylamide) in plants: a comprehensive review". Natural Product Communications. 10 (5): 803–810. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000525. PMID 26058162. S2CID 6069179.
54. ^ Kaneko, S.; Kumazawa, K.; Masuda, H.; Henze, A.; Hofmann, T. (5 April 2006). "Molecular and sensory studies on the umami taste of Japanese green tea". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (7): 2688–94. doi:10.1021/jf0525232. PMID 16569062.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Matcha at Wikimedia Commons

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Green tea|

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Yellow tea|

* Junshan Yinzhen
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Fermented tea|

* Pu-erh
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Blended or
flavoured teas|

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| Customs|

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|

Areas|

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History|

* China
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Production and
distribution|

* Leaf grading
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| By country|

* Bangladesh
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|

Preparation|

* Flowering teas
* Infusion
* Compressed tea
* Decoction
* ISO procedure
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* Tea bag
* Tea lady

Health|

* Health effects
* Phenolic content
* Compounds
* Caffeine
* Theanine
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* Catechin
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* Theaflavin

Tea-based
drinks|

* Bubble tea
* Builder's tea
* Burmese milk tea
* Butter tea
* Chifir
* Doodh pati chai
* Hong Kong–style milk tea
* Iced tea
* Arnold Palmer
* Jagertee
* Kahwah
* Lei cha
* Milk tea
* Noon chai
* Seven-color tea
* Shahi haleeb
* Suutei tsai
* Sweet tea
* Teh tarik
* Thai tea
* Yuenyeung

See also|

* Teaware
* Chest
* Caddy
* Chawan
* Infuser
* Strainer
* Teacup
* Teapot
* Gaiwan
* Tea set
* Literature
* Tea classics
* Coffee
* List of Chinese teas
* Teas of related species
* Camellia japonica
* Camellia sasanqua
* Camellia taliensis
* Tea research
* Lipton Institute of Tea
* Tea Research and Extension Station

| Herbal tea|

* Cannabis tea
* Chamomile
* Dried lime
* Ginger
* Guayusa
* Koththamalli
* Kuding
* Mate
* Rooibos

|

* Category

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
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