Matter of Britain

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The Matter of Britain (French: matière de Bretagne) is the body of medieval literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain and Brittany and the legendary kings and heroes associated with it, particularly King Arthur. The 12th-century writer Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) is a central component of the Matter of Britain.

It was one of the three great Western story cycles recalled repeatedly in medieval literature, together with the Matter of France, which concerned the legends of Charlemagne and his companions, as well as the Matter of Rome, which included material derived from or inspired by classical mythology and classical history.[1] Its pseudo-chronicle and chivalric romance works, written both in prose and verse, flourished from the 12th to the 16th century.

## Name

[edit]

The three "matters" were first described in the 12th century by French poet Jean Bodel, whose epic Chanson des Saisnes [fr] ("Song of the Saxons") contains the lines:

Ne sont que III matières à nul homme atandant:
De France et de Bretaigne et de Rome la grant

There are only three subject matters for any discerning man:
That of France, that of Britain, and that of great Rome.[2]

|

The name distinguishes and relates the Matter of Britain from the mythological themes taken from classical antiquity, the "Matter of Rome", and the tales of the Paladins of Charlemagne and their wars with the Moors and Saracens, which constituted the "Matter of France".

## Themes and subjects

[edit]

King Arthur is the chief subject of the Matter of Britain, along with stories related to the legendary kings of Britain, as well as lesser-known topics related to the history of Great Britain and Brittany, such as the stories of Brutus of Troy, Coel Hen, Leir of Britain (King Lear), and Gogmagog.

### Legendary history

[edit]

The legendary history of Britain was created partly to form a body of patriotic myth for the country. Several agendas thus can be seen in this body of literature. According to John J. Davenport, the question of Britain's identity and significance in the world "was a theme of special importance for writers trying to find unity in the mixture of their land's Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Roman and Norse inheritance."[3]

Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae is a central component of the Matter of Britain. Geoffrey drew on a number of ancient British texts, including the 9th-century Historia Brittonum. The Historia Brittonum is the earliest known source of the story of Brutus of Troy. Traditionally attributed to Nennius, its actual compiler is unknown; it exists in several recensions. This tale went on to achieve greater currency because its inventor linked Brutus to the diaspora of heroes that followed the Trojan War.[3] As such, this material could be used for patriotic myth-making just as Virgil linked the founding of Rome to the Trojan War in The Æneid. Geoffrey lists Coel Hen as a King of the Britons,[4] whose daughter, Helena marries Constantius Chlorus and gives birth to a son who becomes the Emperor Constantine the Great, tracing the Roman imperial line to British ancestors.

It has been suggested that Leir of Britain, who later became King Lear, was originally the Welsh sea-god Llŷr, related to the Irish Ler.[citation needed] Various Celtic deities have been identified with characters from Arthurian literature as well: for example Morgan le Fay was often thought to have originally been the Welsh goddess Modron or Irish the Morrígan. Many of these identifications come from the speculative comparative religion of the late 19th century and have been questioned in more recent years.

William Shakespeare was interested in the legendary history of Britain, and was familiar with some of its more obscure byways. Shakespeare's plays contain several tales relating to these legendary kings, such as King Lear and Cymbeline. It has been suggested that Shakespeare's Welsh schoolmaster Thomas Jenkins introduced him to this material. These tales also figure in Raphael Holinshed's The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which also appears in Shakespeare's sources for Macbeth.

Other early authors also drew from the early Arthurian and pseudo-historical sources of the Matter of Britain. The Scots, for instance, formulated a mythical history in the Pictish and the Dál Riata royal lines. While they do eventually become factual lines, unlike those of Geoffrey, their origins are vague and often incorporate both aspects of mythical British history and mythical Irish history. The story of Gabrán mac Domangairt especially incorporates elements of both those histories.

### Arthurian cycle

[edit]

The Arthurian literary cycle is the best-known part of the Matter of Britain. It has succeeded largely because it tells two interlocking stories that have intrigued many later authors. One concerns Camelot, usually envisioned as a doomed utopia of chivalric virtue, undone by the fatal flaws of the heroes like Arthur, Gawain and Lancelot. The other concerns the quests of the various knights to achieve the Holy Grail; some succeed (Galahad, Percival), and others fail.

The Arthurian tales have been changed throughout time, and other characters have been added to add backstory and expand on other Knights of the Round Table. The medieval legend of Arthur and his knights is full of Christian themes; those themes involve the destruction of human plans for virtue by the moral failures of their characters, and the quest for an important Christian relic. Finally, the relationships between the characters invited treatment in the tradition of courtly love, such as Lancelot and Guinevere, or Tristan and Iseult.

In more recent years, the trend has been to attempt to link the tales of King Arthur and his knights with Celtic mythology, usually in highly romanticized, 20th-century reconstructed versions. The work of Jessie Weston, in particular From Ritual to Romance, traced Arthurian imagery through Christianity to roots in early nature worship and vegetation rites, though this interpretation is no longer fashionable.[5] It is also possible to read the Arthurian literature, particularly the Grail tradition, as an allegory of human development and spiritual growth, a theme explored by mythologist Joseph Campbell amongst others.[6]

## Medieval authors

[edit]

### Named

[edit]

Author | Century  | Language | Œuvres

|
|
|

Béroul | 12th  | Old Norman | Tristan
Chrétien de Troyes | 12th  | Old French | Erec and Enide, Cligès, Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, Perceval, the Story of the Grail
Geoffrey Chaucer | 14th  | Middle English | The Canterbury Tales
Thomas Chestre | 14th  | Middle English | Sir Launfal, Libeaus Desconus
Geoffrey of Monmouth | 12th  | Latin | Historia Regum Britanniae, Vita Merlini
Gottfried von Strassburg | 13th  | Middle High German | Tristan [de]
Hartmann von Aue | 12th  | Middle High German | Erec, Iwein
Layamon | 13th  | Middle English | Brut
Thomas Malory | 15th  | Middle English | Le Morte d'Arthur
Marie de France | 12th  | Anglo-Norman | Lais of Marie de France: Lai de Yonec, Lai de Frêne, Lai de Lanval (...)
Nennius | 9th  | Latin | Historia Brittonum
Robert de Boron | 12th  | Old French | Merlin
Taliesin | 6th  | Middle Welsh | Book of Taliesin
Thomas of Britain | 12th  | Old French | Tristan
Wace | 12th  | Old Norman | Roman de Brut, Roman de Rou
Wolfram von Eschenbach | 12th  | Middle High German | Parzival
Raoul de Houdenc | 12th  | Old French | Meraugis de Portlesguez, La Vengeance Raguidel
Païen de Maisières | 12–13th  | Old French | La Mule sans frein
Rustichello da Pisa | 13th  | Franco-Italian | Roman de Roi Artus, Guiron le Courtois, Meliodus
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven | 13th  | Middle High German | Lanzelet

### Anonymous

[edit]

Œuvres | Century  | Language

|
|

Alliterative Morte Arthure | 14th–15th  | Middle English
The Awntyrs off Arthure | 14th–15th  | Middle English
L'âtre périlleux | 13th  | Old French
Le Chevalier au papegau [fr] | 14th–15th  | Middle French
Elucidation | 13th  | Old French
Floriant et Florete [fr] | 13th  | Old French
Folie Tristan d'Oxford | 12th  | Anglo-Norman
De Ortu Waluuanii | 12–13th  | Latin
Gliglois [fr] | 13th  | Old French
Hunbaut [fr] | 13th  | Old French
Jaufre | 13th  | Old Occitan
The Knight with the Sword | 13th  | Old French
The Knightly Tale of Gologras and Gawain | 15th  | Middle Scots
Lancelot-Grail Cycle | 13th  | Old French
Life of Caradoc | 12th  | Old French
Mabinogion | 11th–13th  | Middle Welsh
The Marvels of Rigomer [fr] | 13th  | Old French
Meliadus | 13th  | Old French
Of Arthour and of Merlin | 13th  | Middle English
Palamedes | 13th  | Old French
Perceforest | 14th  | Middle French
Perceval Continuations | 13th  | Old French
Perlesvaus | 13th  | Old French
Post-Vulgate Cycle | 13th  | Old French
Prose Tristan | 13th  | Old French
Roman de Fergus | 13th  | Old French
Romanz du reis Yder | 13th  | Anglo-Norman
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight | 14th  | Middle English
Stanzaic Morte Arthur | 14th  | Middle English
La Tavola Ritonda | 15th  | Tuscan
Vera historia de morte Arthuri | 12th/13th  | Latin

## See also

[edit]

* Avalon and Glastonbury
* Battle of Badon and Battle of Camlann
* Breton mythology and Cornish mythology
* English historians in the Middle Ages
* Historicity of King Arthur
* List of Arthurian characters
* List of Arthurian literature
* List of works based on Arthurian legends
* Sites and places associated with Arthurian legend

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Evans (2012)
2. ^ Bodel, Jean; Stengel, Edmund; Menzel, Fritz (1906). Jean Bodels Saxenlied. Teil I. Unter Zugrundlegung der Turiner Handschrift von neuem herausgegeben von F. Menzel und E. Stengel (in German). Marburg: Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
3. ^ a b Davenport (2004)
4. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth (1966)
5. ^ Surette (1988)
6. ^ Campbell & Moyers (1991)

### Cited works

[edit]

* Campbell, Joseph; Moyers, Bill (1991). "Sacrifice and Bliss". Power of Myth. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. pp. 113–150\. ISBN 978-0385418867.113-150&rft.pub=Bantam+Doubleday+Dell+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0385418867&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Moyers,+Bill&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Matter+of+Britain" class="Z3988">
* Davenport, John J. (2004). "The Matter of Britain: The Mythological and Philosophical Significance of the British Legends" (PDF). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
* Evans, Barry (25 October 2012). "King Arthur, Part 1: The Matter of Britain". North Coast Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
* Flieger, Verlyn (15 October 2000). "J.R.R. Tolkien and the Matter of Britain". Mythlore. 23 (1). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
* Geoffrey of Monmouth (1966). Thorpe, Lewis (ed.). The History of the Kings of Britain. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044170-0.
* Surette, Leon (Summer 1988). "The Waste Land and Jessie Weston: A Reassessment". Twentieth Century Literature. 34 (2): 223–244\. doi:10.2307/441079. JSTOR 441079.223-244&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/441079&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/441079#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Surette&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Matter+of+Britain" class="Z3988">

### Further reading

[edit]

* Dover, Carol, ed. (2005). A Companion to the Lancelot-Grail Cycle. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1843842453.
* Green, D.H. (2005). The Beginnings of Medieval Romance: Fact and fiction, 1150–1220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521049566.
* Pearsall, Derek (2005). Arthurian Romance: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631233206.

## External links

[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Arthurian Legend".

* Arthurian Folklore \- a website detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore
* Arthurian Resources: King Arthur, History and the Welsh Arthurian Legends \- detailed and comprehensive academic site, includes numerous scholarly articles, from Thomas Green of Oxford University
* Arthuriana \- the only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend with a selection of resources and links
* Celtic Literature Collective \- provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur
* International Arthurian Society
* The Camelot Project \- provides valuable bibliographies of freely downloadable Arthurian texts from the sixth to the early 20th centuries, from the University of Rochester
* The Heroic Age \- an online peer-reviewed journal which includes regular Arthurian articles
* The Medieval Development of Arthurian Literature \- from H2G2
* Vortigern Studies \- a collection of articles on King Arthur by various Arthurian enthusiasts

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King Arthur and the Matter of Britain

Family|

* Agravain
* Cador
* Constantine
* Culhwch
* Ector
* Elaine of Garlot
* Hoel
* Gaheris
* Gareth
* Gawain
* Gingalain
* Guinevere
* Igraine
* Kay
* Mordred
* Morgan le Fay
* Morgause
* Ambrosius Aurelianus
* Uther Pendragon
* Urien
* Yvain

Knights of the
Round Table|

* Bagdemagus
* Bedivere
* Bors the Younger
* Brunor
* Cligès
* Caradoc
* Dagonet
* Daniel
* Dinadan
* Galahad
* Galehaut
* Geraint
* Griflet
* Lamorak
* Lancelot
* Lanval
* Lionel
* Moriaen
* Palamedes
* Pelleas
* Pellinore
* Percival
* Sagramore
* Tristan

Other characters|

* Accolon
* Agrestes
* Angharad Golden-Hand
* Anguish of Ireland
* Annowre
* Balin and Balan
* Ban
* Lady Bertilak
* Black Knight(s)
* Blanchefleur
* Bors the Elder
* Brangaine
* Brunor(s)
* Catigern
* Claudas
* Elaine of Astolat
* Elaine of Benoic
* Elaine of Corbenic
* Enide
* Feirefiz
* Fisher King(s)
* Garel
* Gorlois
* Green Knight(s)
* Guiomar
* Guiron le Courtois
* Gwenhwyfach
* Hellawes
* Hengist
* Iseult
* Lady/Ladies of the Lake
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* Lucius
* Lunete
* Lynette and Lyonesse
* Maleagant
* Mark of Cornwall
* Meliodas
* Merlin
* Nentres
* Nine sorceresses
* Olwen
* Percival's sister
* Red Knight(s)
* Rience
* Sebile
* Taliesin
* Tegau Eurfron
* Vortigern
* Yniol

Animal characters|

* Cavall
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* Petitcrieu
* Questing Beast
* Twrch Trwyth

Objects|

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In media|

* Bibliography
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Topics|

* Battle of Badon
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Geoffrey of Monmouth

Works|

* Prophetiae Merlini (c. 1135)
* Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136)
* Vita Merlini (c. 1150)

Translations|

* Roman de Brut
* Layamon's Brut
* Brut y Brenhinedd
* Breta sögur
* Merlínússpá

Characters|

* Aeneas
* Saint Alban
* Albanactus
* Alhfrith of Deira
* Allectus
* Ambrosius Aurelianus
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* Rhydderch Hael
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Topics|

* Avalon
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* Battle of Guoloph
* Brut y Tywysogion
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* Lailoken
* List of legendary kings of Britain
* List of legendary rulers of Cornwall
* Logres
* Matter of Britain
* Molmutine Laws
* Nennius
* Pridwen
* Riothamus
* River Malvam
* Siege of Exeter (c. 630)
* Locations associated with Arthurian legend
* Treason of the Long Knives
* Trinovantum
* Trojan genealogy of Nennius
* Vera historia de morte Arthuri
* Walter of Oxford

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(Names)|

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Modern Celtic ethnic groups|

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Celtic diaspora|

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Related ethnic groups|

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Studies

Places|

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Ancient religion|

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* Practices

Mythology|

* Irish
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Society|

* Bard
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| Nations|

| Celtic League definition|

* Brittany (Breizh)
* Cornwall (Kernow)
* Ireland (Éire)
* Isle of Man (Mannin)
* Scotland (Alba)
* Wales (Cymru)

|

Other claimants|

* Nova Scotia
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Culture

| Literature|

* Arthurian Legend
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|

National cultures|

* Brittany
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Art|

* Bell shrines
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Clothing|

* Celtic Dress
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Regional cultures|

* Gaelic culture
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Music|

* Ancient Celtic music
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* Gaelic music
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* Scottish folk music
* Welsh folk music
* Sean-nós singing
* Carnyx

| National music scenes|

* Brittany
* Cornwall
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* Isle of Man
* Scotland
* Wales

|

Festivals|

* Calendar
* Samhain/Calan Gaeaf
* Imbolc/Gŵyl Fair
* Beltane/Calan Mai
* Lughnasadh/Calan Awst
* Festival Interceltique de Lorient
* Pan Celtic Festival
* Hebridean Celtic Festival
* Celtic Connections
* Celtic Media Festival
* Eisteddfod

Sport|

* Bando
* Bataireacht
* Camogie
* Cammag
* Cnapan
* Cornish hurling
* Cornish wrestling
* Curling
* Gaelic football (Ladies')
* Gaelic handball
* Gouren
* Rounders
* Highland games
* Hurling
* Road bowls
* Shinty
* Welsh handball

Politics

Nationalism|

* Breton nationalism
* history
* reunification
* Cornish nationalism
* status
* Irish nationalism
* Isle of Man
* Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
* Scottish nationalism
* national identity
* Welsh nationalism
* national identity

Autonomy|

* Cornish devolution
* Scottish devolution
* Welsh devolution

Independence|

* Breton independence
* Scottish independence
* Welsh independence
* United Ireland and Irish republicanism

Pan-Celticism|

* Celtic League
* Celtic Congress
* Celtic Revival
* Celtic society
* Celtic unity
* Columba Project

Languages

Brittonic|

* Breton
* Cornish
* Welsh

Goidelic|

* Irish
* Manx
* Scottish Gaelic

Mixed|

* Shelta
* Bungi Creole
* Beurla Reagaird

Ancient Celtic languages|

| Extinct|

* Proto-Celtic
* Proto-Brittonic
* Proto-Goidelic
* Celtiberian
* Gaulish
* Galatian
* Gallaecian
* Lepontic
* Noric
* Cumbric
* Pictish
* Hispano-Celtic
* Cisalpine Gaulish

|

Scottish Gaelic dialects|

* Arran Gaelic
* Deeside Gaelic
* Galwegian Gaelic

Law and Warfare

Law|

* Early Irish law
* Cyfraith Hywel (Medieval Welsh law)
* Early Scots law

Warfare|

* Gaelic warfare
* Ceathairne
* Ceithearn
* Fianna
* Gaesatae
* Gallóglaigh
* Hobelar
* Redshanks
* Trimarcisia

Lists

* Tribes
* Deities
* Celtic words in English
* – in Spanish
* – in Galician
* Gaulish words in French
* Celtic place names in Galicia
* – in Italy
* – in Portugal

* Celts portal

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

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