May 9

For the World War II-related holiday in some of the Eastern Bloc countries, see Victory Day (9 May).

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2025
May 9 in recent years

2025 (Friday)
2024 (Thursday)
2023 (Tuesday)
2022 (Monday)
2021 (Sunday)
2020 (Saturday)
2019 (Thursday)
2018 (Wednesday)
2017 (Tuesday)
2016 (Monday)

Day of the year

May 9 is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 236 days remain until the end of the year.

## Events

[edit]

### Pre-1600

[edit]

* 328 - Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.[1]
* 1009 - Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
* 1386 - England and Portugal formally ratify their alliance with the signing of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world which is still in force.
* 1450 - Timurid monarch 'Abd al-Latif is assassinated.
* 1540 - Hernando de Alarcón sets sail on an expedition to the Gulf of California.

### 1601–1900

[edit]

* 1662 - The figure who later became Mr. Punch makes his first recorded appearance in England.[2]
* 1671 - Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England's Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
* 1726 - Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap's molly house in London are executed at Tyburn.
* 1761 - Exhibition of 1761, the inaugural exhibition of the Society of Artists of Great Britain opens at Spring Gardens in London.[3]
* 1864 - Second Schleswig War: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.
* 1865 - American Civil War: Nathan Bedford Forrest surrenders his forces at Gainesville, Alabama.
* 1865 - American Civil War: President Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation ending belligerent rights of the rebels and enjoining foreign nations to intern or expel Confederate ships.
* 1873 - Der Krach: The Vienna stock exchange crash begins the Panic of 1873 and heralds the Long Depression.[4]
* 1877 - Mihail Kogălniceanu reads, in the Chamber of Deputies, the Declaration of Independence of Romania. The date will become recognised as the Independence Day of Romania.

### 1901–present

[edit]

* 1901 - Australia opens its first national parliament in Melbourne.
* 1915 - World War I: Second Battle of Artois between German and French forces.
* 1918 - World War I: Germany repels Britain's second attempt to blockade the port of Ostend, Belgium.
* 1920 - Polish–Soviet War: The Polish army under General Edward Rydz-Śmigły celebrates its capture of Kiev with a victory parade on Khreshchatyk.
* 1926 - Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claim to have flown over the North Pole (later discovery of Byrd's diary appears to cast some doubt on the claim.)
* 1927 - The Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia, officially opens.[5]
* 1936 - Italy formally annexes Ethiopia after taking the capital Addis Ababa on May 5.
* 1941 - World War II: The German submarine U-110 is captured by the Royal Navy. On board is the latest Enigma machine which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.
* 1942 - The Holocaust in Ukraine: The SS executes 588 Jewish residents of the Podolian town of Zinkiv (Khmelnytska oblast. The Zoludek Ghetto (in Belarus) is destroyed and all its inhabitants executed or deported.
* 1945 - World War II: the Channel Islands are liberated from Nazi occupation.[6]
* 1946 - King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates and is succeeded by Umberto II.
* 1948 - Czechoslovakia's Ninth-of-May Constitution comes into effect.
* 1950 - Robert Schuman presents the "Schuman Declaration", considered by some to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the European Union.
* 1955 - Cold War: West Germany joins NATO.
* 1960 - The Food and Drug Administration announces it will approve birth control as an additional indication for Searle's Enovid, making Enovid the world's first approved oral contraceptive pill.
* 1969 - Carlos Lamarca leads the first urban guerrilla action against the military dictatorship of Brazil in São Paulo, by robbing two banks.
* 1974 - Watergate scandal: The United States House Committee on the Judiciary opens formal and public impeachment hearings against President Richard Nixon.
* 1979 - Iranian Jewish businessman Habib Elghanian is executed by firing squad in Tehran, prompting the mass exodus of the once 100,000-strong Jewish community of Iran.
* 1980 - In Florida, United States, Liberian freighter MV Summit Venture collides with the Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay, making a 430-meter (1,400 ft) section of the southbound span collapse. Thirty-five people in six cars and a Greyhound bus fall 46 metres (150 ft) into the water and die.
* 1980 - In Norco, California, United States, five masked gunmen hold up a Security Pacific bank, leading to a violent shoot-out and one of the largest pursuits in California history. Two of the gunmen and one police officer are killed and thirty-three police and civilian vehicles are destroyed in the chase.
* 1987 - LOT Flight 5055 Tadeusz Kościuszko crashes after takeoff in Warsaw, Poland, killing all 183 people on board.
* 1988 - New Parliament House, Canberra officially opens.[5]
* 1992 - Armenian forces capture Shusha, marking a major turning point in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
* 1992 - Westray Mine disaster kills 26 workers in Nova Scotia, Canada.
* 2001 - In Ghana, 129 football fans die in what became known as the Accra Sports Stadium disaster. The deaths are caused by a stampede (caused by the firing of tear gas by police personnel at the stadium) that followed a controversial decision by the referee.
* 2002 - The 38-day stand-off in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem comes to an end when the Palestinians inside agree to have 13 suspected terrorists among them deported to several different countries.[7]
* 2018 - Barisan Nasional, the coalition that had governed Malaysia since the country's independence in 1957, suffer an historic defeat in the 2018 Malaysian general election.
* 2020 - The COVID-19 recession causes the U.S. unemployment rate to hit 14.9 percent, its worst rate since the Great Depression.[8]
* 2022 - Russo-Ukrainian War: United States President Joe Biden signs the 2022 Lend-Lease Act into law, a rebooted World War II-era policy expediting American equipment to Ukraine and other Eastern European countries.[9]
* 2023 - The May 9 riots following the arrest of Imran Khan in Pakistan.[10]

## Births

[edit]

### Pre-1600

[edit]

* 1147 - Minamoto no Yoritomo, Japanese shōgun (died 1199)
* 1151 - al-Adid, last Fatimid caliph (died 1171)[11]
* 1540 - Maharana Pratap, Indian ruler (died 1597)[12]
* 1555 - Jerónima de la Asunción, Spanish Catholic nun and founder of the first monastery in Manila (died 1630)[13]
* 1594 - Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, military leader in the Thirty Years' War (died 1662)

### 1601–1900

[edit]

* 1617 - Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege (died 1655)
* 1740 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer and educator (probable;[14] (died 1816)
* 1746 - Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and engineer (died 1818)[15]
* 1763 - János Batsányi, Hungarian-Austrian poet and author (died 1845)
* 1800 - John Brown, American abolitionist (died 1859)[16]
* 1801 - Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, English politician, founded the town of Fleetwood (died 1866)
* 1814 - John Brougham, Irish-American actor and playwright (died 1880)[17]
* 1823 - Frederick Weld, English-New Zealand politician, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1891)[18]
* 1824 - Jacob ben Moses Bachrach, Polish apologist and author (died 1896)
* 1825 - James Collinson, Victorian painter (died 1881)
* 1836 - Ferdinand Monoyer, French ophthalmologist, invented the Monoyer chart (died 1912)
* 1837 - Adam Opel, German engineer, founded the Opel Company (died 1895)
* 1845 - Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and businessman (died 1913)
* 1850 - Edward Weston, English-American chemist (died 1936)
* 1855 - Julius Röntgen, German-Dutch composer (died 1932)
* 1860 - J. M. Barrie, Scottish novelist and playwright (died 1937)
* 1866 - Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Indian economist and politician (died 1915)
* 1870 - Harry Vardon, British golfer (died 1937)
* 1873 - Anton Cermak, Czech-American captain and politician, 44th Mayor of Chicago (died 1933)
* 1874 - Howard Carter, English archaeologist and historian (died 1939)
* 1882 - George Barker, American painter (died 1965)
* 1882 - Henry J. Kaiser, American shipbuilder and businessman, founded Kaiser Shipyards (died 1967)
* 1883 - José Ortega y Gasset, Spanish philosopher, author, and critic (died 1955)
* 1884 - Valdemar Psilander, Danish actor (died 1917)
* 1885 - Gianni Vella, Maltese artist (died 1977)[19]
* 1888 - Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (died 1918)
* 1888 - Rolf de Maré, Swedish art collector (died 1964)
* 1892 - Zita of Bourbon-Parma, last Empress of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (died 1989)
* 1893 - William Moulton Marston, American psychologist and author (died 1947)
* 1894 - Benjamin Graham, British-American economist, professor, and investor (died 1976)[20]
* 1895 - Richard Barthelmess, American actor (died 1963)
* 1895 - Lucian Blaga, Romanian poet, playwright, and philosopher (died 1961)
* 1895 - Frank Foss, American pole vaulter (died 1989)
* 1896 - Richard Day, Canadian-American art director and set decorator (died 1972)
* 1900 - Maria Malicka, Polish stage and film actress (died 1992)[21]

### 1901–present

[edit]

* 1907 - Jackie Grant, Trinidadian cricketer (died 1978)
* 1907 - Baldur von Schirach, German politician (died 1974)
* 1908 - Billy Jurges, American baseball player and manager (died 1997)[22]
* 1909 - Gordon Bunshaft, American architect, designed the Solow Building (died 1990)[23]
* 1912 - Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican-American actor (died 1963)
* 1914 - Carlo Maria Giulini, Italian conductor and director (died 2005)
* 1914 - J. Merrill Knapp, American musicologist (died 1993)[24]
* 1914 - Hank Snow, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1999)
* 1918 - Mike Wallace, American journalist (died 2012)
* 1921 - Daniel Berrigan, American priest, poet, and activist (died 2016)
* 1921 - Sophie Scholl, German activist (died 1943)
* 1924 - Bulat Okudzhava, Russian singer, poet, and author (died 1997)
* 1927 - Manfred Eigen, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2019)
* 1928 - Pancho Gonzales, American tennis player (died 1995)
* 1928 - Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian figure skater (died 2012)
* 1930 - Joan Sims, English actress (died 2001)
* 1931 - Vance D. Brand, American pilot, engineer, and astronaut
* 1932 - Geraldine McEwan, English actress (died 2015)[25]
* 1934 - Alan Bennett, English screenwriter, playwright, and novelist
* 1935 - Nokie Edwards, American guitarist (died 2018)
* 1936 - Albert Finney, English actor (died 2019)
* 1936 - Glenda Jackson, English actress and politician (died 2023)
* 1937 - Dave Prater, American singer (died 1988)
* 1938 - Carroll Cole, American serial killer (died 1985)[26]
* 1938 - Charles Simić, Serbian-American poet and editor (died 2023)
* 1939 - Ion Țiriac, Romanian tennis player and manager
* 1940 - James L. Brooks, American director, producer, and screenwriter
* 1941 - Dorothy Hyman, English sprinter
* 1942 - John Ashcroft, American lawyer and politician, 79th United States Attorney General
* 1942 - David Gergen, American political consultant (died 2025)[27]
* 1943 - Vince Cable, English economist and politician, former Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills
* 1943 - Colin Pillinger, English astronomer, chemist, and academic (died 2014)
* 1945 - Jupp Heynckes, German footballer and manager
* 1946 - Candice Bergen, American actress and producer
* 1947 - Yukiya Amano, Japanese diplomat (died 2019)
* 1948 - Calvin Murphy, American basketball player and radio host
* 1949 - Billy Joel, American singer-songwriter and pianist
* 1951 - Alley Mills, American actress
* 1951 - Joy Harjo, American poet, musician, playwright and author, 23rd United States Poet Laureate[28]
* 1955 - Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (died 2012)
* 1955 - Anne Sofie von Otter, Swedish soprano and actress
* 1956 - Wendy Crewson, Canadian actress and producer
* 1960 - Tony Gwynn, American baseball player and coach (died 2014)
* 1961 - John Corbett, American actor[29]
* 1962 - Dave Gahan, English singer-songwriter
* 1962 - Paul Heaton, English singer-songwriter
* 1965 - Steve Yzerman, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
* 1968 - Graham Harman, American philosopher and academic
* 1968 - Ruth Kelly, British economist and politician, Secretary of State for Transport
* 1968 - Marie-José Pérec, French sprinter[30]
* 1970 - Doug Christie, American basketball player and coach
* 1970 - Hao Haidong, Chinese footballer[31]
* 1970 - Ghostface Killah, American rapper and actor
* 1973 - Tegla Loroupe, Kenyan runner
* 1975 - Tamia, Canadian singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
* 1975 - Brian Deegan, American motocross rider
* 1977 - Averno, Mexican wrestler
* 1977 - Marek Jankulovski, Czech footballer
* 1977 - Svein Tuft, Canadian cyclist
* 1979 - Rosario Dawson, American actress
* 1979 - Brandon Webb, American baseball player[32]
* 1980 - Grant Hackett, Australian swimmer
* 1983 - Gilles Müller, Luxembourgian tennis player
* 1984 - Prince Fielder, American baseball player
* 1985 - Jake Long, American football player
* 1987 - Kevin Gameiro, French footballer
* 1988 - J. R. Fitzpatrick, Canadian racing driver
* 1989 - Ellen White, English footballer
* 1989 - Daniel Rosenfeld, German musician[33]
* 1991 - Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovar judoka
* 1992 - Dan Burn, English footballer[34]
* 1995 - Tommy Edman, American baseball player[35]
* 1995 - Beth Mead, English footballer[36]
* 1995 - Shaboozey, American rapper and singer-songwriter[37]
* 1996 - Noah Centineo, American actor[38]
* 2000 - Trey Lance, American football player[39]

## Deaths

[edit]

### Pre-1600

[edit]

* 480 - Julius Nepos, Western Roman Emperor[40]
* 729 - Osric, king of Northumbria
* 893 - Shi Pu, warlord of the Tang Dynasty
* 909 - Adalgar, archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
* 934 - Wang Sitong, Chinese general and governor (born 892)
* 1280 - Magnus VI of Norway
* 1315 - Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy (born 1282)
* 1329 - John Drokensford, Bishop of Bath and Wells
* 1443 - Niccolò Albergati, Italian Cardinal and diplomat (born 1373)
* 1446 - Mary of Enghien (born 1368)
* 1590 - Charles de Bourbon French cardinal and pretender to the throne (born 1523)

### 1601–1900

[edit]

* 1657 - William Bradford, English-American politician, 2nd Governor of Plymouth Colony (born 1590)
* 1707 - Dieterich Buxtehude, German-Danish organist and composer (born 1637)
* 1736 - Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, Portuguese judge and politician (born 1658)
* 1745 - Tomaso Antonio Vitali, Italian violinist and composer (born 1663)
* 1747 - John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair, Scottish field marshal and diplomat, British Ambassador to France (born 1673)
* 1760 - Nicolaus Zinzendorf, German bishop and saint (born 1700)
* 1789 - Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French general and engineer (born 1715)
* 1790 - William Clingan, American politician (born 1721)
* 1791 - Francis Hopkinson, American judge and politician (born 1737)
* 1805 - Friedrich Schiller, German poet, playwright, and historian (born 1759)
* 1850 - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist and physicist (born 1778)
* 1850 - Garlieb Merkel, Estonian author and activist (born 1769)
* 1861 - Ernst von Lasaulx, German philologist and politician (born 1805)[41]
* 1864 - John Sedgwick, American general and educator (born 1813)
* 1889 - William S. Harney, American general (born 1800)

### 1901–present

[edit]

* 1906 - Oscar von Gebhardt, German theologian and academic (born 1844)
* 1911 - Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American abolitionist (born 1823)[42]
* 1914 - C. W. Post, American businessman, founded Post Foods (born 1854)
* 1915 - François Faber, Luxembourgian-French cyclist and soldier (born 1887)
* 1915 - Anthony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player and cricketer (born 1883)
* 1918 - George Coșbuc, Romanian journalist and poet (born 1866)
* 1931 - Albert Abraham Michelson, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1852)
* 1933 - John Arthur Jarvis, English swimmer (born 1872)
* 1935 - Ernst Bresslau, German zoologist (born 1877)
* 1938 - Thomas B. Thrige, Danish businessman (born 1866)
* 1942 - Józef Cebula, Polish priest and saint (born 1902)
* 1944 - Han Yong-un, Korean poet and social reformer (born 1879)
* 1949 - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (born 1870)
* 1950 - Esteban Terradas i Illa, Spanish mathematician and engineer (born 1883)
* 1957 - Ernest de Silva, Sri Lankan banker and businessman (born 1887)
* 1957 - Ezio Pinza, Italian actor and singer (born 1892)
* 1959 - Bhaurao Patil, Indian activist and educator (born 1887)
* 1965 - Leopold Figl, Austrian engineer and politician, 18th Chancellor of Austria (born 1902)
* 1968 - Mercedes de Acosta, American author, poet, and playwright (born 1893)
* 1968 - Harold Gray, American cartoonist, created Little Orphan Annie (born 1894)
* 1968 - Marion Lorne, American actress (born 1883)
* 1968 - Finlay Currie, British actor (born 1878)[43]
* 1970 - Walter Reuther, American union leader (born 1907)
* 1976 - Jens Bjørneboe, Norwegian author, poet, and playwright (born 1920)
* 1976 - Ulrike Meinhof, German militant, co-founded the Red Army Faction (born 1934)
* 1977 - James Jones, American novelist (born 1921)
* 1978 - Giuseppe Impastato, Italian journalist and activist (born 1948)
* 1978 - Aldo Moro, Italian lawyer and politician, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (born 1916)
* 1979 - Cyrus S. Eaton, Canadian-American banker, businessman, and philanthropist (born 1883)
* 1979 - Eddie Jefferson, American singer and lyricist (born 1918)
* 1980 - Kate Molale, South African activist (born 1928)
* 1981 - Nelson Algren, American novelist and short story writer (born 1909)
* 1981 - Rolf Just Nilsen, Norwegian singer and actor (born 1931)[44]
* 1983 - Henry Bachtold, Australian soldier and railway engineer (born 1891)
* 1985 - Edmond O'Brien, American actor and director (born 1915)
* 1986 - Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese mountaineer (born 1914)
* 1987 - Obafemi Awolowo, Nigerian lawyer and politician (born 1909)
* 1989 - Keith Whitley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1954)[45]
* 1993 - Penelope Gilliatt, English novelist, short story writer, and critic (born 1932)
* 1994 - Elias Motsoaledi, South African activist (born 1924)
* 1997 - Rawya Ateya, Egyptian captain and politician (born 1926)
* 1997 - Marco Ferreri, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (born 1928)
* 1998 - Alice Faye, American actress and singer (born 1915)
* 1998 - Talat Mahmood, Indian singer and actor (born 1924)
* 2003 - Russell B. Long, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (born 1918)
* 2004 - Akhmad Kadyrov, Chechen cleric and politician, 1st President of the Chechen Republic (born 1951)
* 2004 - Alan King, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (born 1927)
* 2004 - Brenda Fassie, South African singer (born 1964)
* 2007 - Dwight Wilson, Canadian soldier (born 1901)
* 2008 - Jack Gibson, Australian rugby league player, coach, and sportscaster (born 1929)
* 2008 - Baptiste Manzini, American football player (born 1920)
* 2008 - Nuala O'Faolain, Irish journalist and producer (born 1942)
* 2008 - Pascal Sevran, French singer, television host, and author (born 1945)
* 2009 - Chuck Daly, American basketball player and coach (born 1930)
* 2010 - Lena Horne, American singer, actress, and activist (born 1917)
* 2010 - Otakar Motejl, Czech lawyer and politician (born 1932)
* 2011 - Wouter Weylandt, Belgian cyclist (born 1984)
* 2012 - Bertram Cohler, American psychologist, psychoanalyst, and academic (born 1938)
* 2012 - Geoffrey Henry, Cook Islander lawyer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (born 1940)
* 2012 - Vidal Sassoon, English-American hairdresser and businessman (born 1928)
* 2013 - Ramón Blanco Rodríguez, Spanish footballer and manager (born 1952)
* 2013 - George M. Leader, American soldier and politician, 36th Governor of Pennsylvania (born 1918)
* 2013 - Humberto Lugo Gil, Mexican lawyer and politician, 23rd Governor of Hidalgo (born 1933)
* 2013 - Ottavio Missoni, Italian hurdler and fashion designer, founded Missoni (born 1921)
* 2014 - Giacomo Bini, Italian priest and missionary (born 1938)
* 2014 - Harlan Mathews, American lawyer and politician (born 1927)
* 2014 - Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy, Indian politician, 12th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (born 1935)
* 2014 - Mary Stewart, British author and poet (born 1916)[46]
* 2015 - Edward W. Estlow, American football player and journalist (born 1920)
* 2015 - Kenan Evren, Turkish general and politician, 7th President of Turkey (born 1917)
* 2015 - Elizabeth Wilson, American actress (born 1921)
* 2017 - Robert Miles, a Swiss-born Italian record producer, composer, musician and DJ (born 1969)
* 2018 - Per Kirkeby, Danish painter, poet, film maker and sculptor (born 1938)
* 2019 - Freddie Starr, English comedian, impressionist, singer and actor (born 1943)[47]
* 2020 - Little Richard, American singer, songwriter, and pianist (born 1932)[48]
* 2022 - John Leo, American a writer and journalist (born 1935)[49]
* 2022 - Rieko Kodama, Japanese game developer (born 1963)[50]
* 2024 - Sean Burroughs, American baseball player (born 1980)[51]
* 2024 - Roger Corman, American film director, producer, and actor (born 1926)[52]
* 2024 - Rex Murphy, Canadian political commentator (born 1947)[53]

## Holidays and observances

[edit]

* Christian feast day:
* Beatus of Lungern
* Beatus of Vendome
* Christopher (Eastern Orthodox Church)
* George Preca
* Gerontius of Cervia
* Gregory of Nazianzen (The Episcopal Church (US) and traditional Roman Catholic calendar)
* Nicolaus Zinzendorf (Lutheran)
* Pachomius the Great
* Tudy of Landevennec
* May 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
* Commemoration of the end of the German occupation of the Channel Islands related observances:
* Liberation Day, commemorating the end of the German occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II. (Guernsey and Jersey)[54]
* National Day (Alderney)
* Europe Day, commemorating the Schuman Declaration. (European Union, Kosovo, Moldova, Ukraine)
* Victory Day observances, celebration of the Soviet Union victory over Nazi Germany (Soviet Union, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
* Victory and Peace Day, marks the capture of Shusha (1992) in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and the end of World War II. (Armenia)
* Goku Day (Japan), commemorating the fictional character Goku.[55]

## References

[edit]

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## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to May 9.

* BBC: On This Day Archived 2022-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
*   * The New York Times: On This Day
* Historical Events on May 9 Archived 2020-09-16 at the Wayback Machine

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