Measles resurgence in the United States

Sharp increase in measles cases between 2010 and 2025

See also: 2025 Southwest United States measles outbreak

Young boy with measles in 1968

Measles was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000, by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the success of vaccination efforts.[1] However, it continues to be reintroduced by international travelers,[1] and anti-vaccination sentiment has enabled the reemergence of measles outbreaks.[2][3]

In 2018, 371 cases of measles were confirmed in the United States. From January to August 2019, 1215 cases across 30 states had been confirmed as measles by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[4] This is the largest number of cases in one calendar year since the disease was declared eliminated.[5] In 2019, a state of emergency was declared in New York City[6] and Washington[7] in response to the extremely contagious disease. There is concern that the WHO may rescind the US's measles elimination status.[8]

The vast majority of people infected had not received vaccination and were living in close-knit communities where the immunization rate is lower than average.[9] The director of the National Institutes of Health wrote in 2016 that parents refusing to vaccinate their children were leading to outbreaks of preventable diseases, including measles.[10] The WHO also reported that the rise in measles is a direct result of anti-vaccination movements.[11] The recommended measles vaccination protocol is to receive two doses, at least one month apart. One dose of the vaccination is 93 percent effective at preventing measles, while two doses is 97 percent effective.[12]

Measles is one of the most contagious of infectious diseases.[13] If not immunized, a person exposed to someone with measles has a 95% chance of becoming infected. During the early stage of an outbreak in an unvaccinated population, each infected person spreads the disease to an average of 12 to 18 other people.[14]

## History

[edit]

Measles cases in the US from 1938 to 2019

Before the vaccine was available in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that about three to four million were infected each year, of which approx. 500,000 were reported, with 400 to 500 people dying and 48,000 being hospitalized as a result.[1][15] The last major outbreak was before the disease was eliminated, and occurred from 1989 to 1991. During this outbreak, 123 people died, the majority of whom were preschool children.[16]

In the United States on average, two or three out of every 1000 children infected will die, and one will develop complications that often result in permanent brain damage.[13]

The 2019 outbreak prompted President Donald Trump to shift away from his previous goal of spacing out vaccinations, and to insist that parents must vaccinate their children, stating "They have to get the shots. The vaccinations are so important".[17] Surgeon General Jerome Adams drew a connection between states with vaccine exemptions and higher risks of outbreaks, and advised health officials on ways to encourage vaccination.[18]

The 2025 outbreak began soon after Trump's inauguration for his second term as president and the subsequent appointment of Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a known promoter of vaccine misinformation, as the Secretary of Health. Kennedy initially downplayed the outbreak, describing it as "not unusual".[19]

An April 2025 study estimated that 51.2 million measles cases will occur over the next 25 years due to the decline in childhood vaccination.[20][21]

## Local outbreaks

[edit]

Yearly cases of measles in the United States 2000–2025[22] Year  | Cases

|

2000  | 85
2001  | 116
2002  | 44
2003  | 56
2004  | 37
2005  | 66
2006  | 55
2007  | 43
2008  | 140
2009  | 72
2010  | 63
2011  | 220
2012  | 55
2013  | 187
2014  | 667
2015  | 191
2016  | 86
2017  | 120
2018  | 381
2019  | 1,274
2020  | 13
2021  | 49
2022  | 121
2023  | 59
2024  | 285
2025 (to date)  | 1,288

There was one outbreak in 2015, involving 147 cases linked to exposure at Disneyland in California; one outbreak in 2017, among a largely unvaccinated Somali community in Minnesota; and 17 reported outbreaks in 2018.[23] In 2019, cases were reported in 23 states, and the total number of reported cases (764) reached the highest number in 25 years by April.[4][24] More than 500 of these cases were people who were not vaccinated against measles, and another 125 had an unknown vaccination status. The bulk of those infected were from the Orthodox Jewish communities in and around New York City.[25] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 1,088 confirmed measles cases across 33 jurisdictions nationwide as of May 29, 2025.[26]

### Washington and Oregon

[edit]

Main article: 2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak

The areas surrounding Vancouver, Washington, namely in Clark County, experienced an outbreak of measles in late 2018 and early 2019. The area was referred to as an "anti-vaccination hotspot" and the vaccination rate was 78%, which is too low for herd immunity.[27] Oregon had reported that four residents have contracted measles due to the outbreak in neighboring Clark County.[28]

As of April 2019, 74 confirmed cases of measles had been reported to the health department.[29] More than half of those who fell ill were under the age of 10, and 70 of them had not been vaccinated or had unknown vaccination status.[30] The remaining three people had received one dose of the measles vaccine.[12]

In response to the outbreak, Representative Paul Harris proposed a measure that would remove the ability for parents to refuse any of the required childhood vaccines for philosophical reasons, otherwise keeping medical and religious exemptions. The bill was later amended to limit exemptions for the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) vaccine.[7] Children would not be allowed to attend public or private schools or day-care without evidence of vaccination or approved exemption documents. The bill was passed in April 2019.[31]

### New York

[edit]

Main article: 2019 New York measles outbreak

New York experienced outbreaks in New York City and Rockland County in 2018 and 2019.[32]

Between October 2018 and April 2019, 423 confirmed cases of measles were reported in New York City.[33] The areas of Williamsburg and Borough Park, two Brooklyn neighborhoods with a high concentration of Orthodox Jews, have been most heavily affected. In response to the outbreak, Mayor Bill de Blasio declared a state of emergency and ordered mandatory vaccinations in the neighborhoods corresponding to the ZIP codes 11205, 11206, 11211, and 11249. It required that everyone living or working in the neighborhood who is more than six months old receive a vaccination or be subject to a $1,000 fine. Prior to the order, the health commissioner had required schools and day care centers in the area deny service to unvaccinated students to prevent the disease from spreading.[6] In April, city officials ordered the closure of a preschool that refused to cooperate with requests for vaccination information.[34][35]

From October to April, 153 cases of measles were confirmed in Rockland County, New York. Despite 17,000 doses of the MMR vaccination being given, the vaccination rate of children in the area was 72.9 percent as of April.[36]

In December 2018, public health officials in Rockland County banned unvaccinated students from attending school. Parents of 42 students at Green Meadow Waldorf School, a private school, sued the Rockland County health department, but a judge denied the request to overturn the order.[37] According to the health department, Green Meadow Waldorf School had a 56% vaccination rate.[37]

In March 2019, a flight attendant flew from NYC to Tel Aviv, Israel. Passengers on the flight were informed several days later that the woman had developed measles encephalitis and is in the intensive care unit (ICU) on a ventilator. The Israeli Ministry of Health reported that the woman may have been exposed in New York or in Israel.[38]

In April 2019, a state of emergency was declared in Rockland County, and unvaccinated children were barred from public places for 30 days. Parents of unvaccinated children that did not abide by this condition faced up to six months in jail or a $500 fine.[39][36] A judge later lifted this ban, saying that the outbreak did not qualify for an emergency order.[40] That month, New York began considering legislation to join the seven states and Washington, D.C. that allow children 14 years of age and older to seek vaccination without parental consent.[41]

In June 2019, New York enacted a law repealing religious and philosophical exemptions for vaccination.[42] The association of the outbreak with the Jewish community led to a rise in instances of antisemitism being expressed in New York.[43]

### Michigan

[edit]

A man from New York traveled to Michigan in March 2019, while unknowingly infected with measles. Health officials reported that he spread the virus to 38 people there.[38] Because he was fundraising for Orthodox Jewish charities, he visited several synagogues each day while there. The man believed that he was immune to measles because he had it as a child.[44]

### New Jersey

[edit]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declared an outbreak in New Jersey in 2018. 30 of the 33 confirmed cases were in Ocean County. It was determined that measles was contracted by a person who traveled to Israel and spread the virus upon returning to New Jersey.[45]

### California

[edit]

The CDC tracks the rate of vaccination at kindergartens. While statewide, California has a 97 percent vaccination rate for kindergarteners, some schools, particularly in the Bay Area, have vaccination rates below 50%. In 2018, the Santa Cruz Waldorf School in Santa Cruz had a vaccination rate of 33 percent.[46] In 2014, Berkeley Rose School, a Waldorf school in Alameda County, had a vaccination rate of 13 percent. In 2016, California eliminated "philosophical objections" as a reason for parents to refuse to vaccinate their children. Following this, the vaccination rate at Berkeley Rose increased to 57 percent.[47]

During the Disneyland measles outbreak, in 2015, a person infected with measles exposed others while visiting Disneyland. This led to the infection of 131 California residents, as well as people in six other states, Canada, and Mexico.[48] Following this outbreak, California changed its vaccination laws to only allow vaccination exemptions for those with medical conditions.[25]

From January to April 2019, 21 cases of measles were reported in California.[48] The CDC published a summary of one outbreak caused by an unvaccinated teenager traveling to England.[49]

During the 2019 resurgence that April, two California universities, Cal State Los Angeles and University of California, Los Angeles, had to quarantine over 300 students and faculty to prevent the spread of measles after persons now known to have measles used public buildings.[50]

### Florida

[edit]

A measles outbreak in Florida began in February 2024, at Manatee Bay Elementary School in Broward County.[51][52] The State Surgeon General of Florida, Joseph Ladapo, addressed a letter to parents amid the outbreak, acknowledging the "normal" recommendation that unvaccinated children stay home, but stating his department was "deferring to parents or guardians to make decisions about school attendance."[53][54] Ladapo's advice contradicts CDC guidance, which suggests that anyone not previously infected with measles or immunized against the disease observe a 21-day quarantine.[55] On March 8, the Broward public school district declared the outbreak had ended on March 7.[56]

Katelyn Jetelina and Kristen Panthagani referred to Ladapo's advice that children without immunization to measles could continue attending school after exposure as "unprecedented and dangerous".[57] Leana Wen characterized Ladapo's decision as "outrageous" due to the danger posed by measles.[58]

### Chicago

[edit]

In March 2024, the Chicago Department of Public Health declared it had detected two measles cases.[59] The two measles cases were Chicago's first since 2019.[59] The cases were detected in a migrant shelter in the Pilsen neighborhood at 2241 S. Halsted Street.[59]

More cases at the shelter were reported the week of March 10.[60][61] On March 12, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention team arrived in Chicago to assist with the outbreak.[62] On March 13, the Chicago Department of Public Health announced that all residents of the shelter able to receive a vaccine had received one.[63] On March 14, two cases were reported in Chicago Public Schools, Cooper Dual Language Academy and Armour Elementary, bringing the total cases in the city to 10.[64] On March 15, Chicago announced it would require migrants at city shelters receive the MMR vaccine.[65]

As of March 15, there were 12 cases of measles in the city.[66]

### 2025 Southwest and Midwest outbreaks

[edit]

Main article: 2025 Southwest United States measles outbreak

In late January 2025, measles cases were reported in the South Plains region of Texas. By mid February, the outbreak had grown to 48 cases centered around Gaines County with several also reported in the neighbouring state of New Mexico. Around 27% of cases have required hospitalization.[67]

In mid-February 2025, a measles outbreak in West Texas has grown to 48 cases, primarily affecting children and teenagers, making it the most severe in the state in nearly 30 years.[68] Health officials suspect the actual number of infections could be much higher, estimating that 200 to 300 people may be infected but untested, with 13 individuals hospitalized.[69] Most cases have been reported in Gaines County, while smaller outbreaks have been identified in Terry, Yoakum, and Lynn counties.[70]

On February 19, the Texas Department of State Health Services, reported the measles outbreak in West Texas has expanded to 58 reported cases. Gaines County remains the most affected area, accounting for 45 cases.[71] The illness has also spread to nearby counties, with nine cases in Terry County, two in Yoakum County, and one case each in Lynn and Lubbock counties. Most of those infected are children between the ages of 5 and 17.[72] Additionally, health officials in eastern New Mexico have confirmed nine measles cases, for a total of 99 cases, as of February 23, 2025.[73] By February 26, total cases had risen to 133,[74] and two unvaccinated patients have died, one child in Texas[75][76] and one adult in New Mexico.[77] The former was the first death reported since 2015 in the US due to measles.[78]

The outbreaks occur amid a decline in vaccination rates in some communities. Although Texas and New Mexico have high overall vaccination rates (94.3% and 95% among kindergarteners, respectively), exemptions have been rising, particularly in Texas. The affected area includes a large Mennonite community, which typically has low vaccination rates due to religious beliefs.[73]

In March 2025, an unvaccinated adult in New Mexico was confirmed to have measles posthumously, according to the state's Department of Health.[79] The New Mexico Department of Health reported that this marks the state's first measles-related death, noting that the individual had not sought medical treatment prior to passing.[80]

In April, officials reported the measles outbreak in West Texas had grown to 624 cases, and two deaths in children.[81] The cases in neighboring New Mexico increased to 65.[82] Oklahoma reported 13,[83] and Kansas reported 37.[84] Outbreaks in April were also reported in Indiana and Ohio.[85]

As of May 27, 2025, the Texas Department of State Health Services confirms a total of 729 measles cases statewide.[86] Gaines County, which remains the center of the outbreak, reported 408 cases, unchanged from the last report.[86] By the end of May New Mexico reported 79 cases, [1] Oklahoma reported 17 [2], Kansas reproted 64. [3]

As of May 29, 2025, the Marquette County Health Department confirms one case of measles in a Marquette, Michigan resident.[87]

In May and June 2025, Iowa health officials confirmed six cases of measles in Iowa.[88][89][90][91] 2019 was the last year with Iowa having a reported measles case.[88][89][91] In June 2025, the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services revealed an 84% immunization rate for 1 MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) for two-year-olds in Iowa.[91][92] Only Crawford, Shelby, Page, Clarke, Madison, Dallas, Buena Vista, Humboldt, Winneshiek, Wright, and Grundy counties meet the 95% vaccination rate of 1 MMR for 2 year olds to gain herd immunity.[92] As of June 2025, Davis County had an immunization rate of 41%.[92][93]

## Combating methods

[edit]

With the 2019 outbreak, the CDC stated that it may use its ability to put people on a "Do Not Board" list[94] for air travel should people known to be carrying measles continue to fly. This list was established in 2007, to combat tuberculosis, but was used to restrict travel of two people during the 2014 measles outbreak. The CDC has, in the past, told some individuals that they believe might have been infected with measles to not use air travel, with those patients voluntarily agreeing to alter travel plans. The CDC states that normally it would be extremely rare to catch measles from an infected passenger due to the overall high rate of vaccinated passengers on average, but the anti-vaccination trends threatens to disrupt that model.[95]

Social media platforms have made their own efforts to prevent the dissemination of false anti-vaccination claims. As of September 2018, Pinterest had banned users from searching for content about vaccines.[96] In February 2019, YouTube stated that any user or channel endorsing anti-vaccination content will be demonetized entirely, and not receive any funding for advertisements played before videos.[97]

A number of US states tightened vaccine exemptions in the wake of the outbreak, including New York,[42] Washington,[7][31] and Maine.[98] Vaccination opponents forced a referendum on the issue in Maine, but the new restrictions prevailed with over 70% of voters supporting them.[98]

## See also

[edit]

* 2019 Samoa measles outbreak
* Measles resurgence in Europe
* History of public health in the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Questions About Measles". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 28, 2018.
2. ^ Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, Omer SB (March 15, 2016). "Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States: A Review of Measles and Pertussis". JAMA. 315 (11): 1149–1158\. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1353. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 5007135. PMID 26978210.
3. ^ Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS (April 17, 2019). "Measles in 2019 — Going Backward". New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (23): 2185–2187\. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1905099. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 30995368. S2CID 122318104.
4. ^ a b "Measles Cases and Outbreaks". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 20, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
5. ^ Howard J, Goldschmidt D. "US measles outbreak is largest since disease was declared eliminated in 2000". CNN. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
6. ^ a b "New York City declares public health emergency over measles outbreak". CBS News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
7. ^ a b c "Lawmaker: Measles vaccine is not about "parental rights"". CBS News. February 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
8. ^ Cohen E (September 3, 2019). "The US eliminated measles in 2000. The current outbreak could change that". CNN. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
9. ^ Reich J (June 13, 2019). "I've talked to dozens of parents about why they don't vaccinate. Here's what they told me". Vox. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
10. ^ "Resurgence of Measles, Pertussis Fueled by Vaccine Refusals". NIH Director's Blog. March 22, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
11. ^ Mundasad S (November 29, 2018). "Measles resurgence 'due to vaccine hesitancy', WHO warns". BBC News Online. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
12. ^ a b "Measles investigation". Clark County Washington. January 14, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
13. ^ a b "Measles". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 24, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
14. ^ "Measles Disease". Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH). Retrieved May 2, 2019.
15. ^ Carroll L (April 5, 2019). "UC Davis Medical Center warns 200 people of potential measles exposure". NBC News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
16. ^ Gastanaduy PA, Redd SB, Clemmons NS, Lee AD, Hickman CJ, Rota PA, et al. (May 13, 2019). "Chapter 7: Measles". Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Report). Archived from the original on December 16, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2025.
17. ^ Vazquez M (April 26, 2019). "Trump now says parents must vaccinate children in face of measles outbreak". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2025.
18. ^ Land T (March 7, 2019). "US Surgeon General visits Washington as measles outbreak spreads". KING-TV. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2025.
19. ^ Dervisevic H (January 27, 2025). "RFK Jr says US measles outbreak is 'not unusual' after first death in a decade". ABC News. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
20. ^ Sun LH (April 24, 2025). "Millions of U.S. measles cases forecast over 25 years if shots decline". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 25, 2025.
21. ^ Kiang MV, Bubar KM, Maldonado Y, Hotez PJ, Lo NC (April 24, 2025). "Modeling Reemergence of Vaccine-Eliminated Infectious Diseases Under Declining Vaccination in the US". Journal of the American Medical Association. Retrieved April 25, 2025.
22. ^ "Measles cases and outbreaks". cdc.gov. CDC. May 16, 2025. Retrieved May 19, 2025.
23. ^ "Measles". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
24. ^ McKay B (April 29, 2019). "Measles Outbreak Worsens as Cases Hit a New 25-Year High". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
25. ^ a b McNeil Jr DG (April 29, 2019). "Measles Cases Surpass 700 as Outbreak Continues Unabated". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
26. ^ "Measles cases in Texas rise by nine to 738, state health department says". Reuters. May 30, 2025. Retrieved June 2, 2025.
27. ^ "Measles outbreak spreads in anti-vaccination Northwest 'hot spot'". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
28. ^ "Oregon Health Authority : Measles / Rubeola (vaccine-preventable) : Diseases A to Z : State of Oregon". Oregon Health Authority. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
29. ^ "Measles Outbreak 2019 :: Washington State Department of Health". www.doh.wa.gov. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
30. ^ Goldschmidt D, Bonifield J. "Mother of measles-stricken infant: Our community 'failed us'". CNN. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
31. ^ a b "Washington State Bill Limits Measles Vaccine Exemptions". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
32. ^ "News Scan for Sep 25, 2019". CIDRAP. September 25, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2025.
33. ^ Kilgannon C (May 2, 2019). "What We Know About the Measles Outbreak in N.Y." The New York Times.
34. ^ "Officials announce new measures to fight New York measles outbreak". PBS NewsHour. April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
35. ^ Pager T (April 15, 2019). "Measles Outbreak: Yeshiva's Preschool Program Is Closed by New York City Health Officials". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
36. ^ a b Gold M, Pager T (March 26, 2019). "New York Suburb Declares Measles Emergency, Barring Unvaccinated Children From Public". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
37. ^ a b Gold M (March 13, 2019). "Parents Wanted Their Unvaccinated Children in School, but a Judge Said No". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
38. ^ a b "Flight attendant in coma after contracting measles". CBS News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
39. ^ "Measles outbreak: Rockland County, New York, declares state of emergency". CBS News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
40. ^ "Rockland County measles outbreak: Judge lifts ban on unvaccinated children, but not because outbreak ended". CBS News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
41. ^ LaPook J (March 13, 2019). "Judge bars unvaccinated students from returning to Rockland County school". CBS News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
42. ^ a b McKinley J (June 13, 2019). "Measles Outbreak: N.Y. Bans Religious Exemptions for Vaccinations". The New York Times.
43. ^ Green E (May 25, 2019). "Measles Can Be Contained. Anti-Semitism Cannot". The Atlantic.
44. ^ Keneally M (April 18, 2019). "'Patient zero' of Michigan measles outbreak thought he was immune because he had it before: Doctor". ABC News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
45. ^ Hoover A (January 17, 2019). "N.J. measles outbreak declared officially over after 33 confirmed cases". NJ.com. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
46. ^ Pereira A (July 19, 2018). "All 10 kindergartens with the highest rates of vaccine exemptions are in N. California". SFGate. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
47. ^ Oster E, Kocks G (January 16, 2018). "After a Debacle, How California Became a Role Model on Measles". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
48. ^ a b "Measles". California Department of Public Health. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
49. ^ Han G (2019). "Notes from the Field: Measles Outbreak in an Era of Stricter Immunization Requirements — California, March 2018" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (8): 201–202\. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6808a3. PMC 6394388. PMID 30817744.
50. ^ "Measles outbreak: Nearly 300 students quarantined at 2 California universities". CBS News. April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
51. ^ Musa A (February 27, 2024). "Additional measles case reported at Florida elementary school as lawmaker urges public health emergency". CNN. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
52. ^ Huang P (February 28, 2024). "Florida's response to measles outbreak troubles public health experts". NPR. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
53. ^ Sun LH, Weber L (February 23, 2024). "Florida surgeon general defies science amid measles outbreak". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
54. ^ Engber D (February 22, 2024). "Florida's Experiment With Measles". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
55. ^ Luscombe R (March 3, 2024). "Florida is swamped by disease outbreaks as quackery replaces science". The Guardian. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
56. ^ Marchante M (March 8, 2024). "Measles outbreak at Florida school is officially over, district says". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
57. ^ Jetelina K, Panthagani K (March 1, 2024). "Florida Surgeon General Risks Making a Dangerous Measles Outbreak Much Worse". Scientific American. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
58. ^ Wen LS (March 5, 2024). "Florida's measles outbreak is a devastating — and preventable — tragedy". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
59. ^ a b c Cha P, Norkol M (March 8, 2024). "Chicago reports first measles cases since 2019, including child at Pilsen migrant shelter". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
60. ^ Yin A, Macaraeg S (March 11, 2024). "2 more cases of measles at migrant shelter on Lower West Side, bringing location's total to 4". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
61. ^ Hernandez C (March 13, 2024). "Three more measles cases reported at Pilsen migrant shelter, bringing citywide total to eight". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
62. ^ Christensen J (March 12, 2024). "CDC team arrives in Chicago to help officials with response to measles outbreak linked to migrant shelter". CNN. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
63. ^ Christensen J, Musa A (March 13, 2024). "All eligible people at Chicago migrant shelter have been vaccinated for measles in 'unprecedented operation'". CNN. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
64. ^ Pathieu D (March 14, 2024). "Chicago Measles outbreak spreads to 2 CPS schools; cases rise at Pilsen shelter". ABC7 Chicago. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
65. ^ Franza S (March 15, 2024). "Migrants in Chicago now required to get measles vaccines, some get shelter stay extension". CBS News. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
66. ^ Mohammad S (March 14, 2024). "2 CPS students reported to have measles as new cases climb to 12, officials say". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
67. ^ Wappes J. "Texas measles outbreak doubles, to 48 cases". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
68. ^ "Texas measles outbreak rises to 48 cases. It's the state's worst in nearly 30 years". Associated Press. February 14, 2025. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
69. ^ "In rural West Texas, a measles outbreak grows with no end in sight". NBC News. February 17, 2025. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
70. ^ Mukherjee N (February 14, 2025). "West Texas measles outbreak doubles to 48 cases". CNN. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
71. ^ Mukherjee N (February 18, 2025). "West Texas measles outbreak grows to 58 cases, including some people who said they were vaccinated". CNN. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
72. ^ "Texas measles cases are up, and New Mexico now has an outbreak. Here's what you need to know". Associated Press. February 18, 2025. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
73. ^ a b Blasey L (February 23, 2025). "US measles outbreak leaves nearly 100 ill in Texas and New Mexico". BBC. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
74. ^ Schnirring L (February 26, 2025). "Texas measles outbreak climbs to 124 cases". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
75. ^ Moniuszko S (February 26, 2025). "First measles death reported in Texas child amid outbreak infecting more than 120 people". CBS News. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
76. ^ Edwards E (February 26, 2025). "A child dies of measles in West Texas outbreak". MSN. NBC News. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
77. ^ Shastri D (March 6, 2025). "New Mexico adult dies with measles, though cause of death isn't yet confirmed". Retrieved March 6, 2025.
78. ^ "A Texas child who was not vaccinated has died of measles, a first for the US in a decade". Associated Press. February 26, 2025. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
79. ^ "Second measles death reported in ongoing outbreak". NBC News. March 6, 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
80. ^ "Lea County resident tests positive for measles after death". www.nmhealth.org. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
81. ^ "Measles Outbreak – April 4, 2025". Texas DSHS. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
82. ^ "Measles". www.nmhealth.org. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
83. ^ "Measles". Health Department. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
84. ^ "WHO alert on US measles outbreak adds new genetic details". CIDRAP. March 27, 2025. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
85. ^ Schnirring L (April 11, 2025). "US measles total passes 700 as Arkansas reports first cases". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved April 11, 2025.
86. ^ a b "Measles cases in Texas rise by four to 722, state health department says". Reuters. May 20, 2025. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
87. ^ "Marquette County Health Department reports measles case". WLUC Marquette. May 29, 2025. Retrieved May 29, 2025.
88. ^ a b McIntosh M (May 23, 2025). "Iowa health officials confirm first case of measles since 2019". KCCI (channel 8). Des Moines. Archived from the original on June 11, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.
89. ^ a b McIntosh M (June 10, 2025). "Second measles case reported in Iowa". KCCI (channel 8). Des Moines. Archived from the original on June 12, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.
90. ^ McIntosh M (June 11, 2025). "Unvaccinated child in eastern Iowa becomes third confirmed measles case in the state". KCCI (channel 8). Des Moines. Archived from the original on June 12, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.
91. ^ a b c Wingert K (June 19, 2025). "3 new measles cases reported in eastern Iowa". KCCI (channel 8). Des Moines. Archived from the original on June 20, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
92. ^ a b c Mitov T (June 17, 2025). "Low Iowa measles immunization rate causes concern for health officials as cases appear". WHO-DT (channel 13). Des Moines. Archived from the original on June 18, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.
93. ^ "Iowa Workbook: Immunization 2 Year Old". Iowa Department of Health and Human Services (data.idph.state.ia.us). June 2025. Archived from the original on June 20, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
94. ^ "FAQs for Public Health Do Not Board and Lookout Lists". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). May 16, 2019. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020. "CDC established the Do Not Board list in June 2007, in collaboration with the Department of Homeland Security, to prevent commercial air travel by people who are contagious with certain diseases of public health concern, such as infectious tuberculosis and measles."
95. ^ Sun LH (May 24, 2019). "Officials fighting U.S. measles outbreaks threaten to use rare air travel ban". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
96. ^ McMillan R, Hernandez D (February 20, 2019). "Pinterest Blocks Vaccination Searches in Move to Control the Conversation". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
97. ^ Shu C (February 2019). "YouTube demonetizes anti-vaccination videos". TechCrunch.
98. ^ a b White P (March 3, 2020). "Vaccine Exemptions Defeated In Maine, A New Law Dividing Parents Is Upheld". NPR.

Portals:

* Medicine
* United States
* Viruses