Medical desert

Area that has limited access to healthcare

Medical desert is a term used to describe regions whose population has inadequate access to healthcare.[1] The term can be applied whether the lack of healthcare is general or in a specific field, such as dental or pharmaceutical.[2] It is primarily used to describe rural areas although it is sometimes applied to urban areas as well.[2] The term is inspired by the analogous concept of a food desert.[1]

## United States[edit]

Main article: Medical deserts in the United States

An estimated 30 million Americans, many in rural regions of the country, live at least 60 minutes drive from a hospital with trauma care services.[3] Limited access to emergency room services, as well as medical specialists, leads to increases in mortality rates and long-term health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes.[4][5] Medicare, Medicaid, and uninsured patients are less likely than others to live within an hour's drive of a hospital emergency room.[3]

Since 1975, over 1,000 hospitals, many in rural regions, have closed their doors because they are unable to bear the cost of care of uninsured patients.[6] That has required some patients in every state to drive at least an hour to a hospital emergency room. The problem poses an even greater danger during the COVID-19 pandemic, when patients in respiratory distress urgently need oxygen[7] and can ill afford an hour-long ambulance ride to reach a hospital. In addition to the immediate financial problems facing rural healthcare providers, inequities in rural healthcare are further aggravated by the disproportionately low number of newly-graduated doctors applying for positions in rural areas.

Although concentrated in rural regions, health care deserts also exist in urban and suburban areas, particularly in Black-majority census tracts in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City.[8] Medical literature addressing health disparities in urban centers has applied the term medical desert to areas that are more than five miles from the nearest acute care facility.[8] Racial demographic disparities in healthcare access are also present in rural areas, particularly with Native Americans living in rural areas receiving inadequate medical care.[9][10]

Pharmacy deserts have developed in some urban areas,[11][12] a situation that has increased the challenge of distributing and administering vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.[13][14][15]

## See also[edit]

* Medicine portal

* Banking desert
* Environmental racism
* Fenceline community
* Food desert
* Ghetto tax
* Transit desert
* Underfunded public school system

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Chevillard, Guillaume; Lucas-Gabrielli, Véronique; Mousquès, Julien (2018). Dill, Lan (ed.). "Medical deserts in France: Current state of research and future trends". L'Espace Géographique. 47: 362–380. doi:10.3917/eg.474.0362. S2CID 165353742 - via CAIRN.
2. ^ a b Garcia, Estevan (2018-09-01). "THE URBAN FOOD DESERT AS A MODEL FOR THE URBAN HEALTH CARE DESERT: FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS". Dissertations and Theses.
3. ^ a b Carr, Brendan; Bowman, Ariel; Wolff, Catherine; Mullen, Michael T.; Holena, Daniel; Branas, Charles C.; Wiebe, Douglas (2017). "Disparities in Access to Trauma Care in the United States: A Population-Based Analysis". Injury. 48 (2): 332–338. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.008. ISSN 0020-1383. PMC 5292279. PMID 28069138.
4. ^ "Poor Access to a Trauma Center Linked to Higher Prehospital Death Rates in More Than Half of U.S. States". American College of Surgeons. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
5. ^ "About Rural Health Care - NRHA". www.ruralhealthweb.org. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
6. ^ "Hospital Closings Likely to Increase". Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration. 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
7. ^ "Neighborhoods With 'Medical Deserts' Have Emergency Needs During COVID Pandemic". The Baltimore Times, Inc. Positive Stories. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
8. ^ a b Tung, Elizabeth L.; Hampton, David A.; Kolak, Marynia; Rogers, Selwyn O.; Yang, Joyce P.; Peek, Monica E. (2019-03-01). "Race/Ethnicity and Geographic Access to Urban Trauma Care". JAMA Network Open. 2 (3): e190138. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0138. PMC 6484639. PMID 30848804.
9. ^ Friedman, Misha (13 April 2016). "For Native Americans, Health Care Is A Long, Hard Road Away". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
10. ^ "Why Care at Native American Hospitals Is Often Substandard". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2016-10-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
11. ^ Olumhense, Ese; Husain, Nausheen (2018-01-22). "'Pharmacy deserts' a growing health concern in Chicago, experts, residents say". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
12. ^ Kingson, Jennifer A. (2021-01-07). ""Pharmacy deserts" are becoming a bigger problem in low-income neighborhoods". Axios. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
13. ^ Marsh, Tori (2021-01-14). "'Vaccine Deserts' Threaten to Prolong COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout - GoodRx". GoodRx. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
14. ^ Adams, Biba (2020-12-25). "Pharmacy deserts expose racial and socioeconomic gap in vaccine access". TheGrio. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
15. ^ Terry Ellis, Nicquel; Meyersohn, Nathaniel; Jimenez, Omar (2020-12-24). "Their communities are deserted by pharmacies. Advocates fear this will lead to inequitable vaccine access". CNN. Retrieved 2021-01-21.