Medical humanities

Interdisciplinary field of study

For the journal, see Medical Humanities (journal).

Medical humanities is an interdisciplinary field of medicine which includes the humanities (philosophy of medicine, medical ethics and bioethics, history of medicine, literary studies and religion), social science (psychology, medical sociology, medical anthropology, cultural studies, health geography) and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts) and their application to medical education and practice.[1]

Medical humanities uses interdisciplinary research to explore experiences of health and illness, often focusing on subjective, hidden, or invisible experience. This interdisciplinary strength has given the field a noted diversity and encouraged creative 'epistemological innovation'.[2]

Medical humanities is sometimes conflated with health humanities which also broadly links health and social care disciplines with the arts and humanities.[3]

## Definitions

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Medical humanities can be defined as an interdisciplinary, and increasingly international endeavor that draws on the creative and intellectual strengths of diverse disciplines, including literature, art, creative writing, drama, film, music, philosophy, ethical decision making, anthropology, and history, in pursuit of medical educational goals.[4] The humanistic sciences are relevant when multiple people’s perspectives on issues are compiled together to answer questions or even create questions. The arts can provide additional perspective to the sciences.

Critical medical humanities is an approach which argues that the arts and humanities have more to offer to healthcare than simply improving medical education. It proposes that the arts and humanities offer different ways of thinking about human history, culture, behaviour and experience which can be used to dissect, critique and influence healthcare practices and priorities.[5][6]

## The arts

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Medical books, pictures, and diagrams help medical students build an appreciation for anything in the medical field from the human body to diseases.[7]

The medical humanities can assist medical practitioners with viewing issues from more than one perspective, such as the visual arts and culture are supposed to do. Both patients and doctors/medical professionals deal with facing decision-making. Each person’s perspective of medical ethics is different from one another due to different cultures, religions, societies, and traditions.[8] The humanities also assist and attempt to create a closer or more meaningful relationship between medical practitioners and their peers/patients.[7] Ethics are perceived differently from person to person, so answering ethical questions requires the viewpoints of several people who may have different opinions of what is right from wrong.[8]

### Bioethics

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The first category is bioethics, which includes the morals of healthcare. As science and technology develop, so does healthcare and medicine, and there is discussion and debate in society and healthcare committees that go over the ethics of these certain situations that pertain to medical humanities. For example, one of these cases involves the practice of body enhancements in which the ethics of this practice are questioned due to the fact that bio-medical and technological practices are making changes to a person’s body to improve the body and/or its appearance.[9]

### Clinical ethics

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The second category in ethics of the medical humanities is clinical ethics, which refers to the respect that healthcare professionals have for patients and families, and this helps develop a sort of professionalism, respectability, and expertise that healthcare professionals must use in respect to their patients.[10] Another example in the ethics of the medical humanities is bias people and society have against others with disabilities, and how these disabilities correlate with success or what the disabled person is able to do. It is unethical to judge or assume the incapability of a disabled person because disabled people are able to find ways to become successful through modern technology and even through self-determination.[10]

Various academic institutions offer courses of study in the ethics of medical humanities. These programs help their students learn professionalism in the medical field so that they may respectfully help their patients and do what it is right in any situation that may arise.

### Literature and medicine

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Formerly called medicine in literature, literature and medicine is an interdisciplinary subfield of the medical humanities considered a "dialogue rather than a merger" between the literary and the medical. Literature and medicine is flourishing in undergraduate programs[11] and in medical schools at all levels. The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine-Hershey was the first to introduce literature into a medical school curriculum when Joanne Trautmann (Banks), an English professor, was appointed to a position in literature there in 1972. The rationale for using literature and medicine in medical education is three-fold: reading the stories of patients and writing about their experiences gives doctors in training the tools they need to better understand their patients; discussing and reflecting on literature brings the medical practitioner's biases and assumptions into focus, heightening awareness; and reading literature requires critical thinking and empathetic awareness about moral issues in medicine.[12]

## See also

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* Biopolitics
* Cinemeducation, the use of film in medical education
* Disability studies
* Health communication
* Health humanities
* Medical anthropology
* Medical journalism
* Medical literature
* Narrative medicine
* Graphic medicine
* Philosophy of medicine
* Philosophy of healthcare
* Public health

## References

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1. ^ Aull, Felice. "Medical Humanities". Medical Humanities Community. New York University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
2. ^ William Viney, Felicity Callard, Angela Woods, 'Critical medical humanities: embracing entanglement, taking risks' Medical Humanities s 2015; 41: 2-7
3. ^ "Home the International Health Humanities Network".
4. ^ Kirklin, D (October 2003). "The Centre for Medical Humanities, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, England". Academic Medicine. 78 (10): 1048–53\. doi:10.1097/00001888-200310000-00023. PMID 14534108.
5. ^ Viney, William; Callard, Felicity; Woods, Angela (2015-06-01). "Critical medical humanities: embracing entanglement, taking risks". Medical Humanities. 41 (1): 2–7\. doi:10.1136/medhum-2015-010692. ISSN 1473-4265. PMC 4484495. PMID 26052111.
6. ^ "The Edinburgh Companion to the Critical Medical Humanities". Edinburgh University Press Books. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
7. ^ a b Ahlzen, Rolf (2007). "Medical humanities - arts and humanistic science". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 10 (4): 385–393\. doi:10.1007/s11019-007-9081-3. PMID 17624812.
8. ^ a b Chiapperino, Luca; Boniolo, Giovanni (December 2014). "Rethinking Medical Humanities". Journal of Medical Humanities. 35 (4): 377–387\. doi:10.1007/s10912-014-9269-5. PMID 24477428.
9. ^ Pickersgill, Martyn; Hogle, Linda (10 August 2015). "Enhancement, ethics and society: towards an empirical research agenda for the medical humanities and social sciences". Medical Humanities. 41 (2): 136–142\. doi:10.1136/medhum-2015-010718. PMC 4717454. PMID 26260624.
10. ^ a b Vertrees, Stephanie (April 2012). "Medical Humanities, Ethics, and Disability". Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 21 (2): 260–6\. doi:10.1017/S0963180111000764. PMID 22377079.
11. ^ Health Humanities Programs in the United States, Hiram College, The Center for Literature and Medicine. (March 2016) http://www.hiram.edu/centers-of-distinction/litmed/baccalaureate-health-humanities
12. ^ Hawkins, Anne Hunsaker and Marilyn Chandler McEntyre. Teaching Literature and Medicine. New York: The Modern Language Society, 2000: 3-4. (includes history and resources)

## Further reading

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* Vertrees, Stephanie M. (29 February 2012). "Medical Humanities, Ethics, and Disability". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 21 (2): 260–266\. doi:10.1017/S0963180111000764. PMID 22377079. ProQuest 924230460.
* http://philpapers.org/rec/HARWAS
* Charon, Rita (15 April 1995). "Literature and Medicine: Contributions to Clinical Practice". Annals of Internal Medicine. 122 (8): 599–606\. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00008. PMID 7887555.
* Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database http://medhum.med.nyu.edu (includes works and issues)
* Literature and Medicine Series https://www.kentstateuniversitypress.com/category/series/lit_med/
* Literature and Medicine Track, Georgetown University School of Medicine https://web.archive.org/web/20160707114840/http://som.georgetown.edu/academics/lamt
* Jones, Anne Hudson (November 1996). "Literature and medicine: an evolving canon". The Lancet. 348 (9038): 1360–1362\. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09219-7. PMID 8965587.https://web.archive.org/web/20160818092843/http://www.fondazionelanza.it/medicalhumanities/texts/Jones AH, Literature and medicine an evolving canon.pdf
* Teaching Literature and Medicine: Ken Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. https://www.cpcc.edu/taltp/archives/.../file[permanent dead link]
* Literature and Medicine, 1982 journal

## External links

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* Medhum.org - cultivating empathy & critical thinking in health, culture & the arts (Website)
* Medical Humanities (Articles)
* Medical Humanities
* Medical Humanities (Blog)
* Journal of Medical Humanities
* Centre for Medical Humanities, Durham University (Blog)
* Medicinae Humanistica (Blog)
* Medical Humanities Research Centre (MHRC), University of Glasgow
* SCOPE: The Health Humanities Learning Lab, University of Toronto
* Northwest Narrative Medicine Collaborative \- community of narrative medicine, medical humanities, and health humanities practitioners in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

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* Antihumanism
* Philistinism
* Criticism of mass culture
* Educational essentialism
* Humanities in the United States
* List of people considered a founder in a humanities field
* Outline of the humanities
* Renaissance humanism
* Studia Humanitatis

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