Medieval Arabic female poets

Part of a series on

Arabic culture

Architecture

Styles

* Islamic
* Yemeni
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Features

* Ablaq
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* Hypostyle
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* Mosaic
* Multifoil arch
* Muqarnas
* Nagash painting
* Qadad
* Reflecting pool
* Riwaq
* Sahn
* Socarrat
* Stucco decoration
* Tadelakt
* Vaulting
* Voussoir
* Windcatcher
* Zellij

Types

* Albarrana tower
* Alcázar
* Bazaar
* Caravanserai
* Bimaristan
* Hammam
* Kasbah
* Madrasa
* Maqam
* Mazar
* Mosque
* Medina quarter
* Qalat
* Ribat
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* Shadirvan
* Tekyeh
* Well house
* Zawiya

Art

Styles

* Ancient South Arabian art
* Nabataean art
* Islamic art
* Fatimid art
* Mamluk art

Types

* Arabic calligraphy
* Arabic graffiti
* Arab carpet
* Arabic miniature
* Arabic pottery
* Palestinian wood carving
* Islamic embroidery
* Islamic hardstone carving
* Islamic garden
* Islamic glass
* Islamic ivory carving
* Islamic Metalwork

Features

* Arabesque
* Arabic geometric patterns
* Banna'i
* Damascus steel
* Damask
* Girih tiles
* Hedwig glass
* Kiswah
* Muqarnas
* Pseudo-Arabic
* Zellij

Cuisine

* Khalij (Arabian Peninsula)
* Arab Mashriq (Levant)
* Mashriq (Mesopotamia)
* Mawset (Egypt)
* Mawset (Sudan)
* Arab Maghreb (North Africa)

Dress

Headwear

* Agal
* Battoulah
* Haik
* Keffiyeh
* Litham
* Madhalla
* Taqiyah
* Tantour
* Tarboush (fez)
* Turban

Clothing

* Abaya
* Bisht
* Burnous
* Djellaba
* Durra'ah
* Fouta towel
* Izaar
* Jellabiya
* Kaftan
* Macawis
* Robe of honour
* Sirwal
* Takchita
* Thawb
* Tiraz

Music

Theory

* Arabic maqam
* Arab tone system
* Algerian scale
* Rhythm in Arabic music
* Taqsim
* Jins
* Lazma
* Teslim
* Quarter tone
* Arabic musical instruments
* Great Book of Music
* Kitab al-Aghani

Genres

* Arabic pop
* Arabic hip hop
* Arabic rock
* Arabic jazz
* Classical Arab music
* Opera
* Al Jeel
* Khaliji
* Raï

Art music

* Andalusian classical music
* Andalusi nubah
* Bashraf
* Dawr
* Dulab
* Layali
* Malhun
* Iraqi maqam
* Mawwal
* Muwashshah
* Qasidah
* Qudud Halabiya
* Sama'i
* Tahmilah
* Taqsim
* Waslah

Folk

* Ataaba
* Algerian Raï
* Bedouin
* Chaabi (Algeria)
* Chaabi (Morocco)
* Egyptian folk
* Fann at-Tanbura
* Fijiri
* Gnawa (North Africa)
* Liwa
* Mawwal
* Mezwed
* Samri
* Sawt
* Shaabi
* Zajal

Dance

* Ardah
* Belly dance
* Dabke
* Deheyeh
* Guedra
* Hagallah
* Khaleegy
* Liwa
* Mizmar
* Ouled Nail
* Raqs Sharqi
* Samri
* Shamadan
* Schikhatt
* Tahtib
* Tanoura
* Yowlah
* Zār

Scripts

* Old Arabic
* Nabataean Arabic
* Paleo-Arabic
* Classical Arabic
* Modern Standard Arabic

Literature

Prose

* Epic literature
* Saj (ryhmed prose)
* Maqama
* Love in Arabic literature
* Arabic erotic literature
* Arabic grimoires
* Literary_criticism
* Arabic short story
* Tabaqat
* Tezkire
* Rihla
* Mirrors for princes

Islamic

* Quran
* Tafsir
* Hadith
* Sīra
* Fiqh
* Aqidah

Poetry

* Anthologies
* Poets
* Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
* Modern Arabic poetry

Genres

* Madih
* Hija
* Rithā'
* Waṣf
* Ghazal
* Khamriyyah
* Tardiyyah
* Khawal
* Fakhr
* Hamasah

Forms

* Diwan
* Qasida
* Muwashshah
* Urjūza
* Mathnawi
* Ruba'i
* Nasīb
* Riddles
* Kharja
* Zajal
* Mawwal
* Nabati
* Ghinnawa
* Humayni

Arabic prosody

* Bayt
* Ṭawīl
* Madīd
* Basīṭ
* Kamil
* Wāfir
* Hazaj
* Rajaz
* Ramal
* Munsariħ
* Khafīf
* Muqtaḍab
* Mujtathth
* Muḍāriʿ
* Sarīʿ
* Mutaqārib
* Mutadārik

National literatures of Arab States

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Somalia
* Sudan
* Syria
* Tunisia
* U.A.E.
* Yemen

Science

* Arabic chemistry
* Arabic astrology
* Arabic astronomy
* Arabic geography
* Arabic Golden Age
* Arabic mathematics
* Arabic medicine
* Arabic psychology
* Arabic technology

Philosophy

* Early Arabic Philosophy
* Islamic Aristotelianism
* Islamic Platonism
* Islamic Logic
* Kalam
* Sufi metaphysics
* Sufi philosophy
* Farabism
* Avicennism
* Averroism

Concepts

* Al-aql al-faal
* Aql bi-l-fi'l
* Al-Insān al-Kāmil
* Dhati
* Peace
* Arcs of Descent and Ascent
* Asabiyyah
* Hal
* Irfan
* Nafs
* Qadar
* Qalb

Texts

* Liber de Causis
* The Theology of Aristotle
* Al-isharat
* The Book of the Apple
* Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
* The Incoherence of the Philosophers
* The Incoherence of the Incoherence
* Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
* Theologus Autodidactus
* On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
* Muqaddimah
* Sicilian Questions
* Fusus al-Hikam

Mythology

* Ababil
* Atlantis of the Sands
* Bahamut
* Beast of the Earth
* Book of Idols
* Book of Wonders
* Buraq
* Dandan
* Falak
* Ghoul
* Hinn
* Houri
* Ifrit
* Iram of the Pillars
* Jinn
* Karkadann
* Kujata
* Luqman
* Magic carpet
* Marid
* Mount Qaf
* Nasnas
* One Thousand and One Nights
* Qareen
* Qutrub
* Roc
* Shaddad
* Shadhavar
* Shams al-Ma'arif
* She-Camel of God
* Wāḳwāḳ
* Zulfiqar
* Zarqa al Yamama

Fictional Arab people

* Aladdin
* Abdul Alhazred
* Ali Baba
* Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
* Battal Gazi
* Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
* Kara Ben Nemsi
* King Marsile
* Layla and Majnun
* Othello
* Palamedes
* Princess Jasmine
* Ra's al Ghul
* Sindbad
* Talia al Ghul

Spirituality

North Arabian deities

* Allah
* Al-‘Uzzá
* Al-Lat
* Manāt
* Dushara
* Chaabou
* Manaf
* Nuha
* Al-Kutbay
* Asira
* Awal
* Azizos
* Bajir
* Quzah
* Manāt
* Manāt
* A'ra
* Abgal
* Aglibol
* Al-Qaum
* Atarsamain
* Baalshamin
* Bēl
* Hubal
* Suwa'
* Theandrios
* Wadd
* Malakbel
* Orotalt
* Ruda
* Sa'd
* Yarhibol
* Isāf and Nā'ila

South Arabian deities

* Almaqah
* Amm
* Anbay
* Athtar
* Salman
* Dhat-Badan
* Haubas
* Ta'lab
* Qaynan
* Basamum
* Dhul Khalasa
* Haukim
* Nasr
* Sīn
* Ya'uq
* Yaghūth
* Yatha

* v
* t
* e

In the surviving historical record, medieval Arabic female poets are few compared with the number of known male Arabic-language poets. Within Arabic literature, there has been "an almost total eclipse of women's poetic expression in the literary record as maintained in Arabic culture from the pre-Islamic era through the nineteenth century".[1] However, there is evidence that, compared with the medieval poetry of Europe, women's poetry in the medieval Islamic world was "unparalleled" in "visibility and impact".[2] Accordingly, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, scholars have emphasised that women's contribution to Arabic literature requires greater scholarly attention.[3][4][5]

## Attestation

[edit]

The work of medieval Arabic-language women poets has not been preserved as extensively as that of men, but a substantial corpus nonetheless survives; the earliest extensive anthology is the late ninth-century CE Balāghāt al-nisāʾ by Ibn Abī Ṭāhir Ṭayfūr (d. 280/893).[6] Abd al-Amīr Muhannā named over four hundred female poets in his anthology.[7] That much literature by women was once collected in writing but has since been lost is suggested particularly by the fact that al-Suyuti's 15th-century Nuzhat al-julasāʼ fī ashʻār al-nisāʼ mentions a large (six-volume or longer) anthology called Akhbar al-Nisa' al-Shau‘a'ir containing "ancient" women’s poetry, assembled by one Ibn al-Tarrah (d. 720/1320). However, a range of medieval anthologies do contain women's poetry, including collections by Al-Jahiz, Abu Tammam, Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, and Ibn Bassam, alongside historians quoting women's poetry such as Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yaqut al-Hamawi, and Ibn 'Asakir.[8]

Medieval women's poetry in Arabic tends to be in two genres: the rithā’ (elegy) and ghazal (love-song), alongside a smaller body of Sufi poems and short pieces in the low-status rajaz metre.[9] One significant corpus comprises poems by qiyan, women who were slaves highly trained in the arts of entertainment,[10] often educated in the cities of Basra, Ta’if, and Medina.[11] Women's poetry is particularly well attested from Al-Andalus.[12]

According to Samer M. Ali,

> In retrospect we can discern four overlapping persona types for poetesses in the Middle Ages: the grieving mother/sister/daughter (al-Khansāʾ, al-Khirniq bint Badr, and al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād), the warrior-diplomat (al-Hujayjah), the princess (al-Ḥurqah, ʿUlayyah bint al-Mahdī, and Walladah bint al-Mustakfī), and the courtesan-ascetic (ʿArīb, Shāriyah, and Rābiʿah al-ʿAdawīyah). Rābiʿah’s biography in particular projects a paradoxical persona that embodies the complementary opposites of sexuality and saintliness.[13]

While most Arabic-speaking medieval woman poets were Muslim, of the three probable medieval female Jewish poets whose work has survived, two composed in Arabic: Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil and the sixth-century Sarah of Yemen (the remaining, Hebrew language poet being the anonymous wife of Dunash ben Labrat).[14][15]

## Known female poets

[edit]

The following list of known women poets is based on (but not limited to) Abdullah al-Udhari's Classical Poems by Arab Women.[16] It is not complete.

### Jahilayya (4000 BCE–622 CE)

[edit]

* Mahd al-Aadiyya (Arabic: مَهد العادية, c. 4000 BCE)[17]
* Afira bint 'Abbad (Arabic: عَفِيرة بنت عَبََّاد, C3 CE)
* Laila bint Lukaiz (Arabic: لَيْلَى بنت لُكِيْز, d. 483 CE)
* Jalila bint Murra[broken anchor] (Arabic: جليلة بنتُ مُرَّة, d. 540 CE)
* Umama bint Kulaib (Arabic: أُمَامَة بنت كُلَيْب, C5–6 CE)
* al-Ḥujayjah, aka Safīyah bint Thaʻlabah al-Shaybānīyah (Arabic: صفية بنت ثعلبة الشيبانية, C5–6 CE)
* al-Ḥurqah (Arabic: الحُرقة, C5–6 CE)
* Safiyya bint Khalid al-Bahiliyya (Arabic: صفية بنت خالد الباهلية)
* Juhaifa Addibabiyya (Arabic: جُحَيْفَة الضَّبَابية)
* Umm Khalid Annumairiyya (Arabic: أُمُّ خَالد النُّمَيْريّة)
* Ishraqa al-Muharibiyya (Arabic: عِشْرَقة المحاربية)
* Umm Jamil bint Harb (Arabic: أم جميل بنت حرب, C6–7 CE)
* Hind bint al-Khuss al-Iyādiyya (Arabic: هند بنت الخس الإيادية, legendary, supposedly C6-7 CE)
* Hind bint ‘Utbah (Arabic: هند بنت عتبة, C6-7 CE)
* Qutayla ukht al-Nadr (Arabic: قُتيلة أخت النضر, C7 CE)
* Umm Addahak al-Muheribiyya (Arabic: أم الضحّاك المحاربية)
* Janūb Ukht ‘Amr dhī-l-Kalb (Arabic: جنوب أخت عمرو ذي الكلب النهدي)
* al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād (Arabic: الفارعة بنت شداد)
* al-Khansa (Arabic: الخنساء, d. 646 CE)
* Sarah of Yemen (Arabic: سارة, C6 CE)

### Muhammad Period (622–661 CE)

[edit]

See also: Rashidun Caliphate and Caliphate

* Al-Khansa, was one of the most influential poets of the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods.[18]
* Fatima bint Muhammad (Arabic: فاطمة بنت محمد, 605–632 CE)
* 'Amra bint Mardas (Arabic: عمرة بنت مرداس). Daughter of al-Khansa.[19]
* Atiqa bint Zayd was the companion of Muhammad and an Arab poet.

### Umayyad Period (661–750 CE)

[edit]

See also: Umayyad Caliphate and Umayyad dynasty

* Laila bint Sa'd al-Aamiriyya (Arabic: ليلى بنت سعد العامرية, d. 668 CE)
* Maisūn bint Jandal (Arabic: ميسون بنت بَحْدل, c. C7 CE)
* Ḥumayda bint Nu‘mān ibn Bashīr (C7 CE)
* Laila al-Akhyaliyya (Arabic: ليلى الأخيلية, d. 75×90 AH/694×709 CE)
* Dahna bint Mas-hal (Arabic: الدهناء بنت مسحل, c. C7–8 CE)
* Bint al-Hubab (Arabic: ابنة الحباب)
* Umm al-Ward al-Ajlaniyya (Arabic: اُم الورد العجلانية)
* Umaima Addumainiyya (Arabic: اُميمة الدمَيْنِيَّة, C8 CE)

### Abbasid Period (750–1258 CE)

[edit]

See also: Abbasid Caliphate and Abbasid dynasty

* Hajna bint Nusaib (Arabic: الحجناء بنت نصيب, c. C8–9 CE)
* Raabi'a al-Adwiyya (Arabic: رابعة العدوية, 714–801 CE)
* Laila bint Tarif (Arabic: لَيلْى بنت طريف, d. 815 CE)
* 'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi (Arabic: عُلَيّة بنت المهدي, 777–825 CE)
* Lubāna bīnt ‘Alī ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: لُبَانَة بنت علي بن المهدي, c. C8–9 CE)
* Inan (Arabic: عِنان, d. 841 CE)
* 'Asiya al-Baghdadiyya (Arabic: آسِيَة البغداديّة, c. C9 CE)
* Zahra al-Kilabiyya (Arabic: زهَرْاء الكِلابية, c. C8–9 CE)
* Aa'isha bint al-Mu'tasim (Arabic: عائشة بنت المعتصم, c. C8–9 CE)
* Shāriyah (Arabic: شارِية, c. 815-70 CE)
* Fadl Ashsha'ira (Arabic: فضل الشاعرة, d. 871 CE)
* Zabba bint Umair ibn al-Muwarriq (Arabic: الزباء بنت عُمَير بن المُورَّق, c. C9 CE)
* Juml (Arabic: جُمل, C9 CE)
* Fatima al-Suqutriyya (Arabic: فاطمة السقطرية, C9 CE)
* Umm Ja'far bint 'Ali (Arabic: اُم جعفر بنت علي)
* Arib al-Ma'muniyya (Arabic: عَرِيب المأمونية, 797–890 CE)
* Thawab bint Abdullah al-Hanzaliyya (Arabic: ثواب بنت عبد اللّه الحنظلية)
* Salma bint al-Qaratisi (Arabic: سلمى بنت القراطيسي, c. C12 CE)
* Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya (Arabic: صفية البغدادية, C12 CE)
* Taqiyya Umm Ali bint Ghaith ibn Ali al-Armanazi (a.k.a. Sitt al-Ni‘m, Arabic: تقية أم علي, 1111-1183/4)
* Shamsa al-Mawsiliyya (Arabic: شَمْسَة المَوْصِلِيّة, C13 CE)

### Andalus Period (711–1492 CE)

[edit]

See also: Emirate of Córdoba and Almohad Empire

* Aziz (court of Al-Hakam I, early C9 CE)[20]
* Hafsa bint Hamdun (Arabic: حفصة بنت حمدون, C10 CE)
* Aa'isha bint Ahmad al-Qurtubiyya (Arabic: عائشة بنت أحمد القر طبية, d. 1010 CE)
* Mariam bint Abu Ya'qub Ashshilbi (Arabic: مريم بنت أبي يعقوب الشَّلْبي, d. 1020 CE)
* Umm al-Kiram bin al-Mu'tasim ibn Sumadih (Arabic: أم الكر ام المعتصم بن صُمادح, d. 1050 CE)
* Umm al-Ala bint Yusuf (Arabic: أم العلاء بنت يوسف, d. 1050 CE)
* Khadija bint Ahmad ibn Kulthum al-Mu'afiri (Arabic: خديجة بنت أحمد بن كُلثوم المُعافرِيّ, C10–11 CE)
* Al-Ghassaniyya al-Bajjaniyya (Arabic: الغسَّانية البجانية, C10–11 CE)
* Qasmuna bint Isma'il (Arabic: قسمونة بنت إسماعيل, C11 CE)
* Wallada bint al-Mustakfi (Arabic: وَلاَّدة بنت المستكفي, d. 1091 CE)
* Umm al-Fath bint Jafar (fl. C11), author of the lost Kitab fi qiyan al-Andalus (The Book of the Qiyan of al-Andalus)[21]
* Suada (fl. C11)[22]
* I'timad Arrumaimikiyya (Arabic: أعتماد الرميكية, b. 1045×47 CE)
* Muhja bint Attayyani al-Qurtubiyya (Arabic: مهجة بنت التيابي القرطبية, d. 1097 CE)
* Nazhun al-Gharnatiyya (Arabic: نز هون الغرْناطية, d. 1100 CE)
* Zaynab al-Mariyya (C11–13 CE)
* Amat al-Aziz (Arabic: أمة العزيز, C12 CE)
* Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad (Arabic: بثينة بنت المعتمد بن عباد, 1070–? CE)
* Hind (Arabic: هند, C12 CE)
* Umm al-Hana bint Abdulhaqq ibn Atiyya (Arabic: أم الهناء بنت عبد الحق بن عطية, C12 CE)
* Hafsa bint al-Hajj Arrakuniyya (Arabic: حفصة بنت الحاج الركونية, d. 1190 CE)
* Ashshilbiyya (Arabic: الشلبية, C12 CE)
* Aa'isha al-Iskandraniyya (Arabic: عائشة الإسكندرانية)
* Hamda bint Ziyad (Arabic: حمدة بنت زياد, c. 1204 CE)
* Umm Assa'd bint Isam al-Himyari (Arabic: أم السعد بنت عصام الحميري, d. 1243 CE)

## Anthologies and studies

[edit]

### Anthologies

[edit]

* Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari (London: Saqi Books, 1999), ISBN 9780863560477 [includes facing Arabic texts and English translations]
* Dīwān de las poetisas de al-Andalus, ed. by Teresa Garulo (Madrid 1986)
* Poesía femenina hispanoárabe, ed. and trans. by María Jesús Rubiera Mata (Madrid 1990)
* Nisāʾ min al-Andalus, ed. by Aḥmad Khalīl Jumʻah (Damascus: al-Yamāmah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2001) [نسـاء من الأندلس, أحمد خليل جمعة].
* Rubiera Máta, María Jesús, Poesía feminina hispanoárabe (Madrid: Castalia, 1989)
* We Wrote in Symbols: Love and Lust by Arab Women Writers, ed. by Selma Dabbagh (London: Saqi Books, 2021), ISBN 9780863563973
* Ibn al-Sāʿī, Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad, ed. and trans. by Shawkat M. Toorawa, Library of Arabic Literature (New York: New York University Press, 2017), ISBN 9781479866793, Arabic text

### Studies

[edit]

* Hammond, Marlé, Beyond Elegy: Classical Arabic Women's Poetry in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), ISBN 9780197264720
* Myrne, Pernilla, Female Sexuality in the Early Medieval Islamic World: Gender and Sex in Arabic Literature, The Early and Medieval Islamic World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2020) ISBN 9781838605018

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Clarissa Burt, 'Arts: Poets and Poetry: Arab States', in Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures, ed. by Suad Joseph (Leiden: Brill, 2003-2007), V: 77-80 (p. 77).
2. ^ Samer M. Ali, 'Medieval Court Poetry', in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women, ed. by Natana J. Delong-Bas, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I 651-54 (at p. 653).
3. ^ Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari (London: Saqi Books, 1999), p. 13.
4. ^ Tahera Qutbuddin, 'Women Poets', in Medieval Islamic Civilisation: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Josef W. Meri, 2 vols (New York: Routledge, 2006), II 867, Archived 2014-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.
5. ^ Samer M. Ali, 'Medieval Court Poetry', in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women, ed. by Natana J. Delong-Bas, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I 651-54 (at p. 652). https://www.academia.edu/5023780.
6. ^ Rkia Elaroui Cornell, 'Rabiʾa from Narrative to Myth: The Tropics of Identity of a Muslim Woman Saint' (Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 7, 32.
7. ^ Samer M. Ali, 'Medieval Court Poetry', in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women, ed. by Natana J. Delong-Bas, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I 651-54 (at p. 653). https://www.academia.edu/5023780.
8. ^ Tahera Qutbuddin, 'Women Poets', in Medieval Islamic Civilisation: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Josef W. Meri, 2 vols (New York: Routledge, 2006), II 867, http://nelc.uchicago.edu/sites/nelc.uchicago.edu/files/2006 Women Poets (Med. Islamic. Civ. Enc.).pdf Archived 2014-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.
9. ^ Tahera Qutbuddin, 'Women Poets', in Medieval Islamic Civilisation: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Josef W. Meri, 2 vols (New York: Routledge, 2006), II 865, http://nelc.uchicago.edu/sites/nelc.uchicago.edu/files/2006 Women Poets (Med. Islamic. Civ. Enc.).pdf Archived 2014-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.
10. ^ Kristina Richardson, 'Singing Slave Girls (qiyan) of the ‘Abbasid Court in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries', in Children in Slavery Through the Ages, ed. by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 105-18.
11. ^ Gordon, Matthew S., 'Introduction: Producing Songs and Sons', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 1-8 (pp. 5-6); doi:10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0001.
12. ^ O. Ishaq Tijani and Imed Nsiri, 'Gender and Poetry in Muslim Spain: Mapping the Sexual-Textual Politics of Al-Andalus', Arab World English Journal for Translation & Literary Studies, 1.4 (October 2017), 52-67 (p. 55). doi:10.24093/awejtls/vol1no4.4.
13. ^ Samer M. Ali, 'Medieval Court Poetry', in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women, ed. by Natana J. Delong-Bas, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I 651-54 (at p. 653). https://www.academia.edu/5023780.
14. ^ Peter Cole (ed. and trans.), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 364.
15. ^ Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Sarah of Yemen', in The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), pp. 57-59.
16. ^ Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari (London: Saqi Books, 1999) ISBN 086356-047-4.
17. ^ Mahd is included in Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari (London: Saqi Books, 1999), pp. 26-27. She is unlikely to have existed: Roger Allen, review of: Approaches to Classical Arabic Poetry - Identification and Identity in Classical Arabic Poetry, M. C. Lyons, Gibb Literary Studies, 2 (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1999) and Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, Abdullah Al-Udhar (London: Saqi Books, 1999), Review of Middle East Studies, 35 (2001), 201-3 (at p. 202). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026318400043352. Rather she is a chronicle character who is portrayed uttering a muzdawaj warning the people of ʿĀd of their impending destruction by Allah, in accordance with the prophecies of the prophet Hud.
18. ^ "Al-Khansāʾ | Arab poet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
19. ^ Hayyali, Layla Muhammad Nizam, al-. Mu’jam diwan ash’ar al-nisa fi sadr al-islam. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnan Nashirun, 1999, p 41.
20. ^ Dwight F. Reynolds, 'The Qiyan of al-Andalus', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 100-21 (pp. 105-7); doi:10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0006.
21. ^ Dwight F. Reynolds, 'The Qiyan of al-Andalus', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 100-21 (p. 101); doi:10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0006.
22. ^ Dwight F. Reynolds, 'The Qiyan of al-Andalus', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 100-21 (pp. 116-17); doi:10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0006.

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