Mehmet II of Karaman

Grandson of Sultan Murad I

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Mehmet II of Karaman[citation needed], Mehmed Beg[1] (Turkish: Mehmet Bey[2]), Mehmed Beg II,[3] also known as Nasir al-Din Mehmed Beg ( ?- 1423) was the ruler (Turkish: bey) of Karaman in what is now modern Turkey in the 15th century. His mother was Nefise Hatun, a daughter of Sultan Murad I

## Contents

* 1 Karamanids
* 2 Background
* 3 First reign
* 4 Second reign and death
* 5 Trivia
* 6 References

## Karamanids[edit]

Main article: Karamanids

Karamanid was a Turkmen state in central Anatolia after the disintegration of Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm. The capital of Karamanid state was usually Karaman (ancient Larende, renamed by the Karamanids) and sometimes Konya and other cities as well. It was the main rival of the rising Ottoman Empire. The opponents of the Ottoman Turks in Eastern Europe usually sought for alliances with Karamanid to catch Ottomans between two fires.

## Background[edit]

While Sultan Beyazıt I of the Ottoman Empire was in Rumeli in 1398, Mehmet's father Alaattin Ali raided Ankara, an important Ottoman city. Beyazıt returned to Anatolia, defeated and killed Mehmet's father. Then he laid a siege on Karaman. Mehmet and his brother Bengi Ali surrendered on the condition that the citizens of Karaman would not be punished. Beyazıt jailed both princes in Bursa, the co-capital of the Ottoman Empire. But four years later, he himself was defeated by Timur in the battle of Ankara and Bursa was captured by Timur's grandson who released Mehmet and his brother.

## First reign[edit]

Following his release, Mehmet returned to Karaman as the bey of Karamanid state. In addition to his father's possessions, he was given a few forts by Timur and soon he began increasing his territory. During the interregnum caused by Timurlane's devastations, Mehmet began occupying Ottoman and Germiyanids (an ally of Ottomans ). In particular he captured Kütahya the capital of Germiyanids. (The bey of Germiyan was the father in law of the former Ottoman sultan Beyazit I)

The Ottoman ınterregnum ended in 1413 when Mehmet I defeated Musa Çelebi in Rumeli. After the victory Mehmet I returned to Anatolia and defeated Karamanids in 1414. Mehmet II agreed to give all Ottoman territory (the forts given by Temur and the cities annexed by himself) back. Although he tried to infringe the treaty in 1415 he was arrested and had to swear an oath never to infringe again. He kept his promise and peace prevailed between the Ottoman Empire and the Karamanids during 1415-1422 period.[4]

But Mehmet II continued to fight in other fronts. He allied himself with the Ramadanids (a small lordship) in Çukurova (South Turkey, Cilicia of the antiquity) and began fighting against the Dulkadirids, a vassal of Egyptian Mamluks in south east Anatolia. In 1420, he was captured near Kayseri by the Mamluks and was jailed in Cairo, Egypt.

## Second reign and death[edit]

After the Mamluk sultan died in 1421, Mehmet was released. He returned to Karaman where he declared himself the bey of Karaman. He ruled on the former Karaman territory with the exception of Niğde, where his brother ruled.

In 1421, Mehmet I of the Ottoman Empire died, and soon the war between the Ottomans and the Karamanids was renewed. Early in 1423, Mehmet II attempted to take Antalya, a port in south west Anatolia, from the Ottomans. Probably he thought that the new Ottoman sultan Murat II who just survived two rebellions (by his uncle and younger brother) wouldn't fight for the port far from his capital. However, the governor of Antalya was able to defend the city. During the battle Mehmet was killed and his sons lifted the siege.[5]

## Trivia[edit]

According to a legend, in 1415 when Mehmet II was to forced to swear an oath, he hid a pigeon under his shirt and holding the pigeon he promised that as long as this life continues, there will be no assault to Ottoman lands.[6] This amusing anecdote is probably a fabrication.

## References[edit]

1. ^ İbrahim Kafesoğlu: A short history of Turkish-Islamic states (excluding the Ottoman state), Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1994, ISBN 978-975-16-0571-9, p. 204
2. ^ A page of Ahşar Turkmens (in Turkish)
3. ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in India and Pakistan, BRILL, 1982, ISBN 978-90-04-06479-9, p. 677.
4. ^ "History page {{in lang|tr}}". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
5. ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 249-252
6. ^ A Karaman page (in Turkish)

Regnal titles

Preceded by

Alaattin Ali

|  Bey of Karaman
1398–1399  | Succeeded by

Ottoman rule

Preceded by

Ottoman rule

|  Bey of Karaman
1402–1420  | Succeeded by

Bengi Ali

Preceded by

Bengi Ali

|  Bey of Karaman
1421–1423  | Succeeded by

İbrahim II

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Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Ancestor

Qutalmish
Founder

Suleyman I
Capital

İznik, then Konya

| Important centers and extension|

* Konya
* Kayseri
* Sivas (1175)
* Malatya (1178)
* Alanya
* Antalya

|

Dynasty|

* Suleyman I (1077–1086)
* Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107)
* Melikshah (1107–1116)
* Mesud I (1116–1156)
* Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)
* Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196)
* Süleymanshah II (1196–1204)
* Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205)
* Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211)
* Kaykaus I (1211–1220)
* Kayqubad I (1220–1237)
* Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246)
* Kaykaus II (1246–1260)
* Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265)
* Kayqubad II (1249–1257)
* Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282)
* Mesud II (1282–1284)
* Kayqubad III (1284)
* Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293)
* Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294)
* Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301)
* Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303)
* Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307)
* Mesud III (1307)

Chronology|

1243

Gradually vassalized to the Mongol Empire after the defeat suffered in the Battle of Köse Dağ
1307

Taken over by the Karamanids

Palaces and castles|

* Seljuk Palace in Konya (1190–1220)
* Kubadabad Palace in Beyşehir (1220–1230)
* Keykubadiye Palace in Kayseri (1220–1230)
* Alanya Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) and Shipyard constructions and widescale extension of Alanya Castle

Külliye ("complexes") and
dar al-shifa (hospitals) and
medrese (schools) and mosques:|

* Gevher Nesibe Külliye with Medical Center and Medical School and Mosque in Kayseri (1204–1210)
* Battal Gazi Külliye in Seyitgazi (1208)
* Karatay Medrese in Konya (1225)
* Ince Minaret Medrese in Konya (1258–1279)
* Atabeg Ferruh Darüşşifa in Çankırı (1236)
* Alâeddin Keykubad I Darüşşifa in Konya (1237)
* Torumtay Darüşşifa in Amasya (1266)
* Izzeddin Keykavus I Şifaiye Medrese and Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Sivas (1218)
* Gökmedrese in Sivas (1271)
* Çifte Minaret Medrese in Sivas (1271)
* Alaeddin Mosque in Konya (1220)
* Alâeddin Mosque in Niğde (1220)
* Great Mosque of Malatya in Eskimalatya (Battalgazi) (1224)
* Hüsameddin Temurlu castle, caravanseai and medrese in Kalehisar, Alaca (~1250)
* Havadan Külliye in Develi (~1300)

Caravanserais|

* Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237)
* Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254)
* Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280)
* Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat
* Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190)
* Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201)
* Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201)
* Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century)
* Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250)
* Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230)
* Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279)
* Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210)
* Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238)
* Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224)
* Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225)
* Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224)
* Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246)
* Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray
* Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat
* Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220)
* Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249)
* Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239)
* Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223)
* Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241)
* Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
* Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268)
* Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
* Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206)
* Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210)
* Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
* Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century)
* Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230)
* Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275)
* Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239)
* Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236)
* Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246)
* Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249)
* Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century)
* Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229)
* Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236)
* Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)

Anatolian beyliks

Tzachas (1081 - 1092)

Founder

Tzachas
Capital

İzmir

Chronology|

1082

Submitted to the Seljuks of Turkey

Important centers and extension:|

* Ephesus
* Lesbos
* Chios

Shah-Armens (1100–1207)

Founder

Sökmen el Kutbi
Capital

Ahlat

Chronology|

1207

Submitted to the Ayyubids

Important centers and extension:|

* Silvan
* Malazgirt
* Erciş
* Adilcevaz
* Başkale
* Eleşkirt
* Van
* Tatvan
* Bitlis
* Muş
* Hani

Dynasty:|

* Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
* Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
* Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
* Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
* Aksungur (1193–1197)
* Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)

Important works:|

* Ahlat Tombs

Artuqids (1102 - )

Ancestors

Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder

Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
Capitals

Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput

Important centers and extension:|

* Diyarbakır
* Hasankeyf
* Silvan
* Mardin
* Midyat
* Harput
* Palu
* Aleppo (temporarily in 1117)

Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:|

* Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
* Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)

Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:|

* Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
* Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
* Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)

Harput Dynasty:|

* Belek Bey (1112–1124)
* Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (? - ?)

Important works:|

* Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
* Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls
* Malabadi Bridge
* Hasankeyf Bridge
* Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108)
* Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122)
* Great Mosque of Silvan
* Great Mosque of Mardin
* Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir)
* Great Mosque of Kızıltepe
* Great Mosque of Harput
* Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin
* Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek

Danishmends (1071–1178)

Founder

Danishmend Gazi
Capitals

Sivas
Niksar

Chronology|

1175

Capital city of Sivas incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
1178

Malatya branch incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Niksar
* Malatya
* Kayseri
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Kastamonu
* Ankara

Dynasty:|

* Danishmend Gazi (1071–1084)
* Gazi Gümüshtigin (1084–1104)
* Emir Gazi (1104–1134)
* Melik Mehmed (1134–1142)
* Melik Zünnun (1142–1143)
* Yağıbasan (1143–1164)
* Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
* Nasreddin Muhammed (1175-1178)

Important works:|

* Great Mosque of Niksar
* Great Mosque of Kayseri
* Kayseri Kölük Mosque
* Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar
* Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri

Mengujekids (1071–1277)

Founder

Mengücek Bey
Capitals

Erzincan, later also Divriği

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzincan
* Divriği
* Kemah
* Şebinkarahisar

Dynasty:|

Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
1120–1142

Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends

Erzincan and Kemah Branch|

Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
1228

Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Divriği Branch|

Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277

Beylik destroyed by Abaka

Important works:|

* Divriği Great Mosque and Divriği Turan Melek Sultan Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1229)
* Kale Mosque in Divriği

Saltukids (1072–1202)

Founder

Saltuk Bey
Capital

Erzurum

Chronology|

1202

Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzurum
* Tercan

Dynasty:|

* Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
* Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
* Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
* Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
* Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
* Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
* Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)

Important works:|

* Great Mosque of Erzurum
* Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum
* Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan
* Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan
* Kale Mosque in Erzurum
* Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)

Aydinids (1307–1425)

Founder

Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
Capitals

Birgi, later Ayasluğ

Important centers and extension:|

* Tire
* İzmir
* Alaşehir
* Aydın
* Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)

Dynasty:|

* Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
* Umur Beg (1334–1348)
* Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)

Events|

1390

First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414

Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
1425

Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Important works:|

* Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)

Isfendiyarids (~1300–1461)

Founder

Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Chronology|

1392

Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop
* Eflani
* Çankırı
* Kalecik
* Tosya
* Araç
* Samsun (temporarily)

Dynasty:|

* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
* Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
* Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
* Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)

Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :|

* Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
* Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
* Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)

Chronology|

1461

Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II

Chobanids (1227–1309)

Founder

Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Chronology|

1309

Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids

Important centers and extension:|

* Kastamonu
* Taşköprü

Dynasty:|

* Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
* Alp Yürek (? - ?)
* Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
* Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)

Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)

Ancestor

Hasan Dulkadir
Founder

Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
Capital

Elbistan

Chronology|

1443–1525

Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire

Important centers and extension:|

* Maraş
* Malatya
* Harput
* Kayseri
* Antep

Dynasty:|

* Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
* Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
* Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
* Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
* Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
* Melik Arslan (?-?)
* Shah Budak (?-1492)
* Şahsuvar (?-?)
* Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
* Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)

Eretnids (1328–1381)

Founder

Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
Capital

Sivas, later Kayseri

Chronology|

1326

Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Kayseri
* Niğde
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Erzincan
* Şebinkarahisar
* Niksar

Dynasty:|

* Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
* Giyath al-Din Muhammad (1352–1365)
* Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
* Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)

Eshrefids (1288–1326)

Founder

Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Beyşehir

Chronology|

1326

Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia

Important centers and extension:|

* Beyşehir
* Akşehir
* Bolvadin

Dynasty:|

* Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
* Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
* Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)

Important works:|

* Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299)

Germiyanids (1300–1429)

Ancestor

Kerimüddin Alişir
Founder

Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
Capital

Kütahya

Important centers and extension:|

* Kula (District), Manisa
* Simav
* Yenicekent
* Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)

Dynasty:|

* Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
* Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
* Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)

Chronology|

1390

First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
1402–1414

Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429)
1414

Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I
1429

Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Hamidids (~1280–1374)

Ancestors

Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Founder

Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
Capital

Isparta

Chronology|

1374

Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to the Karamanid dynasty.

Important centers and extension:|

* Eğirdir
* Uluborlu
* Gölhisar
* Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey

Dynasty:|

* Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
* Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
* Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)

Karamanids (~1250–1487)

Ancestor

Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan
Founder

Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
Capitals

successively Ereğli
Ermenek
Larende (Karaman)
Konya
Mut

Chronology|

1398–1402

First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
1402–1414

Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane
1414–1487

Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.

Dynasty:|

* Kerîmeddin Karaman (1256–1261)
* Mehmet I (1261–1283)
* Güneri (1283–1300)
* Bedreddin Mahmut (1300–1308)
* Yahşı Han (1308–1312)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I (1312–1333)
* Alâeddin Halil Mirza (1333–1348)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
* Fahreddin Ahmed (1349–1350)
* Şemseddin (1350–1351)
* Burhaneddin Musa (1351–1356)
* Seyfeddin Süleyman (1356–1357)
* Alâeddin Ali (1357–1398)
* Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
* Sultanzâde Mehmet II (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
* Bengi Alâeddin Ali (1418–1424)
* Ibrahim II (1424–1464)
* Sultanzâde Ishak (1464)
* Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed (1464–1469)
* Kasım (1469–1483)
* Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)

Karasids (1303–1360)

Ancestor

Melik Danişmend Gazi
Founder

Karesi Bey
Capital

Balıkesir

Chronology|

1374

Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan and Murad I

Important centers and extension:|

* Aydıncık
* Bergama
* Edremit
* Bigadiç
* Ezine

Dynasty:|

* Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
* Demir Han (1328–1345)
* Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)

Ladik (~1300–1368)

Ancestor

Germiyanlı Ali Bey
Founder

Inanç Bey
Capital

Denizli

Chronology|

1368

Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan

Important centers and extension:|

* Denizli

Dynasty:|

* Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
* Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
* Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)

Menteshe (~1261–1424)

Founder

Menteshe Bey
Capitals

Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat

Important centers and extension|

* present-day Muğla Province
* Muğla
* Finike
* Kaş
* Çameli
* Acıpayam
* Tavas
* Bozdoğan
* Çine
* temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314

Dynasty:|

* Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
* Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
* Orhan (~1320 - ~1340)
* Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360)

Chronology|

1360

Division between the three sons of Ibrahim Bey: Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
1390

First incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414

Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Ilyas Bey
1414

Recognition of Ottoman suzereignty under Mehmed I
1424

Final incorporation into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Important works:|

* Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas
* İlyas Bey Mosque in Didim
* Great Mosque of Muğla (1344)
* Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)

Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)

Ancestor

Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum)
Founder

Süleyman Pervâne
Capital

Sinop

Chronology|

1516

Incorporation into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop

Dynasty:|

* Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
* Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
* Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
* Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)

Important works|

* Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Tokat (1276)
* Pervâne Medrese in Sinop
* Durağan Han caravanserai in Durağan (1266)
* Eğret Han caravanserai near İhsaniye (1278)
* Pervâne Bey Medrese in Closed Bazaar in Kayseri
* Mosque in Merzifon

Ramadanids (1352–1516)

Founder

Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan
Capitals

Adana

Chronology|

1516
Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
1516–1608

Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.

Important centers and extension:|

* Adana
* Tarsus

Dynasty:|

* Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
* Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
* Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
* Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
* Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
* Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
* Dündar Bey (? - ?)
* Omer Bey (?-1490)
* Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
* Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
* Selim Bey (?-?)
* Kubad Bey (1517-?)

Sahib Ataids (1275–1341)

Founder

Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Afyonkarahisar

Chronology|

1341

Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan

Important centers and extension:|

* Akşehir
* Beyşehir
* Sandıklı
* Denizli

Dynasty|

* Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
* Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)

Important works:|

* Sâhib Ata Caravanserai in Sultandağı

Sarukhanids (1302–1410)

Founder

Saruhan Bey
Capital

Manisa

Important centers and extension:|

* Demirci
* Nif (Kemalpaşa)
* Akhisar
* Gördes
* Menemen

Dynasty|

* Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
* Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
* Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388)
* Hızır Shah (1388–1390)

Chronology|

1390

First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1410

Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403)
Hızır Shah (1403–1410)
1410

Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I

Teke (1301–1423)

Ancestors

Hamidoğlu dynasty
Founder

Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Capitals

Antalya
Korkuteli

Important centers and extension:|

* Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373)
* Teke Peninsula

Dynasty:|

* Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
* Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
* Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
* Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
* Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)

Chronology|

1390

First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1423

Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423)
1423

Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Important works:|

* Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)

Turkey Portal

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Anatolian Beys

First period
(11th–12th centuries)|

* Danishmend Gazi
* Gazi Gümüshtigin
* Emir Gazi
* Melik Mehmed Gazi
* Yağıbasan
* Melik Zünnun
* Saltuk II
* Melike Mama Hatun (khatun)
* Sökmen el-Kutbî
* Sökmen ibn Artuq
* Ilghazi
* Belek Ghazi
* Husam al-Din Timurtash
* Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud
* Togan Arslan
* Tzachas

Second period
(13th–15th centuries)|

* Husam al-Din Choban
* Yaman Candar
* Kötürüm Bayazıt
* İsfendiyar Bey
* Gazi Chelebi
* Nure Sofi
* Karaman Bey
* Mehmet I of Karaman
* Güneri of Karaman
* Mahmut of Karaman
* Musa of Karaman
* Ibrahim I of Karaman
* Halil of Karaman
* Ahmet of Karaman
* Alaattin Ali of Karaman
* Şemseddin of Karaman
* Süleyman of Karaman
* Mehmet II of Karaman
* Muzaffer al-Din Yavlak Arslan
* Mahmud Bey
* Bengi Ali of Karaman
* Ibrahim II of Karaman
* Ishak of Karaman
* Pir Ahmet of Karaman
* Kasım of Karaman
* Süleyman of Germiyan
* Yakup II of Germiyan
* Dündar of Hamidoğlu
* Umur of Aydın
* Junayd of Aydın
* Saruhan Bey
* İlyas Bey of Saruhan
* Mesut of Menteshe
* Bozkurt of Dulkadir
* Shah Budak
* Kadi Burhan al-Din
* Alp Yürek

Seljuks of Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu excluded
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