Mental illness in Middle-earth

Theme in Tolkien's fantasy

The appearance of mental illness in Middle-earth has been discussed by scholars of literature and by psychiatrists. Middle-earth is the fantasy world created by J. R. R. Tolkien. His novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are both set in Middle-earth and are peopled with realistically-drawn characters who experience life much as people do in the real world. Characters as diverse as Denethor, Théoden, Beorn, Gollum, and Frodo have been seen as possibly exemplifying conditions including paranoia, bipolar depression, schizoid personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and dissociative amnesia.

Tolkien's depiction of Frodo's mental suffering may derive from his own wartime experience. Scholars state that his friend C. S. Lewis was interested in Jungian psychology and the collective unconscious; Tolkien used these concepts in several places. Middle-earth is known to fans both through Tolkien's writings and through other media, notably Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film series. In a celebrated scene, Jackson's 2002 film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers depicts Gollum/Sméagol talking to himself, using the device of shot/reverse shot to switch between the two personalities.

Tolkien fans have discussed Gollum's diagnosis on over 1300 websites. A supervised study by medical students, in a paper that uses both Tolkien's and Jackson's depictions of the character, concluded that Gollum does not meet the criteria for schizophrenia or multiple personality disorder, but that he meets 7 of 9 criteria for schizoid personality disorder. Some psychiatrists have suggested that The Lord of the Rings offers useful and "very tangible" lessons for mental health by helping readers to envisage and empathise with the situations of other people.

## Context

[edit]

### Middle-earth

[edit]

Further information: J. R. R. Tolkien and Middle-earth

J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) was an English Roman Catholic writer, poet, philologist, and academic, best known as the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, both set in his subcreated world of Middle-earth.[1]

### Scholarly and psychiatric insights

[edit]

Further information: Tolkien's prose style

The scholar of English Steve Walker states that Tolkien has rooted every element of Middle-earth naturally, using descriptions of Earthlike weather, landforms, peoples, cultures, flora, and fauna.[2] He comments that

> The psychological authentication of Tolkien's fiction approaches Freudian levels of subtlety. That psychiatric insight can get almost clinical, as with the representation of Denethor's aberrant behavior in terms of paranoia, the motivation of Théoden's passivity as bipolar depression, and the causally rich implications of the parallels between Beorn's werebear transformations and symptoms of epileptic seizure.[3]

Other Tolkien scholars and psychiatrists broadly agree with Walker, in addition suggesting Gollum's schizoid personality disorder[4] and the resemblance of Frodo's increasingly disturbed mental state to post-traumatic stress disorder.[5][6] The medievalist Alke Haarsma-Wisselink, who has experienced psychotic episodes, remarks that both Bilbo and Thorin in The Hobbit have symptoms of psychosis.[7] The Tolkien scholar James T. Williamson describes how Éowyn responds to her "perceived rejection" by Aragorn with "a madness" seen as her eyes change "from gray to 'on fire'";[8] other scholars have named Éowyn as suffering from depression.[9][10]

The psychiatrists Landon van Dell and colleagues write that The Lord of the Rings offers useful and "very tangible" lessons for mental health by helping readers to envisage and empathise with the situations of other people.[11]

## Tolkien's interest in the subject

[edit]

### Wartime experience

[edit]

Further information: The Great War and Middle-earth

Tolkien experienced trench warfare with the Lancashire Fusiliers (pictured), on the Western Front in 1916.[12]

Tolkien's depiction of Frodo's mental suffering may owe something to his own wartime experience.[13] The Tolkien scholar Karyn Milos comments that "recurring pain and intrusive memory, often triggered by significant dates or other reminders of the traumatic event, is a central characteristic of post-traumatic stress."[6] Janet Brennan Croft adds that "Frodo's experience of the war" resembles "modern war in its unrelieved stress". As in the static trenches of the First World War, in which Tolkien had fought, Frodo had to stay in cover on his quest to Mordor, constantly threatened by a watchful enemy he could not see.[13]

### Jungian psychology

[edit]

Further information: Psychological journeys of Middle-earth

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung coined the term analytical psychology for his approach to the psyche.[14][15] His theory included archetypes, the collective unconscious, individuation, the Self, and the shadow.[16] Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis were members of The Inklings literary club. The Tolkien scholar Nancy Bunting states that Lewis was interested in Jungian psychology and "enchanted" by the idea of the collective unconscious, and that he probably shared these ideas with Tolkien.[17] The scholar Verlyn Flieger states that Tolkien's incomplete novel The Lost Road was based on the collective unconscious.[17][18] Flieger comments that in The Lost Road, Tolkien uses the "recognised psychological phenomenon" of sudden flashbacks "as a psychic gateway into locked-off areas of the soul".[19] The clinical psychologist Nancy Bunting writes that Tolkien expressed a Jungian view in several places, such as in a letter to Christopher Tolkien which, in her words, "sounds the Jungian refrain of linking native soil, race, and language".[17] Dorothy Matthews and others have identified numerous Jungian archetypes, such as the "Wise Old Man", in The Lord of the Rings.[20]

### Shakespeare's King Lear

[edit]

Further information: Denethor and Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien

The madness and despair of Denethor, Steward of Gondor, have been compared to that of Shakespeare's King Lear. Both men are first outraged when their children (Faramir and Cordelia, respectively) refuse to aid them, but then grieve upon their children's death – or apparent death, in the case of Faramir. Both Denethor and Lear have been described as despairing of God's mercy, something extremely dangerous in a leader who has to defend a realm.[21] The Tolkien scholar Michael Drout writes that while Tolkien's professed dislike of Shakespeare is well-known, his use of King Lear for "issues of kingship, madness, and succession" was hardly surprising.[22]

## Psychiatric conditions

[edit]

### Gollum's case

[edit]

Further information: Gollum

Gollum and Sméagol debate  J. R. R. Tolkien | Peter Jackson

|

Gollum was talking to himself. Sméagol was holding a debate with some other thought that used the same voice but made it squeak and hiss. A pale light and a green light alternated in his eyes as he spoke...
'But Sméagol said he would be very very good. Nice hobbit! He took cruel rope off Sméagol's leg. He speaks nicely to me.'
'Very very good, eh, my precious? Let's be good, good as fish, sweet one, but to ourselfs. Not hurt the nice hobbit, of course, no, no.'
'But the Precious holds the promise,' the voice of Sméagol objected.
'Then take it,' said the other, 'and let's hold it ourselfs! Then we shall be master, gollum! Make the other hobbit, the nasty suspicious hobbit, make him crawl, yes, gollum!'[T 1]

Peter Jackson's 2002 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers depicts Gollum/Sméagol talking to himself using the shot/reverse shot device in "perhaps the most celebrated scene in the entire film".[23]

In Tolkien's book, the monster Gollum talks to himself in two different personalities, the good Sméagol and the evil Gollum.[4] Peter Jackson's 2002 film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, part of his major film series on Middle-earth, similarly depicts Gollum/Sméagol talking to himself in "perhaps the most celebrated scene in the entire film".[23] The scene uses the device of shot/reverse shot to switch between the two personalities, who are represented as two different CGI characters. The scholar of film Kristin Thompson writes that Jackson and Fran Walsh, who directed the scene, suggest the mental conflict using a "subtle combination of framing, camera movement, editing, and character glances."[23] Thompson comments that the scene's ability to make the viewer "apparently see two characters arguing with each other when only one is actually present creates an eerie, even astonishing moment that transcends the presentation in the book".[23]

Tolkien fans have extensively discussed what mental illness this dual personality might represent.[4][24] A 2004 paper in the British Medical Journal by supervised medical students at University College London (UCL) notes that the diagnosis for Gollum's mental illness is analysed on more than 1300 websites.[4] Nomenclature has varied over the years, and fans have applied labels more or less loosely; a common description is dissociative identity disorder, also known as multiple personality disorder.[25]

#### Schizophrenia

[edit]

The UCL authors consider a diagnosis of schizophrenia for Gollum, based on Tolkien's and Jackson's depictions.[4] The disorder is characterised by hearing voices, delusions, disorganised thinking and behaviour,[26] and flat or inappropriate affect.[27] They find that this diagnosis superficially looks reasonable; 25 of 30 students surveyed thought it likely. However, they note that Gollum does not have "false, unshakeable beliefs"; that the power of the One Ring is real in Middle-earth; and that other ring-bearers have the same symptoms. Accordingly, they find that the criteria for schizophrenia are not met.[4]

#### Multiple personality disorder

[edit]

The UCL authors then examine a diagnosis of multiple personality disorder in Gollum's case. They note that this looks possible; it is the second most common diagnosis in their student survey (3 of 30 thought it likely). However, they state that in multiple personality disorder, "one personality is suppressed by the other and the two personalities are always unaware of each other's existence". Because this is not true in Gollum's case, as the Gollum personality actually converses with Sméagol, and the two are aware of each other, the authors exclude this diagnosis.[4] Bruce Leonard writes that Gollum "probably fits the criteria for PTSD" and "may fit the diagnoses for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DSM 330)".[25]

#### Schizoid personality disorder

[edit]

The UCL team conclude, despite the plausibility of the other diagnoses, that on the basis of the available evidence Gollum meets seven of the nine diagnostic criteria (in ICD-10 1992) for schizoid personality disorder, making this the most probable diagnosis. They state that Gollum displays several symptoms of the disorder: "pervasive maladaptive behaviour" since childhood "with a persistent disease course"; he has "odd interests" and indulges in "spiteful behaviour" which makes friendships difficult and causes "distress to others".[4] The personality disorder is characterised by asociality,[28] solitariness, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy. Affected individuals may find it hard to form intimate attachments, but have a rich internal fantasy world.[29][30]

### Frodo's case

[edit]

Further information: Frodo Baggins

Frodo relives the trauma of the quest

> In early March ... Frodo had been ill. On the thirteenth of that month Farmer Cotton found Frodo lying on his bed; he was clutching a white gem that hung on a chain about his neck and he seemed half in a dream. 'It is gone for ever', he said, 'and now all is dark and empty'. But the fit passed, and when Sam got back on the twenty-fifth, Frodo had recovered, and he said nothing about himself.

The Lord of the Rings, book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"[T 2]

#### Post-traumatic stress disorder

[edit]

Milos and medical scholars like Bruce D. Leonard suggest that the ring-bearer Frodo, returning "irreparably wounded" from his quest, could be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. They note that Frodo repeatedly relives the most traumatic experiences "mentally, emotionally, and physically", especially on anniversaries of the quest's events.[6][31]

#### Dissociative amnesia

[edit]

Leonard quotes Tolkien's description of Frodo's behaviour after the quest: "By the end of the next day the pain and unease had passed, and Frodo was merry again, as merry as if he did not remember the blackness of the day before".[T 3][31] Leonard comments that this sounds like dissociative amnesia, common alongside flashbacks of traumatic events. He writes that Tolkien's doubting phrase "as if" and the amnesia both suggest that Frodo was in a dissociative state on the day that he relived the Witch-king's attack on Weathertop, not wishing to remember it.[31]

### Paranoia

[edit]

Frodo sees the Eye watching him

> But far more he was troubled by the Eye: so he called it to himself... The Eye: that horrible growing sense of a hostile will that strove with great power to pierce all shadows of cloud, and earth, and flesh, and to see you: to pin you under its deadly gaze, naked, immovable. So thin, so frail and thin, the veils were become that still warded it off. Frodo knew just where the present habitation and heart of that will now was: as certainly as a man can tell the direction of the sun with his eyes shut. He was facing it, and its potency beat upon his brow.

The Lord of the Rings, book 4, ch. 2 "The Passage of the Marshes"[T 4]

Walker suggests that Denethor's increasingly "aberrant behavior" can be explained as despair and paranoia.[2] As already mentioned, Croft writes that Frodo had to stay in cover on his quest to Mordor, constantly threatened by a watchful enemy he could not see.[13] Edward Lense, in Mythlore, describes Frodo's continuing experience of seeing the Eye of Sauron wherever he goes as "read[ing] like the record of a paranoiac's delusions".[5]

## References

[edit]

### Primary

[edit]

1. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 4, ch. 2 "The Passage of the Marshes"
2. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"
3. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 7 "Homeward Bound"
4. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 4, ch. 2 "The Passage of the Marshes"

### Secondary

[edit]

1. ^ Carpenter 1978, pp. 111, 200, 266 and throughout.
2. ^ a b Walker, Steven C. (1978). "Super Natural Supernatural: Tolkien as Realist". Children's Literature Association Quarterly. 1978 (1). Project MUSE: 100–105\. doi:10.1353/chq.1978.0010. S2CID 144132005.100-105&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/chq.1978.0010&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144132005#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
3. ^ Walker 2009, p. 15.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Bashir, Nadia; Ahmed, Nadia; Singh, Anushka; Tang, Yen Zhi; Young, Maria; Abba, Amina; Sampson, Elizabeth L. (2004). "A precious case from Middle Earth". British Medical Journal. 329 (7480): 1435–1436\. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1435. PMC 535969. PMID 15604176.1435-1436&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535969#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/15604176&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1435&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft.au=Ahmed,+Nadia&rft.au=Singh,+Anushka&rft.au=Tang,+Yen+Zhi&rft.au=Young,+Maria&rft.au=Abba,+Amina&rft.au=Sampson,+Elizabeth+L.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535969&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
5. ^ a b Lense, Edward (1976). "Sauron is Watching You: The Role of the Great Eye in 'The Lord of the Rings'". Mythlore. 4 (1). article 1, pp. 3–6.
6. ^ a b c Milos, Karyn (1998). "Too Deeply Hurt: Understanding Frodo's Decision to Depart". Mallorn (36): 17–23\. JSTOR 45320550.17-23&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45320550#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Milos&rft.aufirst=Karyn&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
7. ^ Haarsma-Wisselink, Alke (6 July 2022). "'Finding out what lies beyond the borders of the Shire': Applying Tolkien's fantastic texts in and to madness, the transgressive experience of psychotic thinking" (PDF). Leeds International Medieval Conference: 2–3.2-3&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.aulast=Haarsma-Wisselink&rft.aufirst=Alke&rft_id=http://www.wisschrift.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Tolkien-Madness-6-juli-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
8. ^ Durham, April (2018). "Review: The Body in Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on Middle-earth Corporeality by Christopher Vaccaro". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 29 (3 (103)): 453–457\. JSTOR 26728152.453-457&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26728152#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=April&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Maddox, Rachel (2018). "Flawed and Formidable: Galadriel, Éowyn, and Tolkien's Inadvertent Feminism". UReCA: 1–13.1-13&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context;=ureca&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
10. ^ Nash, J. D. (May 2012). "1. The Malice of Saruman". The impact of evil on the psychological and physical landscapes of Middle earth. Tennessee Technological University (Master's Thesis). pp. 4–33\. "results in a paralyzing depression that allows Wormtongue ..."4-33&rft.pub=Tennessee+Technological+University+(Master's+Thesis)&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
11. ^ Van Dell, Landon L.; Nissan, David A.; Collier, Samuel C. (20 September 2023). "Why Psychiatrists Should Read (and Watch) the Lord of the Rings". Psychiatry. 86 (4): 378–383\. doi:10.1080/00332747.2023.2253665. ISSN 0033-2747. PMID 37729115. S2CID 262085788.378-383&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft.issn=0033-2747&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:262085788#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/37729115&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/00332747.2023.2253665&rft.aulast=Van+Dell&rft.aufirst=Landon+L.&rft.au=Nissan,+David+A.&rft.au=Collier,+Samuel+C.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
12. ^ Carpenter 1978, pp. 88–94.
13. ^ a b c Croft, Janet Brennan (2004). War in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Westport: Praeger. pp. 134–135.134-135&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Janet+Brennan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
14. ^ Jung, Carl Gustav (1912). Neue Bahnen in der Psychologie (in German). Zürich: Rascher. (New Pathways in Psychology)
15. ^ Samuels, Andrew; Shorter, B.; Plaut, F. (1986). "Analytical psychology". A Critical Dictionary of Jungian Analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-415-05910-7.
16. ^ Fordham, Michael (1978). Jungian Psychotherapy: A Study in Analytical Psychology. London: Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–8\. ISBN 0-471-99618-1.1-8&rft.pub=Wiley+&+Sons&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-471-99618-1&rft.aulast=Fordham&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
17. ^ a b c Bunting, Nancy (2016). "Tolkien's Jungian Views on Language". Mallorn (57 (Winter 2016)): 17–20\. JSTOR 48614852.17-20&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48614852#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Flieger, Verlyn (2004a). ""Do the Atlantis story and abandon Eriol-Saga"". Tolkien Studies. 1: 53. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0007. S2CID 170744531. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
19. ^ Flieger, Verlyn (1996). "Tolkien's Experiment with Time: The Lost Road, The Notion Club Papers and J.W. Dunne". Mythlore. 21 (2). Article 9, pp. 39–44.
20. ^ Matthews, Dorothy (1975). "The Psychological Journey of Bilbo Baggins". In Lobdell, Jared (ed.). A Tolkien Compass. Open Court Publishing. pp. 33. ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0.
21. ^ Smith, Leigh (2007). "The Influence of King Lear on Lord of the Rings". In Croft, Janet Brennan (ed.). Tolkien and Shakespeare: Essays on Shared Themes and Language. McFarland & Company. p. 140\. ISBN 978-0-7864-2827-4.
22. ^ Drout, Michael D. C. (2004). "Tolkien's Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects". Tolkien Studies. 1 (1): 137–142\. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0006. S2CID 170271511.137-142&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/tks.2004.0006&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170271511#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Drout&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.+C.&rft_id=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/176065&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
23. ^ a b c d Thompson, Kristin (2011). "Gollum Talks to Himself: Problems and Solutions in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings". In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.). Picturing Tolkien: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings Film Trilogy. McFarland & Company. pp. 35–36\. ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.35-36&rft.pub=McFarland+&+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8473-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNjKrXRP0G8C&pg;=PA25&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
24. ^ Manuel, Marisa L. (2022). "Fantastically Real". Pleiades: Literature in Context. 42 (1). Project Muse: 51–57\. doi:10.1353/plc.2022.0044. S2CID 248603552.51-57&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/plc.2022.0044&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248603552#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Marisa+L.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
25. ^ a b Leonard 2023, p. 21, note 39.
26. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 99–105\. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.99-105&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-555-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
27. ^ Owen, Michael J.; Sawa, Akira; Mortensen, Preben B. (2016). "Schizophrenia". The Lancet. 388 (10039): 86–97\. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6. PMC 4940219. PMID 26777917.86-97&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940219#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/26777917&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Sawa,+Akira&rft.au=Mortensen,+Preben+B.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940219&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
28. ^ Dierickx, Serafine; Dierckx, Eva; Claes, Laurence; Rossi, Gina (2022). "Measuring Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation in Older Adults: Construct Validity of the Dutch BIS/BAS Scales". Assessment. 29 (5): 1061–1074\. doi:10.1177/10731911211000123. hdl:10067/1775430151162165141. S2CID 232302371.1061-1074&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info:hdl/10067/1775430151162165141&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232302371#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177/10731911211000123&rft.aulast=Dierickx&rft.aufirst=Serafine&rft.au=Dierckx,+Eva&rft.au=Claes,+Laurence&rft.au=Rossi,+Gina&rft_id=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/672419&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mental+illness+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988">
29. ^ "Schizoid Personality Disorder". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022.
30. ^ Reber, Arthur; Allen, R.; Reber, E. (2009) [1985]. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (4th ed.). London; New York: Penguin Books. p. 706\. ISBN 978-0-14-103024-1. OCLC 288985213.
31. ^ a b c Leonard 2023, pp. 10–12.

## Sources

[edit]

* Carpenter, Humphrey (1978) [1977]. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography. Unwin Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-04-928039-7.
* Leonard, Bruce D. (2023). "The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder of Frodo Baggins". Mythlore. 42 (1). article 2, pp. 5–28.
* Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1042159111.
* Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.
* Walker, Steve (2009). The Power of Tolkien's Prose: Middle-Earth's Magical Style. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61992-0.

* v
* t
* e

Middle-earth

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Bibliography
* Canon
* Legendarium
* Outline

Works|

| In Tolkien's
lifetime|

* The Hobbit (1937)
* The Lord of the Rings (1954-55)
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)

|

Posthumous|

* The Silmarillion (1977)
* "Ainulindalë"
* Unfinished Tales (1980)
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981)
* Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
* The three "Great Tales"
* The Children of Húrin (2007)
* Beren and Lúthien (2017)
* The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
* The Fall of Númenor (2022)

History of
composition|

| History of
Middle-earth|

* [1–2] The Book of Lost Tales (1983–84)
* Ælfwine
* [3] The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
* [4] The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
* [5] The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
* The Etymologies
* Lhammas
* [6–9] The History of The Lord of the Rings (1988–92)
* The Notion Club Papers
* [10] Morgoth's Ring (1993)
* [11] The War of the Jewels (1994)
* [12] The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)

|

Others|

* John D. Rateliff
* The History of The Hobbit (2007)
* Carl F. Hostetter
* The Nature of Middle-earth (2021)

Fictional
universe|

| Peoples,
monsters|

* Ainur
* Maiar
* Balrogs
* Wizards
* Valar
* Dragons
* Ancalagon
* Smaug
* Dwarves
* Eagles
* Elves
* Half-elven
* Noldor
* Sundering
* Ents
* Hobbits
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Orcs
* Trolls

|

Characters|

* First and Second Ages
* Celebrimbor
* Eärendil and Elwing
* Elendil
* Fëanor
* Fingolfin
* Finwë and Míriel
* Gil-galad
* Húrin
* Isildur
* Lúthien and Beren
* Melian
* Morgoth
* Thingol
* Tuor and Idril
* Túrin Turambar
* Ungoliant
* Third Age
* Elrond
* Galadriel
* Gandalf
* Glorfindel
* Goldberry
* Gollum
* Saruman
* Sauron
* Tom Bombadil

Places|

* First and Second Ages
* Beleriand
* Númenor
* Valinor
* Third Age
* Bree
* Esgaroth
* Gondor
* Harad
* Isengard
* Lonely Mountain
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Mordor
* Moria
* Rivendell
* Rohan
* The Shire
* Bag End

Objects|

* Mithril
* Palantír
* Red Book of Westmarch
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* Silmarils
* Two Trees of Valinor
* List of weapons and armour

Analysis|

| Elements|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Languages
* Adûnaic
* Black Speech
* Elvish
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Khuzdul
* Valarin
* Westron
* Maps
* Tolkien's poetry
* Scripts
* Cirth
* Sarati
* Tengwar

|

Themes|

* Anachronism
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Cosmology
* Round World dilemma
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Dreams and visions
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Evil
* First World War
* Forests
* Frame stories
* Hell
* Heroism
* Light
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Modernism
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Old Straight Road
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees

Literary|

* Tolkien's impact on fantasy
* Influences
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* Finnish language and literature
* Medieval
* Modern
* William Morris
* Norse
* Philology
* Shakespeare
* Prose style
* Ambiguity
* A mythology for England

Geographic|

* The Atlas of Middle-earth
* Journeys of Frodo
* A Map of Middle-earth

Adaptations,
legacy|

| Artists|

* Pauline Baynes
* Cor Blok
* Anke Eißmann
* Brothers Hildebrandt
* Jenny Dolfen
* Mary Fairburn
* Donato Giancola
* John Howe
* Tove Jansson
* Alexander Korotich
* Alan Lee
* Tom Loback
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

|

Composers|

* Bo Hansson
* Johan de Meij
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings
* Howard Shore
* Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
* Music of The Hobbit film series
* Music of The Rings of Power TV series
* Blind Guardian
* Nightfall in Middle-Earth

Settings|

* Donald Swann
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
* The Tolkien Ensemble
* An Evening in Rivendell
* A Night in Rivendell
* At Dawn in Rivendell
* Leaving Rivendell

Other media|

* Impact
* Middle-earth Enterprises
* Works inspired by Tolkien
* Fan fiction
* Film
* Calendars
* Video games
* Things named after Tolkien and his works

Literary
criticism|

* The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
* A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
* Interrupted Music
* Master of Middle-Earth
* Picturing Tolkien
* A Question of Time
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
* J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
* The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
* Perilous Realms
* The Road to Middle-Earth
* Splintered Light
* Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
* Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
* Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
* A Tolkien Compass
* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
* Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
* Tolkien's Legendarium
* Tolkien and the Great War
* The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

The Lord of the Rings

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Constructing The Lord of the Rings

About|

* Volumes
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* Stories
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* Translating
* List of translations
* Swedish
* Reception
* Impact
* Literary
* Fandom
* Fan fiction
* Oxonmoot
* Tolkienmoot
* Works inspired
* Tolkien's impact on fantasy

Analysis|

| Elements|

| Languages|

* Black Speech
* Elvish
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Khuzdul
* Westron

|

Poetry|

* A Elbereth Gilthoniel
* Namárië
* Song of Eärendil
* The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
* The Road Goes Ever On
* A Walking Song

Other|

* Artwork
* Dreams and visions
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Maps
* Proverbs
* Scripts
* Cirth
* Tengwar

Themes|

* Addiction to power
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Company of the Ring
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Divination
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Evil
* Feudal allegiance
* Forests
* Hell
* Heroism
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Paganism
* Plants
* Prophecy
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Race
* Sexuality
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees
* Women

Influences|

* Antiquarianism
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Christianity
* Classical world
* First World War
* Norse
* Medieval
* Modern sources
* Modernism
* William Morris
* A mythology for England
* Philology
* Shakespeare

Techniques|

* Anachronism
* Character pairing
* Editorial framing
* Frame stories
* Pseudotranslation
* Impression of depth
* Narrative structure
* Interlacing
* Storytelling
* Prose style
* Ambiguity
* Epic Pooh

Peoples|

| Maiar|

* Balrogs
* Sauron
* Wizards
* Gandalf
* Radagast
* Saruman

|

Free
peoples|

* Dwarves
* Balin
* Gimli
* Elves
* Galadriel
* Glorfindel
* Half-elven
* Arwen
* Elrond
* Legolas
* Thranduil
* Ents
* Treebeard
* Hobbits
* Bilbo
* Frodo
* Merry
* Pippin
* Sam
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Aragorn
* of Gondor
* Boromir
* Denethor
* Faramir
* of Rohan
* Éomer
* Éowyn
* Théoden
* Wormtongue

Monsters|

* Barrow-wight
* Gollum
* Nazgûl
* Witch-king of Angmar
* Old Man Willow
* Orcs
* Shelob
* Trolls
* Wargs
* Watcher in the Water

Other|

* Eagles
* Goldberry
* Tom Bombadil

World|

| Geography|

* Middle-earth
* Eriador
* Bree
* Old Forest
* Rivendell
* The Shire
* Bag End
* Gondor
* Harad
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Moria
* Mordor
* Rohan
* Isengard
* Undying Lands

|

Battles|

* Helm's Deep
* Pelennor Fields
* Morannon

Things|

* Mithril
* Oliphaunts
* Palantírs
* Phial of Galadriel
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* List of weapons and armour

Related
works|

* The Hobbit
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
* Errantry
* Fastitocalon
* The Sea-Bell
* Donald Swann
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Bilbo's Last Song
* The Silmarillion
* Unfinished Tales
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The History of Middle-earth
* The Children of Húrin
* The History of The Hobbit
* Beren and Lúthien
* The Fall of Gondolin
* The Nature of Middle-earth

Adaptations and derivative works

Books|

* Bored of the Rings (1969)
* The Last Ringbearer (1999)
* Muddle Earth (2003)

Illustrations|

* A Map of Middle-earth
* Pauline Baynes
* Barbara Remington
* John Howe
* Alan Lee
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

Theatre|

* Fellowship! (2005)
* The Lord of the Rings (2006)

Music|

* Bo Hansson
* Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972)
* Johan de Meij
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988)
* Led Zeppelin
* "Ramble On" (1969)
* "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971)
* "The Battle of Evermore" (1971)

Radio|

* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955)
* The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979)
* Hordes of the Things (1980)
* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981)
* Der Herr der Ringe (1992)

Film|

| Animated|

* The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978)
* The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980)
* The War of the Rohirrim (Kamiyama, 2024)

|

Peter Jackson
series|

* The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
* The Two Towers (2002)
* The Return of the King (2003)

Music|

* "Concerning Hobbits"
* "Into the West"
* "May It Be"

Approach|

* Production
* Hobbiton Movie Set
* Peter Jackson's interpretation
* Picturing Tolkien
* Tolkien on Film

Other|

* Sagan om ringen (1971)
* Khraniteli (1991)
* Hobitit (1993)
* The Rings of Power (2022)
* music

Fan-made|

* The Hunt for Gollum (2009)
* Born of Hope (2009)

Video games|

* Journey to Rivendell
* Game One
* Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
* War in Middle Earth
* Vol. I (1990)
* Vol. I (SNES)
* Riders of Rohan
* Elendor
* Vol. II: The Two Towers
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* War of the Ring
* The Third Age
* Game Boy Advance
* The Battle for Middle-earth
* Tactics
* The Battle for Middle-earth II
* The Rise of the Witch-king
* Conquest
* Aragorn's Quest
* War in the North
* Lego The Lord of the Rings
* Guardians of Middle-earth
* Shadow of Mordor
* Shadow of War
* Gollum
* Return to Moria

| The Lord of the Rings Online|

* Mines of Moria
* Siege of Mirkwood
* Rise of Isengard
* Riders of Rohan
* Helm's Deep
* Mordor
* Minas Morgul
* War of Three Peaks
* Fate of Gundabad
* Before the Shadow

|

Tabletop role-
playing games|

* Middle-earth Role Playing
* The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
* The One Ring Roleplaying Game
* Adventures in Middle-earth

Board games|

* Middle Earth
* War of the Ring
* Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
* Sauron
* Lord of the Rings
* War of the Ring

Card games|

* Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game

Other games|

* Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
* Lego The Lord of the Rings

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